Clean Milk Research Articles

Assessment of the Present Status of Milk Handling and Management Practices in Some Areas of Bangladesh

Milk contamination by dairy workers' spoiled hands, unclean utensils, microbes, and polluted water has caused many milk-borne epidemics. Most milk-borne zoonoses are also contracted by drinking infected milk. Bangladesh lacks milking hygiene and farmer awareness, and the milk cleanliness of dairy farmers awareness and practices in different regions was accessed. This study was aimed at documenting the present milking and management practices of dairy producers in particular districts of Bangladesh. From June 2020 to June 2022, 300 small dairy cow owners in twelve areas were surveyed using a preset questionnaire. Results revealed that male respondents (59.5%) outnumbered female respondents (41.33%) across various age categories. Most farmers milked animals at the shed and washed their hands before milking. Over half of dairy farmers cleansed the udder and teat before milking. More than two-thirds of farmers let the calf suckle before and after milking, while 98.02 percent used concentrate feed for teat massage. Most farmers (95.58%) manually milked cows twice daily. The majority of farmers sold their milk (77.25%) rather than drink it (10.17%). The study found that 93.92 percent of milkmen cleaned the milking pail using water, while 3.5-2.5 percent utilized sand, ash, or detergent. Only 53.66% of dairy farmers washed their cows' udders and teats after milking, which may not be aware of potential contamination from dipping teats in sterile cream. Mastitis prevention was not practiced by 85.42 percent of the respondents. Four to eight percent of producers know about antibiotics, milk adulteration, milk safety, and food safety issues. The application of scientific management approaches to milking is still lacking in the study areas. Therefore, training programs on improved milking management procedures can help farmers produce clean milk, increase dairy animal production, and increase farming income.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Buffer and Application of Herbal Teat Dip on the Milk Composition of Lactating Rathi Cattle

Background: Nowadays, there is an increasing demand among the consumers for clean milk or superior quality milk and milk products. The current scenario of dairy sector in India showcases a low productivity among the indigenous dairy breeds which requires the employment of nutritional and managemental interventions to improve the milk quality as well as performance of lactating cattle. The use of buffers like trisodium citrate and herbal post milking herbal teat dip are part of such interventions. The current study is aimed at evaluating the effect of such interventions on the milk quality of lactating Rathi cattle. Methods: Twenty-four cattle were selected at LRS, Bikaner and divided into four treatment groups consisting of six cattle each. The experiment was conducted for 60 days, where T1 group was used as control, T2 group was given the basal diet along with oral supplementation of buffer trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight, T3 group received the basal diet along with the topical application of herbal teat dip (aloe vera, turmeric, lemon extract and castor oil) and T4 group was given the basal diet along with a combination of oral supplementation of trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight as well as the topical application. The milk samples of the experimental animals were examined for milk fat per cent, milk SNF per cent, milk lactose per cent and milk protein per cent. Result: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant effect (P less than 0.05) of buffer supplementation and application of herbal teat dip on milk fat per cent, whereas it was highly significant (P less than 0.01) for milk SNF per cent between the control and treatment groups. There was no significant effect observed in milk lactose percent or milk protein per cent.

