Clean Emission Research Articles

Comparative study on combustion and emissions of SI engine with gasoline port injection plus acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE), isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) or butanol direct injection

Vehicles powered by internal combustion engine are now facing stringent regulatory requirements, so it is urgent to improve engine thermal efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Alcohols have attracted wide attention because of their renewability and cleaner emissions, and the bio-butanol is most similar to gasoline and has been widely investigated in spark ignition (SI) engine. However, the high energy consumption of separation and purification during fermentation process leads to the high price of bio-butanol. ABE and IBE are the intermediates for the preparation of butanol by different fermentation methods, and using ABE and IBE directly in SI engine will greatly reduce the cost. Combined injection is the most suitable injection approach for dual-fuel engine because the engine can flexibly control the dual-fuel injection ratio and parameters. Therefore, the combustion and emissions of gasoline/ABE, gasoline/IBE and gasoline/butanol were experimentally compared based on gasoline port injection plus alcohol direct injection mode. The results show that gasoline/IBE is better than gasoline/ABE and gasoline/butanol in power performance and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). And when the direct injection ratio (DIr) is low, the gaseous emissions of gasoline/ABE are superior, while emissions of gasoline/butanol are superior at high DIr. In addition, the particle number (PN) of gasoline/ABE is always the lowest among the three modes, and the particle basically show unimodal distribution. Overall, as direct injection fuel in dual-fuel combined injection engine, ABE and IBE have more advantages than butanol in terms of combustion and emissions performance as well as cost.

Experimental optimization of Waste Cooking Oil ethanolysis for biodiesel production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Biodiesel production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is the most suitable diesel fuel substitute, due to its cleaner emissions, engine lubricity, nontoxic properties, and renewable sources. This study mainly focused on improving biodiesel experimental production using ethanol and investigating the influence of main operating parameters (ethanol–oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and stirring speed) on biodiesel yield using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The problem with using ethanol at the expense of the toxicity of methanol as an alcohol is mainly the separation of glycerol from biodiesel at the end of the transesterification reaction. However, the addition of 5% (v/v) glycerol and 1% (v/v) water at the end of the reaction has been found to aid this separation and improve oil conversion. The optimization of the produced biodiesel is carried out through three factors: Face-Centered-Composite Design (FCCD), building a mathematical model, and statistical analysis, shows that the experimental results agree with the predicted values; they are close to unity with the R2 value (0.9924), indicating the correctness of the model. The optimal conditions of catalyst concentration (1.62 wt%), stirring speed (200 rpm) and molar ratio of ethanol to oil (12.9:1) were obtained, resulting in a biodiesel efficiency of 89.75%. The model was also experimentally validated, achieving about 90% biodiesel yield. The fuel properties of the ethyl ester were investigated and compared successfully with the EN and ASTM standards and with baseline local diesel (NA 8110).

Clean Energy Certificates and Emissions Seem to Be a Zero-Sum Game: Analyzing the Intermittent Electricity Generation in Mexico

Clean Energy Certificates and Emissions Seem to Be a Zero-Sum Game: Analyzing the Intermittent Electricity Generation in Mexico

Integrated linear programming and analytical hierarchy process method for diesel/biodiesel/butanol in reducing diesel emissions

In this study, an attempt to obtain the optimal fuel blends consisting of diesel/biodiesel/alcohol, which satisfies the ASTM D975 and EN590, has been performed. Fuel blending is complicated due to the trade-offs concerning the various criteria. The Linear Programming fuel blending model only evaluates solutions concerning quantitative criteria with one single objective function. In fuel blending, qualitative criteria must be considered in making the final decision. A new methodological framework that integrates a two-stage product design optimisation model consisting of a Linear Programming (quantitative) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) (qualitative) is developed. The AHP was used to evaluate the criteria weight. Four criteria were implied in selecting the optimal blends, covering good performance, emissions limitations, cost-effectiveness, and safety trade-offs. Seven sub-criteria such as cetane number, the heat of vaporisation, oxygen content, sulphur content, CO2 emissions, flash point, and feedstock cost are examined. Four alcohol oxygenates as alternatives to be selected methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol. The final AHP results depicted diesel/biodiesel/alcohol (Blend 1) comprising of 70% diesel, 20% biodiesel, 10% butanol as the optimal blends with higher performance (CN = 48.69), lowest cost (1.2 USD/L), and cleaner emission with 35% less sulphur concentration and 36% CO2 emissions mitigated. The AHP results were then validated by employing Sensitivity Analysis for four scenarios by increasing 20% of the priority vector. The solution of the sensitivity analysis of weights levels indicates the acceptable possibility of achieving the objective/goal. Blend 1 (diesel/biodiesel/butanol) is the optimal blend, followed by Blend 4 (diesel/biodiesel/methanol), Blend 2 (diesel/biodiesel/propanol) and Blend 3 (diesel/biodiesel/ethanol). In conclusion, this proposed new framework provides the confident decision to select alcohol oxygenates for future fuel diesel/biodiesel/alcohol without an extensive experiment, thereby saving time and money and reducing harmful environmental impacts.

