Source Of Clean Drinking Water Research Articles

Analisis Risiko Kandungan Timbal (Pb) pada Air Sumur Kawasan Pertanian di Kenagarian Simpang Tanjung Nan IV Kabupaten Solok

Farmers in the Nagari Simpang Tanjung Nan IV, Solok Regency, are using synthetic pesticides to achieve good agricultural results. Inappropriate pesticide application practices, such as mixing multiple types of pesticides simultaneously, using incorrect dosages, and spraying more than three times a day, have become commonplace. Residents living next to their farmlands have wells as their primary source of clean drinking water, which are located within the agricultural area. This situation poses a contamination risk to the community. The objective of this research is to analyze the risk of lead (Pb) content in well water within the agricultural area of Kenagarian Simpang Tanjung Nan IV. The research design employs the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) method. The research findings indicate that Pb concentrations in the water range from 6,735 mg/L to 53,492 mg/L, exceeding the quality standards set by the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. A significant portion of the population frequently experiences health issues, with an intensity of 66.7%. The average lifetime Risk Quotient (RQ) is 1.11, indicating a risk of pesticide poisoning in the community. Therefore, it is recommended that the community limits the use of pesticides and uses boiled water for daily consumption in an effort to minimize the danger of exposure to heavy metal Pb entering the body through water.

GLMM and GLMMTree for Modelling Poverty in Indonesia

GLMMTree is a tree-based algorithm that can detect interaction and find subgroups in the GLMM to improve fixed effect estimation. This study uses GLMM trees in real data applications of poverty in Indonesia. Using this data, we found that the GLMMTree algorithm method performs similarly to GLMM. 2 significant predictors affect poverty in Indonesia: the unemployment rate and the GRDP at a constant price. GLMMTree algorithm enriches the analysis by finding two variables, namely the percentage of households with electricity lighting access and the percentage of households with clean drinking water sources, that interact with predictor variables in the model.

COMPARISON OF GLM, GLMM AND GEE POISSON MATHEMATICAL MODELING PERFORMANCE (Case Study: Number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia in 2019-2021)

This study aims to compare the performance of data modeling with Poisson regression with Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) modeling. The case study used is a factor that affects the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases in Indonesia with panel data. Based on the AIC criteria, the smallest BIC and RMSE GLMM models perform better than GLM and GEE. In addition, GLMM modeling also has a coefficient of determination value. The results showed that the percentage of the population smoking and the percentage of Unmet Kesehatan had a significant positive influence on the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases. In contrast, the percentage of households who had access to handwashing with soap and proper drinking water significantly negatively influenced the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases. Therefore, the public needs awareness to reduce cigarette consumption and increase environmental access, such as adequate and clean drinking water sources and handwashing.

Design and Construction of an Improved Solar Still for Production of Pure Water

Water is a vital natural resource that is needed for the existence and survival of plants and animals on earth. Today fresh water demand is increasing continuously, because of the industrial development but only about 3% of the world water is potable and this amount is not evenly distributed on the earth. Many parts of the developing countries do not have access to a suitable source of clean drinking water. Most of the sources of water available are from streams, lakes, rivers and sea which cause many diseases because of their impurities. An improved solar still for the production of pure water was design, constructed, and tested for this research work. The system used a separated storage (feed water tank) to collector (distilled water collector tank). Both numerical and experimental methods are used in the analysis for the optimum performance of the system. The result showed that for the period under reviewed (May – December, 2015), the average productivity of solar still was 143.99 liters/hour at 213.45Wm -2 average daily solar radiation and the overall efficiency of the solar still was 67.15%. This research work has demonstrated that solar water distillation system can be adopted to meet the drinking water need of a typical household and laboratory users.

Perancangan Pemanfaatan Tenaga Surya untuk Penyaluran Air Bersih Bagi Pesantren Attuma’ninah Kab. Lebak, Banten

Clean water is one of the most vital human needs. Indonesia, which the largest part of its territory is water, in fact is still experiencing difficulties to meet the clean water needs of its population. Based on the data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2018, the percentage of households with clean drinking water sources is 72.99%. Sajira Subdistrict in Lebak, Banten is one that is affected by severe drought. They always experience drought for 6-9 months annually. The people independently built water reservoirs from mountain water sources. Water is pumped using a water pumping machine and accommodated in reservoirs, then distributed to local residents through pipes with minimum distribution distance is 1 km from the reservoir. Due to long distance of the water distribution,many houses can’t be reached by the water. It can be solved by adding a water pump in the reservoir. So the clean water distribution, which is initially only relies on pipes and gravity, can be maximized by the thrust of the water pump. Beside the water pump, the solar panel is also added to the system as a power supply. Thus, the residents don't need to pay for electricity bill to run the pumping system.