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from raw cow milk, and swabs in smallholder dairy farms in Meta district, Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundThe safety of milk production in terms of foodborne infections is a worldwide issue, particularly in developing countries where production is often unhygienic. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to August 2019 in the Meta District of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. We aim to assess milk hygiene practices among smallholder dairy farmers, estimate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw cow milk and swabs, assess associated risk factors, and the antimicrobial susceptibility test of S. aureus isolates. Face-to-face interviews with 30 respondents randomly selected from smallholder dairy farmers were used to assess the potential risk factors for S. aureus contaminations in milk. A total of 177 samples were examined using standard microbiological testing. The disc diffusion technique was also employed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. The data was analyzed using STATA® version 14.0 statistical software.ResultsAccording to the milk hygiene assessment, 80% of respondents did not wash cow udder before milking, did not use detergent to clean milk containers, and did not keep milk refrigerated before consumption or sale, while 63.3% of milk consumers ingested raw milk. They had never heard of staphylococci foodborne disease. Likewise, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 12.42% (95%CI: 8.32–18.98). The prevalence of S. aureus in udder milk, equipment swabs, and milkers’ hands was 18.8%, 26.7%, and 30%, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus in milk is significantly associated with age, and mastitis history (p < 0.05). Moreover, old and mastitis positive animals were eight (OR: 8.40; 95%CI: 1.68–41.89) and four (OR: 4.33; 95%CI: 1.37–13.66) times more likely to be infected by S. aureus than adult, and mastitis negative animal. The isolates were resistant to penicillin G (97.4%) and tetracycline (69.2%) whereas susceptible to kanamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin, and cefotaxime, at 84.6%, 71.8%, 64%, and 58.8%, respectively.ConclusionThis study revealed the presence of antimicrobial-resistant patterns of S. aureus on commonly used antibiotics, as well as inadequate milk handling practices in the study area. Thus, awareness should be created on proper milk handling and hygiene as well as appropriate uses of antibiotics should be encouraged.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAIRY FARMERS’ CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRACTICES

Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents viz- age, education, farm experience, Size of family, herd size, land holding, annual income, extension participation, source of information, risk orientation, economic motivation was studied. A multistage, purposive and random sampling technique was selected for the study. The present investigation was carried out in North Gujarat. Three districts of North Gujarat viz., Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mehsana were purposively selected for the study. From each selected district, three talukas and two villages from each selected taluka were randomly selected for the study. Thus, eighteen villages were selected from the nine selected talukas. From each village, ten dairy farmers were randomly selected as respondents. Thus, total 180 respondents were selected for the study. The study aimed to understand the relationship between various independent variables and the extent of adoption of clean milk production practices among dairy farmers. The analysis revealed noteworthy relationships between independent variables and the extent of adoption. Education, extension participation, risk orientation, and economic motivation exhibited positive and highly significant associations with the adoption of clean milk production practices. Similarly, experience in dairy farming, herd size, annual income, and the source of information demonstrated positive and significant relationships with the extent of adoption. Conversely, the size of the family and landholding exhibited positive relationships with the extent of adoption, but these associations were non-significant. Age, on the other hand, displayed a negative and non-significant relationship with the extent of adoption, suggesting that older farmers were not significantly less likely to adopt clean milk production practices than their younger counterparts.

Prevalence of antibiotic residues in milk samples of small-scale dairy households in Bengaluru, India

This study aimed to estimate the burden of subclinical mastitis in community setting, animal handlers’ knowledge, attitude and practices on mastitis and antibiotic use, and to detect antibiotic residues in milk samples. A total of 211 households belonging to four clusters of Karnataka state in Southern province of India were selected through 30-cluster approach. A total of 380 milk samples were analyzed for Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) by California Mastitis Test (CMT) and antibiotic residues by spore-based and Charm Rosa tests. Animal handler’s basic knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on antibiotics use were recorded. SCM prevalence was found 42% in the study site; antibiotic residues were detected in 21% (79/380) of milk samples; 7.1% and 5.52% of samples had maximum residual limits (MRL) and Multi Drug Residues (MDR), respectively. Antibiotic residues were detected in 32.22% of the households. Majority of animal handlers heard about antibiotics (83.31%), 51% of handlers treated the animals on their own and 23% of them bought antibiotics without prescription. High prevalence of SCM in the study setting and antibiotic load in milk samples raise food safety concern. Regulatory measures for prudent antibiotic use and knowledge dissemination among animal handlers for clean milk production are the measures required to tackle the problem.

ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES BY THE DAIRY FARMERS

Clean milk production does not mean making the milk free from extraneous matters like dust, dirt, flies etc. by passing it through sieve or muslin cloth. It actually means the raw milk that has been produced in the udder of healthy dairy animals, handled under hygienic conditions and contains only allowed quantity of bacteria and chemical residues. Clean ilk can be defined as milk coming from healthy milch animal, possessing normal flavor, devoid of dirt and filth, containing permissible limit of bacteria and essentially free from adulterants, pathogens, various toxins, abnormal residues, pollutants and metabolites (Ogale, 1999). The present investigation was carried out in North Gujarat. Three districts of North Gujarat viz., Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mehsana were purposively selected for the study. From each selected district, three talukas and two villages from each selected taluka were randomly selected for the study. Thus, eighteen villages were selected from the nine selected talukas. For selection of the respondents from the villages, a village wise list of dairy farmers was prepared based on farmers having two animals of which one animal in milking stage. From each village, ten dairy farmers were randomly selected as respondents. Thus, total 180 respondents were selected for the study. Majority (85.00 %) of the dairy farmers had medium to high extent of adoption of clean milk production practices.

Milk Post-harvest Losses, its Causes and Mitigation Strategies along the Dairy Value Chain of Selected Milk Sheds of Ethiopia

Background: The lack of suitable markets and spoilage are the main causes of post-harvest losses of milk and dairy products along the supply chain. Milk loss can be seen in economic, qualitative, quantitative and nutritional terms. Reduction in amount is referred to as a quantitative loss, but an economic loss is decrease in the food’s value as a result of physical loss. Methods: The study was conducted at Addis Ababa-Selale, Ambo-Waliso and Adama-Asella milk sheds with the objective to investigate milk postharvest losses, their causes and mitigation strategies along the milk sheds. Depending on their potential for dairy production, three milk sheds were purposively selected, whereas households selected randomly and proportional to their size. A total of 296 smallholder dairy producers from the districts, 16 milk collectors, 3 dairy plant processors, 35 milk retailers and 115 milk consumers were selected for semi structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 software. Result: The majority of the respondents (92.9%) reported that the common milking equipment used for milking was plastic buckets. The total milk postharvest loss among the milk sheds were (40.5%) in Addis Ababa-Selale, (17.33%) in Ambo-Waliso and (7.24%) in Adama-Asella. As mitigation strategies for post-harvest losses, refrigerators, keeping milk in cold water and clean milk storage were practiced in the area by (1.3%), (21.2%) and (73%) of the respondents, respectively. In conclusions, total milk post-harvest loss was 21.6% in the study milk sheds. Therefore, mitigation strategies and further intervention should be implemented at each stage of milk postharvest loss, focusing on hygienic milk handling, provision of solar based refrigerators, clean milk storage and milking equipment in the study milk sheds.

Constraints faced by dairy farmers for adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices in Valsad district of Gujarat

A field survey was conducted in Valsad district of Southern Gujarat to identify various constraints perceived by dairy animal owners in adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices. Information was collected from randomly selected 240 dairy animal owners through personal interview with the help of structured interview schedule. The study revealed that high construction cost (96.25%) and lack of own capital (85.83%) were major constraints in housing practices. Lack of awareness about treatment of poor-quality straw to improve its nutritive value (75.42%), non-availability of green fodder round the year (70.42%) and lack of knowledge of balanced ration (60.83%) were major constraints in feeding practices. Low genetic potential of local animals (89.17%), repeat breeding problems in dairy animals (86.67%) and low conception rate through A.I. (60.42%) were major constraints in breeding practices. Non-remunerative price for milk (90.83%), lack of knowledge in clean milk production (88.75%) and high production cost of milk (83.75%) were major constraints in milking practices. High cost of veterinary medicine (82.50%), lack of awareness of deworming of milch animals (63.75%) and lack of awareness about importance of vaccination (60.83%) were major constraints in adoption of improved health care practices. Hence, better extension services along with development of suitable plan could mitigate the constraints faced by the dairy farmers.