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

Environmental costs of political instability in Pakistan: policy options for clean energy consumption and environment.

Using time series data of Pakistan from 1990 to 2019, this study explores the asymmetric effects of political instability on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The results from the traditional ARDL model show that political stability lessens environmental damage by reducing CO2 emissions in the long run. However, when we used the nonlinear ARDL approach, we found that political instability not only reduces the consumption of clean energy but also leads to damage environmental quality in the long run in Pakistan,while political stability not only increases the consumption of clean energy but also helps improve environmental quality in the short run in Pakistan. Thus, macroeconomic policies to promote expansion in clean energy consumption will directly stimulate green economic growth and environmental quality.

Research on micro mechanism and influence of hydrate-based methane-carbon dioxide replacement for realizing simultaneous clean energy exploitation and carbon emission reduction

New energy development and carbon emission reduction are two important issues of sustainable development for human beings. Hydrate-based methane - carbon dioxide (CH4-CO2) replacement is the promising technology for it can realize CH4 production from natural gas hydrate (NGH) and CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) in the strata simultaneously and stably. This work reported the micro mechanism and the influence of the hydrate-based CH4-CO2 replacement by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements. It was found the replacement is affected by the potential energy of destruction (Eped) and the binding energy (Eb). The replacement happens only when the Eped is larger than the Eb. The concentration of CO2 around the hydrate is the controlling influence on the replacement. The higher the concentration of CO2, the greater the Eped, and the higher CH4 production efficiency.

Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation

AbstractIn this paper, we describe experimental developments in an Exhaust Aftertreatment System (EAS) used in a four-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine. To meet the carbon dioxide (CO$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 ) fleet limit values and to demonstrate a clean emission concept, the CI engine needs to be further developed in a hybridized, modern form before it can be included in the future fleet. In this work, the existing EAS was replaced by an Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) and a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) double-dosing system. We focused specifically on calibrating the heating modes in tandem with the electric exhaust heating, which enabled us to develop an ultra-fast light-off concept. The paper first outlines the development steps, which were subsequently validated using the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Then, based on the defined calibration, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by performing various dynamic driving cycles. In particular, we identified emission species that may be limited in the future, such as laughing gas (N$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 O), ammonia (NH$$_\mathrm {3}$$ 3 ), or formaldehyde (HCHO), and examined the effects of a general, additional decrease in the limit values, which may occur in the near future. This advanced emission concept can be applied when considering overall internal engine and external exhaust system measures. In our study, we demonstrate impressively low tailpipe (TP) emissions, but also clarify the system limits and the necessary framework conditions that ensure the applicability of this drivetrain concept in this sector.