Anomaly Detection System for Water Networks in Northern Ethiopia Using Bayesian Inference

For billions of people living in remote and rural communities in the developing countries, small water systems are the only source of clean drinking water. Due to the rural nature of such water systems, site visits may occur infrequently. This means broken water systems can remain in a malfunctioning state for months, forcing communities to return to drinking unsafe water. In this work, we present a novel two-level anomaly detection system aimed to detect malfunctioning remote sensored water hand-pumps, allowing for a proactive approach to pump maintenance. To detect anomalies, we need a model of normal water usage behavior first. We train a multilevel probabilistic model of normal usage using approximate variational Bayesian inference to obtain a conditional probability distribution over the hourly water usage data. We then use this conditional distribution to construct a level-1 scoring function for each hourly water observation and a level-2 scoring function for each pump. Probabilistic models and Bayesian inference collectively were chosen for their ability to capture the high temporal variability in the water usage data at the individual pump level as well as their ability to estimate interpretable model parameters. Experimental results in this work have demonstrated that the pump scoring function is able to detect malfunctioning sensors as well as a change in water usage behavior allowing for a more responsive and proactive pump system maintenance.

Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospira IgG and IgM Antibodies and Risk Assessment of Leptospirosis among Urban Poor Communities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. Disease incidence is known to be attributed to environmental and social conditions which promote the spread of reservoir hosts, primarily rodents. A well-being program was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in urban poor communities occupying low-cost flat accommodation and squatter settlements in the vicinity of Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur. Blood samples from a total of 532 volunteers were screened for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against leptospirosis using ELISA. Demographic data were collected for each participant through a questionnaire survey before blood collection. The overall seroprevalence was low (12.6%, n = 67/532; 95% CI: 9.9-15.7%), with 8.1% (n = 43/532) being seropositive for anti-Leptospira IgG, indicating previous infection, and 4.9% (n = 26/532) for anti-Leptospira IgM, indicating current infection. Two significant factors such as host age (P ≤ 0.01) and knowledge of disease transmission (P = 0.017) significantly influenced the presence of anti-Leptospira IgM, whereas the detection of anti-IgG indicated the presence of clean drinking water sources (P = 0.043). Despite the low prevalence, the transmission of leptospirosis does occur among urban poor communities, suggesting the need for undertaking public awareness programs.

Making Rainwater Harvesting a Key Solution for Water Management: The Universality of the Kilimanjaro Concept

Rainwater is conventionally perceived as an alternative drinking water source, mostly needed to meet water demand under particular circumstances, including under semi-arid conditions and on small islands. More recently, rainwater has been identified as a potential source of clean drinking water in cases where groundwater sources contain high concentrations of toxic geogenic contaminants. Specifically, this approach motivated the introduction of the Kilimanjaro Concept (KC) to supply fluoride-free water to the population of the East African Rift Valley (EARV). Clean harvested rainwater can either be used directly as a source of drinking water or blended with polluted natural water to meet drinking water guidelines. Current efforts towards the implementation of the KC in the EARV are demonstrating that harvesting rainwater is a potential universal solution to cover ever-increasing water demands while limiting adverse environmental impacts such as groundwater depletion and flooding. Indeed, all surface and subsurface water resources are replenished by precipitation (dew, hail, rain, and snow), with rainfall being the main source and major component of the hydrological cycle. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems entailing carefully harvesting, storing, and transporting rainwater are suitable solutions for water supply as long as rain falls on earth. Besides its direct use, rainwater can be infiltrating into the subsurface when and where it falls, thereby increasing aquifer recharge while minimizing soil erosion and limiting floods. The present paper presents an extension of the original KC by incorporating Chinese experience to demonstrate the universal applicability of the KC for water management, including the provision of clean water for decentralized communities.