Adoption of Scientific Clean Milk Production Practices by Dairy Farmers

Adoption of Scientific Clean Milk Production Practices by Dairy Farmers

Socio economic profile of dairy farmers for adoption of scientific clean milk production practices

Socio economic profile of dairy farmers for adoption of scientific clean milk production practices

Assessment of knowledge of farm women about clean milk production practices

Livestock keeping has been practiced as a way of life by the farmers of our country from generation to generation. Dairy farming is recognized only next to agriculture as a source of income to the dairy farm women. A study was conducted in Rajkot and Amreli district of Gujarat state to assess the knowledge level of respondents regarding clean milk production practices and to ascertain the association between the characteristics of trained and untrained farm women and their level of knowledge. A sample of 240 respondents was selected for present study. Majority of the trained farm women were from medium level of knowledge, while 18.33 per cent and 12.50 per cent of the trained farm women were from high and low level of knowledge. In case of untrained farm women majority of the farm women were from medium level of knowledge while 28.33 per cent and 14.17 per cent of the untrained farm women were from low and high level of knowledge. There was positive and highly significant relationship between education, experience in dairy farming, extension participation, risk orientation and their knowledge of trained farm women While, in case of untrained farm women education, experience in dairy farming, extension participation, risk orientation had positive and significant relationship with knowledge.

Islands of Milk Insecurity in World’s Leading Milk Producer: A Case of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

India, with the world’s largest cattle population, is a leading producer of milk, and claims to be self-sufficient for dairy production. However, such an important component for nutritional security has been reported to be adulterated by 68% by the national food safety agency. This study challenges the basic claim of self-sufficiency in terms of milk production and food security for milk and milk products. A novel model for studying milk safety is presented, which evaluates the prevailing conditions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (A&amp;N), India. There are no comprehensive data nor studies available for this region. The assessment of the pillars of food security found that with the present population load, there is an annual deficit of 25673.7 MT of fluid milk in the A&amp;N Islands. The study found that the average herd size is 1.9, with about 26.9% of the animals rearing desi (non-descriptive) cattle, characterized by low production levels of 3.95 L/day and with gene frequency of 16.48% for the A1 allele. None of the milk samples were found to be positive for antibiotic (tetracycline and aminoglycoside) residues. However, 4% of the milk samples were found to be positive for the aflatoxin residues above the permitted MRL. The KAP study shows that awareness regarding clean milk production, antimicrobial residues, withdrawal timings, aflatoxins, etc. is poor/highly limited among the farmers of the region. The output may act as a referral study and a template for future studies for the assessment of product-specific food security. Our findings highlight the limitations of the present approach and the need for additional data, using a wider range of research techniques for assessing dairy. Whilst not definitive, it aims to highlight those factors which are considered crucial to an understanding of contemporary milk safety controls.

An Assessment of The Clean Milk Production Practices in Basra Province

An Assessment of The Clean Milk Production Practices in Basra Province

Clean milk production: a preventative approach for animal health

Clean milk production: a preventative approach for animal health

Ağrı İli Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinin Yapısal Özellikleri: Sağım Yönetimi Uygulamaları

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the current situation of milking management practices of the dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province and to propose some solutions in consideration of the revealed problems. Material and Method: Survey data obtained from 400 dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province constituted the material of the study. Results: It was determined that in 25.2% of the surveyed enterprises udder cleaning is not performed, and in 93.5% of them the milking is done by hand. The average milk yield of 85.0% of dairy cattle enterprises was between 6-10 liters per animal and only 17.5% of the produced milk was sold. A significant proportion of this milk (95.7%) was marketed as raw milk, and milk in 4.3% of the enterprises was sold after processing into different products such as cheese, yogurt and butter. It was also found out that milk produced in 1.8% of the dairy cattle farms was stored in the cooling tank after milking. 13.6% of the farm owners fed their animals after milking, while 86.3% of them fed them prior to milking. It was also revealed that the calving occurs usually in the winter season and the lactation period of the cows varies between 5-6 months in 57.5% of the enterprises.Conclusion: In order to produce high quality and clean milk in the dairy cattle farms in the central county of Ağrı province, udder cleaning has to be performed properly as well as machine milking should be made widespread. It is necessary to increase the genetic capacity of cows and improve the milking practices of the dairy farms located in the central county of Ağrı province.