Experimental Research of High-Pressure Methane Pulse Jet and Premixed Ignition Combustion Performance of a Direct Injection Injector

Natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) technology benefits the engine with high efficiency and clean emissions, and the high-pressure gas fuel injection process causes crucial effects on the combustion. This study presents an optical experimental investigation on the high-pressure methane single-hole direct injection and premixed ignition combustion based on a visualization cuboid constant volume bomb (CVB) test rig. The experimental results show that the methane jet process is divided into two stages. The methane gas jet travels at a faster speed during the unstable stage I than that during the stable stage II. The injection pressure causes more influence on both the jet penetration distance and the jet cone area during stage II. The methane jet premixed flame is a stable flame with a nearly spherical shape, and its equivalent radius linearly increases. The methane jet premixed flame area also increases while the flame stretch rate declines. The methane jet premixed flame velocity rises as both the standing time and equivalent ratio increase. The methane jet premixed flame is a partial premixed flame, and the peak of the methane jet premixed flame occurs at greater equivalence ratio ϕ, i.e., ϕ > 2. As the injection pressure rises, the jet premixed flame equivalent radius increases, and the flame velocity linearly increases. The higher the methane injection pressure, the faster the jet premixed flame velocity.

Emission characteristic of non-road mobile machinery using a catalysed diesel particle filter with different catalyst loadings under actual operating conditions

The real-world gaseous and particulate emission characteristics of an agricultural tractor retrofitted with a catalysed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings were investigated. The tests were carried out using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) under idling, running and working conditions. The results showed that the emissions of the tractor strongly depended on the operating conditions. From idling to running then to working condition, the emission rates increased but emission factors based on fuel consumption decreased, and the proportion of nucleation particles and geometric mean diameter presented a slight downward trend. The reduction effect of CDPF on the CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) improved from idling to running then to working condition, and it was enhanced by increasing catalyst loading. The particle number (PN) and particle mass (PM) reduction performance of CDPF was less affected by operating condition but enhanced with the increase of the catalyst loading. After the tractor was equipped with the CDPF, the particle size distribution maintained a bimodal shape, but the decrease of nucleation particles was significantly higher than that of accumulation particles, causing a decrease in the nucleation particles proportion and a shift of the peak towards smaller particle size. With the increase of the CDPF catalyst loading, the proportion of the accumulation particles increased, and the geometric mean particle size also increased. The findings of this paper can provide scientific references to design and optimize CDPF for non-road mobile machinery to achieve clean emissions.

Hydrolysis hydrogen generation medium regulated by alkali metal cations for Mg-based alloy - Green seawater modification strategy

To optimize the hydrolysis hydrogen generation process of Mg-based alloy and solve the problem of energies shortage without environmental risk, a green and reasonable regulation strategy of hydrolysis medium is proposed to ensure the conversion from grey hydrogen to green hydrogen. In this work, green modification hydrolysis medium strategy employed neutral alkali metal cations instead of acidized/alkalized ions is proposed to utilize for hydrolysis of (Mg10Ni)10Ce alloy. The green regulation of seawater by introducing the low cost neutral alkali metal cations is tried. The results are as follows: The as-cast (Mg10Ni)10Ce alloy hydrolysis induction period is the shortest and the H 2 yield is the highest with 173.38 mL g −1 in KCl solution within 20 min at 25 °C. The hydrolysis hydrogen generation yield of modified seawater by the neutral alkali metal cations are first higher and then lower than that in the seawater. The hydrolysis process of (Mg10Ni)10Ce in alkali metal cations medium confirms that the type and content of ions has significant effects on the diffusion and transmission process of the medium. It is expected to lay a solid foundation for the development of green portable hydrogen generators and the widespread of clean hydrogen energy and emission reduction. • Single and concomitant effects of Na + /K + on hydrogen generation are investigated. • Green seawater modification strategy by neutral alkali metal cations is tried. • As-cast (Mg10Ni)10Ce generates 696.46 mL g −1 H 2 in KCl within 120 min at 25 °C. • Hydrolysis mechanism of as-cast (Mg10Ni)10Ce in modified medium has been proposed.

Dynamic relationships between real-time fuel moisture content and combustion-emission-performance characteristics of wood pellets in a top-lit updraft cookstove

Fuel moisture content (FMC) has an essential impact on the performance of biomass combustion. FMC typically changes during the burning process; therefore, considering only the initial FMC is inadequate for understanding clean combustion and emission control. An on-line FMC monitoring method was employed by measuring relative humidity of emissions to determine the real-time effect of FMC on modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and emission factors (EFs) of pollutants from a typical top-lit updraft cookstove fueled with wood pellets. The results obtained from a complete 16-h combustion sequence showed an overall decreasing trend of FMC, consequently increasing combustion temperature and MCE. Flaming combustion appeared in a high-power phase where the EFs of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased while real-time FMC decreased from 3.5% to 2.1% (wet basis). Smoldering combustion was generally dominant in a low-power phase where EFs of CO and nitric oxide (NO) decreased, while PM2.5 increased with real-time FMC decreasing from 6.3% to 4.9% (wet basis). This paper can provide meaningful information for modeling biomass burning, quantifying pollutant emissions and understanding related impacts on the residential sector.