Study on the Current Status of China’s Food Security Based on Multiple Dimensions Measurement

As a large agricultural country, food security is of vital importance to the national economy and people's livelihood. In recent years, food production has been constantly restricted in order to meet the needs of urbanization and economic development. And problems such as resource compression, cost increase and insufficient investment in science and technology have gradually surfaced. In order to guarantee the food production safety, this paper comprehensively analyzes the status of China's food security from four aspects: food availability, food access, food utilization and the stability of food security. Through comparative analysis, it is known that the overall situation of China's food security has been significantly improved. It is better than the average level of developing countries. China also has advantages when compared with other developing countries with large populations, but there is still a certain gap with the average level of developed countries. China's food security situation is not balanced in different dimensions. The food availability situation measured by indicators such as per capita food output and average dietary energy supply has significantly improved. The food access measured by per capita GDP, domestic food price index, prevalence of undernourishment and so on, enhances continuously. The global hunger index was significantly reduced in food utilization, and the condition of food utilization measured by clean drinking water sources and good sanitation facilities was significantly improved. The lower stability index of political stability, the higher domestic food price volatility and per capita food production variability are not conducive to the stability of food security.

Performance Improvement of Solar Water Stills by Using Reflectors

The lack of safe and clean drinking water sources is one of the problems faced in most rural communities in Zambia. Water in these communities is mostly obtained from shallow wells and rivers. However, this water might be potentially contaminated with harmful substances such as pathogenic bacteria and therefore, unsafe for drinking. Solar water distillation represents an important alternative to palliate problems of fresh water shortages. Solar water stills can be used to eliminate harmful substances from contaminated water by treating it using free solar energy before it can be consumed. Therefore, there is a need to improve solar still performance to produce a greater quantity of safe drinking water. One possible method to improve performance is through adding reflectors to solar stills. Reflectors improve performance by increasing the quantity of distillate by about 22.3 % at a water depth of 15 mm and about 2 9% at a water depth of 10 mm when compared to the distillate produced from a still without reflectors. The water produced using solar stills with reflectors was tested and adhered to World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. This implies that solar distillation with reflectors could be adopted at a larger scale to produce safer drinking water at a reduced cost.

Sustainable community-based drinking water systems in developing countries: stakeholder perspectives

Over the past 25 years, stakeholders have become increasingly involved in the development and management of community-based projects. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at establishing stakeholder perspectives and priorities for sustainable community-based drinking water systems (CBDWS). The stakeholders have agreements and biases, which require an improved understanding of the sustainability of CBDWS. Environmental and institutional components of sustainability were noted to be two top priorities among the different groups of stakeholders. Most stakeholders agreed on priorities of clean drinking water sources, properly maintained infrastructure protecting the water quality, and the need for socially aware consumer communities. A complete review of the existing engineering practices and policy development is needed for successful implementation of any sustainable CBDWS.

Development of a Mobile Water Disinfection Unit Powered by Renewable Energy

Following such natural disasters as Hurricanes Katrina and Ike and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, supplying a reliable source of clean drinking water has apparently become essential. Providing a water supply and the associated transportation of potable water is a considerable burden on recovery efforts following a natural disaster. To reduce this burden and meet the water requirements of a community, a low-maintenance, low-cost trailer-mounted water disinfection system has been developed that has the capability to provide potable water from local surface water bodies until the infrastructure is repaired. To achieve disinfection of contaminated surface water, the system uses a series of prefilters and an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection unit. The system is powered using a hybrid photovoltaic array and wind turbine system. To increase the storage capability and decrease the maintenance required by the system, traditional, relatively high-maintenance batteries have been replaced with an ultracapacitor to store the ...

Appraisal of the requirements for establishing domestic roof rainwater harvesting schemes in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries, and additionally suffers frequent natural and humanitarian disasters, such as loss of shelter following cyclones, flooding and arsenic poisoning of well water supplies. One possible solution is the regionally sustainable production of durable building materials, which would resist the actions of flooding and provide a roof surface suitable for the harvesting of rainfall, to provide a source of clean drinking water. Current vernacular shelters have however evolved to suit the social needs of the indigenous people and the materials used in their construction are mostly harvested locally. This paper evaluates the requirements for successful harvesting of rainwater and how such requirements might be sustainably achieved in the context of rural and peri-urban Bangladesh.