Barriers in use of colostrum, Breast milk, and supplemental feed: assessing maternal Knowledge &amp; practices

BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVE: Colostrum and breast milk are not only highly nutritious but also a source of maternal antibodies for infants. We explore maternal awareness and barriers in use of colostrum and breast milk.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study included mothers of children aged 3 years or less who visited primary care centers in urban and peri-urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan, between December 2020 to March 2021.&#x0D; RESULTS: A total of 384 mothers were included in the study, mean age was 28 years. 47% (n=179) had primary or secondary school education. Higher maternal education (p=0.05) and age were associated with better knowledge about the benefits of colostrum. Reasons for not giving colostrum among mothers without formal education (42%) were “it’s not clean milk”, while 38% of mothers with higher education give a reason they could not feed because find it difficult due to C-section. Use of supplemental feed was noted across all educational levels, 60% mothers with no educational background preferred bovine milk, whereas 79% of highly qualified ones preferred formula milk (p=0.00). The use of formula milk was more frequently observed in families with 100,000 PKR per month and above (p=0.00). 80% of mothers were unaware that bovine milk in infants can lead to anemia.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: There is inadequate knowledge, among mothers of all educational levels with reference to colostrum use and the relationship between consumption of bovine milk by infants and iron deficiency. Measures to improving maternal nutritional awareness and optimize infant feeding practices during antenatal visits are needed.

A comparative study of bacterial qualities of raw milk of cow and sheep

A comparative study of bacterial qualities of raw milk of cow and sheep was conducted at Livestock production and management (unit), Department of NRM, faculty of agriculture, MGCGV Chitrakoot–Satna (M.P.) during January to February 2021. All sanitary precaution were followed to produce clean milk. The sample of the raw milk of three animal each were replicated ten time and tested to deyermine the standard plate count (SPC) (10t), lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) ( 10³), lipolytic bacteria count (LBC) (10²) proteolytic bacteria count (PBC) (10²) and coliform count (CC) in the raw milk. The data obtained for the a foresaid tests were subjected to statitical analysis. The result of the statical analysis showed that the differences in mean values of SPC 10t,LABC/10³,LBC/10² and PBC,10². In view of the finding and result presented above, results that the milk of all the animals was of superior quality, due to low bacteria count and absence of coliform. The bacteria quality of milk of cow was found superior than sheep milk due to minimum bacteria count of SPC, LABC, LBC and PBC and absence of coliform.

Adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by dairy farmers

Livestock sectors plays a very important role in Indian economy. It provides sustainable source of income for many marginal and small farmers. However, the dairy livestock owners are yet ignorant with scientific management practices. If feeding, breeding, health care and other management practices fit in proper operation, it would be possible to reach the desired level of milk production. The present study aims to assess the adoption of improved animal husbandry practicies by dairy farmers. Primary data was collected from 120 dairy farmers of Rajkot district. Adoption Index was used to study the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by farmers. The results reveald that among improved animal husbandry practices, the highest adoption was of health-care management practices followed by clean milk production practices, breeding management practices, feeding management practices. The lowest adoption was found in calf rearing practices. Full adoption was recorded in feeding of dry fodder, feeding of green fodder, cultivation of fodder crops and observation of ailing animals whereas non adoption of animal husbandry practices was observed in dehorning of calves and feeding of silage.

Popularisation of Clean Milk Production Practices through Farm Field School Approach

Small and marginal farmers of India contribute 80 per cent milk production. Quality milk production needs to be accomplished in smallholder dairy production system by adopting mastitis prevention measures through promotion of clean milk production (CMP) practices and techniques. In this milieu, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Namakkal conducted a farm field school (FFS) on CMP at Samayasangali village of Pallipalayam taluka of Namakkal district. Farm school was conducted for twenty five women on fortnight interval focused on clean milk production practices along with scientific dairy farm management. The impact assessment was carried out with well-structured pre tested interview schedule and found that cent percent participant farm women were aware of clean milk production practices taught and more than half (60%) of them adopted regular teat dip for udder wash, cleaning of hands and utensils before milking and a small percentage (3%) of them adopted fortnightly usage of CMT kit for assessing subclinical mastitis.

Farmer's Wives' Knowledge of Dairy Cattle Mastitis Disease, and Producing Healthy Clean Milk, in Itay El-Barod - El-Behaira Governorate

Farmer's Wives' Knowledge of Dairy Cattle Mastitis Disease, and Producing Healthy Clean Milk, in Itay El-Barod - El-Behaira Governorate