A Study of the Tofu Industry Environmental Impact Condition and Scenario Treatment Using Life Cycle Assessment Approach

One of the types of tofu industries in Indonesia is that the small-scale tofu industry was located in the East Jombor, Ketapang Village, to be precise, on the Blorong River. The Simplified Tofu Industry, with a 1300 kg/day production capacity, produces liquid waste that is disposed of into the Blorong River with a BOD parameter of 2,726 mg/L, COD of 4,972 mg/L, and TSS of 388 mg/L.These values greatly exceed the quality standards based on the Regional Regulation of Central Java Province Number 10 of 2004 concerning Tofu Industry. The entry of these pollutants into the Blorong River, over time, can cause water bodies to become toxic and pollute the Blorong River. Therefore, one of the efforts to protect this river's environmental conditions is to increase the efficiency of the Wastewater treatment plant and substitute the determined fuel through alternative scenarios. In the MBBR scenario, substituting diesel fuel into biomass is a type of biodiesel. Biodiesel has an advantage for the fire tube boiler industry because it can reduce exhaust emissions compared to diesel. Meanwhile, the existing wastewater treatment is substituted for the MBBR unit. The choice of MBBR as a wastewater treatment unit is because it is economical, does not require large land, is simple in development design, and is accessible in operation and maintenance. In the second scenario (SBR), a transition of Diesel fuel to LPG. LPG as a fuel input in the cooking process will result in cleaner emissions, especially on the SO2 parameter, and better because it has a higher heating value than diesel, 47,3 Tj/Gg. Both scenarios are analyzed regarding the magnitude of the impact on the environment using the OpenLCA method. The resulting impact magnitude on the OpenLCA method from each alternative is evaluated to obtain the best scenario. In the Tofu Industry, the best design the resulting impact is smaller than the SBR alternative.

Clarifying the relationship among green investment, clean energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth: a provincial panel analysis of China.

As a financial activity with the main purpose of ecological protection and environmental governance, green investment has important practical significance for promoting sustainable economic development. Previous studies have not addressed the relationship between green investment, clean energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth. We use panel data from 30 provinces and cities in China from 2003 to 2017 to build a simultaneous equation model, which can evaluate the nonlinear relationship and avoid the endogeneity of the model. The research results show that, firstly, green investment has a significant positive impact on clean energy consumption and economic growth. However, it has no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Second, the curve of clean energy consumption and per capita GDP conforms to the positive U-shaped characteristic, while the curve of carbon emissions and per capita GDP conforms to the EKC curve, meeting the inverted U-shaped characteristic. And the inflection point of clean energy use occurred earlier than the inflection point of CO2 emissions. When per capita GDP is greater than 105,735.93 (RMB), the use of clean energy will increase, and carbon dioxide emissions will decrease, thereby achieving a win-win situation for the environment and the economy. Finally, according to the survey results, it is suggested that green investment is an effective means to encourage clean energy consumption and economic growth.

Environmental benefit of clean energy consumption: can BRICS economies achieve environmental sustainability through human capital?

This paper scrutinizes the asymmetric impact of education and education expenditure on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies using annual data for the period 1991-2019. The analysis employs a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. Findings unfold that a positive change in education contributes to increasing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. This finding implies that a negative change in education contributes to reducing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India in the long run. Nonetheless, a positive change in education expenditure increased the clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India, while it has decreased in South Africa. On the dark side, a negative change in education expenditure degrades clean energy consumption in India, China, and South Africa in the long run. The asymmetric empirical results of CO2 emissions are mixed, economy-specific, and vary across group countries in the long run. We find that the education and education expenditure has long-run asymmetric effects in BRICS industries. Thus empirical findings give us robust policy implications for BRICS economies.