Potable water and sanitation in Tenochtitlan: Aztec culture

A source of clean drinking water is essential, and the Aztecs were quite advanced in providing it. While London still drew its drinking water from the polluted Thames River as late as 1854, the Aztecs brought potable water to Tenochtitlán from springs on the mainland by means of the aqueduct built by Nezahualcoyotl between 1466 and 1478. A second aqueduct was constructed in 1,499–1,500 by the ruler Ahuizotl when the first aqueduct became inadequate. Although the Aztecs had no citywide drainage system, and much of the wastewater ended up in the lake surrounding the city, they had a system to handle human waste by means of privies in all public places and many private dwellings from which excrement was collected in canoes. The excrement was applied as fertilizer to chinampas (floating parcels of land) or sold in the market to be used for tanning animal hides. Urine was collected in pottery vessels to be used later as a mordant for dyeing cloth. The Tenochtitlán environment was obviously healthy for its time, especially in comparison to European cities. Public and personal hygiene contributed to minimize the incidence and severity of illnesses.

Impact on drinking water sources in close proximity to the Payatas dumpsite, Philippines

The lack of a source of clean drinking water is a rising public health concern worldwide. Waterborne diseases are a consequence. This study assessed whether the water quality is significantly different between the communities with and without the Payatas dumpsite, and whether the pollution in the dumpsite has a significant health impact on communities, particularly diarrhea. A cross-sectional study design was used. Water quality monitoring and analyses, particularly for the parameters nitrate-nitrogen, total cadmium, total coliform, and sulfate were carried out in 14 drinking water sources of the communities with and without the dumpsite for 6 consecutive months from April to September 2003, covering both dry and wet seasons. A dose–response function model using site-specific morbidity data on diarrhea was obtained from the communities’ health centers and monitored water quality parameters were derived through multiple linear regression analysis. There were no significant differences in the drinking water quality parameters monitored, except for sulfate. The Philippine water quality standards were not exceeded for most parameters, except for total coliform. The regression model confirmed a significant impact on the prevalence of diarrhea by the parameters sulfate and total cadmium. Only the parameter sulfate is significantly different in the drinking water sources of the communities studied. The model derived confirmed a significant impact on the occurrence of diarrhea cases in the communities for the parameters sulfate and total cadmium.

Health and environmental policy issues in Canada: the role of watershed management in sustaining clean drinking water quality at surface sources

Sustaining clean and safe drinking water sources is increasingly becoming a priority because of global pollution. The means of attaining and maintaining clean drinking water sources requires effective policies that identify, document, and reduce watershed risks. These risks are defined by their potential impact to human health. Health and risk are, therefore, indelibly linked because they are in part defined by each other. Understanding pathogen ecology and identifying watershed sources remains a priority because of the associated acute risks. Surface water quality changes resulting from inputs of human waste, nutrients and chemicals are associated with higher drinking water risks. Nutrient input can increase primary production and the resulting increase of organic matter results in greater disinfection by-product formation or requires greater treatment intensity. Many drinking water disease outbreaks have resulted from breaches in treatment facilities, therefore, even with greater treatment intensity poor source water quality intrinsically has greater associated health risks. Government and international agencies play a critical role in developing policy. The goal of maintaining water supplies whose availability is maximized and risks are minimized (i.e. sustainable) should be a vital part of such policy. Health risks are discussed in the context of a multi-barrier perspective and it is concluded that both passive (protection) and active (prescriptive management) management is necessary for sustainability. Canadian aboriginal water systems, British Columbian water policy and US EPA policies are given as examples. The basis for developing effective policies includes a strong reliance on sound science and effective instrumentation with careful consideration of stakeholders' interests. Only with such directed policies can the future availability of clean drinking water sources be ensured.

Groundwater quality and its monitoring in the Baltic States

In the Baltic countries — Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania — groundwater is the principal and only source of clean drinking water. Its safe yield is rather large — 6.7 mln m3/d. At present, consumption does not reach half of this amount. Therefore, the resources available will be sufficient for a rather remote future, provided that groundwater is not polluted. Under Soviet rule, insufficient attention was paid to ecological problems in the Baltic States. As a result, due to constantly increasing surface pollution, groundwater quality is decreasing. The topmost, unconfined aquifer is unfit for use, especially in many urbanized areas. Moreover, pollutants, especially organics, are starting to enter the lower, artesian aquifers. To determine and forecast groundwater quality, a monitoring system has been worked out. However, in order to protect groundwater, besides monitoring, new laws, regulations, and guarantees for their implementation are necessary.