Gas Containment Systems for Stationary and Mobile Applications

While green hydrogen production should remain the main target toward Zero Emissions Society, it would be prudent to maximize the utilization of easily accessible energy carries available already today in abundance.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) represents a widely available energy carrier. Approximately 4.000 CNG/LNG car filling stations are available, thus enabling CNG to be used as fuel for commercial and personal vehicles based on the SOFC technology. Employing SOFC up to 30% higher efficiency can be achieved in comparison with conventional combustion engines. The SOFC based vehicles fueled by CNG can thus represent a perfect intermediate solution toward CO2 reduction and elimination of NOx emissions. Decentral power and heat generation via SOFC in combination with CNG offers yet another pathway to reach CO2 targets set by the European Union. Conditions for continued, more rapid growth of SOFC technology are favorable as global demand seeks different clean emissions heat and power generation solutions. Worthington as a center of excellence is focused on the design and production of high-pressure cylinders and onboard fueling systems for mobile applications, like vehicle integration, gas transport containers and stationary storage solutions. Ensuring easier fuel storage and transport, application and commercialization of SOFC based systems for mobile application can be accelerated.Worthington Industries is a global value-added steel processing company with headquarters in Columbus, Ohio, USA and production sites in Austria, Poland, and Portugal dedicated to pressure cylinder solutions for sustainable mobility. In addition to an overview of our approach to advancement of SOFC utilization, we intend to cover, as well, the availability of gas street components, system integration, safety, maintenance and product lifetime of proposed onboard fueling systems.

Revealing Structure–Activity Links in Hydrazine Oxidation: Doping and Nanostructure in Carbide–Carbon Electrocatalysts

The oxidation of hydrazine (N2H4) is an important challenge in electrocatalysis, with applications in direct hydrazine fuel cells and in medical and environmental sensing. Interest in alternative, nitrogen-based fuels for fuel cells was rekindled by recent advances in alkaline membranes, and by the surfacing of challenges in the transportation of hydrogen. Direct hydrazine fuel cells promise high theoretical voltage (1.56 V with O2), clean emissions, and improved fuel transportability.We now report a multi-doped carbide–carbon composite with excellent hydrazine electro-oxidation (HzOR) activity in alkaline pH. While iron carbide containing materials are well known catalysts for several applications (e.g. oxygen reduction and Li-ion batteries), our N-doped, Fe3C-embedded carbons provide the first examples of a carbide-based HzOR catalyst. Multi-doping was thought to enhance reactivity (possibly through cooperation of M=Cu/ Zn, Fe, and edge N atoms), possibly by pore-etching, layers exfoliation or graphitization promotion, thus modulating surface area, mass transfer and conductivity.To prepare the composites, we designed tunable multi-doped precursors: an organometallic structure combining iron with either (1) copper, an element active towards the HzOR, (2) zinc, an electrocatalytically-inert element capable of efficient micropore etching, or (3) iron, to investigate the effect of molybdenum-doping reported earlier. Pyrolysis and washing of the fore mentioned precursors yielded HzOR-active composites of Fe3C nanoparticles and a hierarchically porous, partially graphitic N-doped carbon (NC). Thorough characterization by voltammetry and by a broad range of spectroscopic and microscopic methods revealed that the activity is ordered as: Cu-derived NC > Zn-derived NC > Fe-derived NC. While the catalysts had similar compositions, their nanostructure varied: both Zn- and Cu-doping induced the formation of micropores and small mesopores (5–13 nm diameter). The dopant-induced active site exposure (affecting micropore volume) and improved material flow (linked to mesopore volume) contributed to enhanced HzOR electroactivity. Furthermore, the intimate mixing of the metals in the precursor is hypothesized to homogenize and enhance the doping effect, as the structure enhancing metal ions (Zn2+ or Cu2+) exposed the nearby catalytic Fe3C sites. Acid washing of the pyrolyzed carbon was crucial for producing microporosity in the Cu-based carbon, but had little effect on the Zn-derived one. This revealed the importance of micropores and small mesopores for HzOR electrocatalysis, and the different nanostructuring mechanisms of the two dopants: while Zn(g) boils during pyrolysis and thus etches micropores into the carbon, Cu(s) diffuses and spreads throughout, making exfoliation by acid reaction more efficient. Further work in our group is dedicated to the catalytic activity of pure phase Fe3C, and its modification by other dopants.[Burshtein et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 41, (23854-23861) 2019, doi: 10.1039/C9TA03357B] Figure 1

Clean combustion and emissions strategy using reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine powered with CNG-Karanja biodiesel

Heterogeneous combustion in a diesel engine is noisier, uncontrolled and more polluting. This can be achieved with a strategic approach of a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine that operates with low and high reactive fuel combinations. In the present work, a diesel engine is operated in RCCI mode with gaseous fuels viz. CNG as a primary fuel and a blend of diesel and Karanja biodiesel (BD20) as pilot fuel. This research aims to determine the operating limits of CNG fuel for less noisy combustion and clean exhaust.Further, relative air-fuel ratio (λ), cycle to cycle variations, combustion noise and emissions were studied for full load operation. The CRDI engine is optimized for diesel operation with a split injection strategy. The knock limits for CNG as the primary fuel are obtained. The combustion noise increases at a higher energy share by CNG. Also, higher values of HC and CO emissions are observed. This may be due to higher energy share values, flame speed and octane number of CNG fuel.Further, NOx emissions and smoke are decreased. The CNG induction of 10 ms with 90% ES can be noted as a knock limit for 3.5 kW power. The highest BTHE of 24.2% and least BSFC 0.3 kg/kWhr reported by 60%ES of LRF is better than diesel and KBD20 fuel. An optimum 60% energy share of CNG is observed for clean combustion and emissions strategy using the RCCI mode of a modified diesel engine.

Statistical and experimental investigation of the influence of fuel injection strategies on CRDI engine assisted CNG dual fuel diesel engine

With an alarming enlargement in vehicular density, there is a threat to the environment due to toxic emissions and depleting fossil fuel reserves across the globe. This has led to the perpetual exploration of clean energy resources to establish sustainable transportation. Researchers are continuously looking for the fuels with clean emission without compromising much on vehicular performance characteristics which has already been set by efficient diesel engines. In this study, the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine assisted CNG dual fuel research engine operated at constant speed of 1500 rpm with variable engine load (16, 20 and 24 NM) to analyses the influence of fuel injection timings (7.5, 12.5 and 17.5 SOI) and fuel injection pressure (500, 750 and 1000 bar) under reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode. In the case of a fuel injection pressure of 1000 bar, the maximum brake specific fuel consumption of 0.42 kg/kWh is registered with a brake mean effective pressure of 3.2 bar. Response surface methodology has been used in this analysis for predicting the optimal input parameters (engine load, fuel injection timing, and fuel injection pressure), which results in an optimal combination of performance (BP, BTHE, and BSFC) and emission (HC, NOx, and CO) parameters. A variety of optimal solutions based on the desirability method is obtained from the model, and optimal input parameters is suggested as load 20(Nm), injection pressure 750(Bar), and injection timing (BTDC) 12.5. Additionally, to obtain a ‘regression model’ a statistically significant test (ANOVA) is developed. Results have shown that the suggested ‘Regression Model’ is best fitted to 0.095 standard deviations, 0.972 corrected R2, and 18.482 acceptable accuracy.

Towards a green economic policy framework in China: role of green investment in fostering clean energy consumption and environmental sustainability.

Recently, China has relished rapid green investment, and its influence on clean energy consumption and environment is substantial. Therefore, this study scrutinizes the effects of green investment on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China by using autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) approach over time from 1998 to 2019. The results show that green investment tends to have a positive effect on clean energy consumption in China in the long run. The outcomes of study also show that green investment also tends to have a negative effect on CO2 emissions in China, but it has a small effect on carbon emissions in magnitude in the long run. Importantly, possible channels revealed green investment encouraging consumers and producers to consume clean energy, thereby positively affecting the environmental quality in China. Other control variables' findings show that environmental tax and financial development have increased the environmental quality by decreasing the CO2 emissions. Based on the findings, it recommends that green investment is considered necessary for encouraging clean energy consumption to reduce carbon emissions in high pollutant economies.