Clean Development Mechanism Projects Research Articles

PERHITUNGAN FAKTOR EMISI DI SISTEM JARINGAN KETENAGALISTRIKAN JAWA-MADURA-BALI

The methodology of calculation for emission factor for grid connection is determined by IPCCC Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change). The methodology is revised periodically,and become comprehensive calculation. Mainly in developed countries, the emission factor is provided by government related institution yearly. Therefore the developers who need that value can get easily, and they can save a time and money in the developing Clean Development Mechanism Project. In Indonesia, until now there is no government institution or other related institutions that have an obligation to provide and calculate that number.PTPSE-BPPT has initiated to calculate the emission factor of grid system of Jawa-Madura-Bali using data between 2002 and 2006. The Approved Consolidated Methodology 0002 and Approved Methodology Simple I-D were used in the calculation. Based on the calculationresult, it was proved that the emission factor of JAMALI grid increased 18.2%, resulted to coal consumption increased. The value of this emission factor has been adopted by Directorate General Electricity and energy Utilization and recognized by Indonesian Designated National Authority, as a National Number of emission factor in JAMALI in 2008.Keywords : faktor emisi, emisi karbon, sistem JAMALI, pembangkit listrik,Clean Development Mechanism,

An Assessment Of Clean Development Mechanism Project Contribution To Sustainable Development In Nigeria

A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a market-based climate change instrument used to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. CDM’s have become popular in many developing countries, however given the materially skewed distribution of CDM projects in developing countries it not clear whether CDM projects contribute materially to environmental and economic sustainable development in developing countries. This study examines the effect of CDM on sustainable development in Nigeria by reviewing sample of working CDM projects in Nigeria against globally established sustainable development criteria. Possible amendments to CDM policy are then reviewed based on the findings made during the study.

Determinants and outcome of a Clean Development Mechanism in Malaysia

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) enables transferring technology from developed countries to developing countries, such as Malaysia, and simultaneously promotes sustainable growth. Although this has been proven, the contribution of Malaysian companies in CDM projects is low. Therefore, this study has been aimed at investigating the determinants of CDM adoption and its impact on companies' performances. Data were gathered by surveying 91 companies in the energy, agriculture, and forestry sectors in Malaysia implementing CDM projects. The data were analysed using the partial least squares technique. The results show that environmental regulations, competitiveness, and financial benefits have a positive impact on CDM implementation. Additionally, this study reported a significant positive effect of CDM implementation on economic performance. This paper extends the knowledge on the determinants and financial outcome of CDM implementation. The information given in this research might be beneficial for policy makers and managers in modifying tactics and strategies towards successful promotion of the CDM in developing countries.

Evidenciação das operações com créditos de carbono nos relatórios da administração e nas notas explicativas

This study identifies the level of disclosure in management reports and explanatory notes regarding carbon credit operations as related to projects, funding, markets, accounting and taxation. A descriptive research with a qualitative approach was carried out in document analysis of 14 Brazilian companies, publicly traded, that have Clean Development Mechanism projects approved by the Interministerial Commission of Global Climate Change as listed by the Ministry of Science and Technology. By November28, 2008, 195 projects had been approved, 25 of these belonged to these 14 companies. Content analysis technique for management reports and explanatory notes was used for collection of data from the first carbon credits up to the third quarter of 2008. Results show that these companies do not disclose accounting and taxation of the carbon credit transactions in their reporting. Information most often published related to the form of generation of these credits and cost of investment. In conclusion, it is evident that management reports and explanatory notes of these companies with respect to transactions with carbon credits do not respect the full disclosure principle

Assessing China’s price review policy on Clean Development Mechanism projects

The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows developed countries to meet part of their obligational emission reductions by carrying out emission reduction projects in developing countries. China imposed a price floor to the CDM carbon credits produced in China through its price review policy. Scholars have not agreed on the purpose of China’s price review policy. With a theoretical model and a coherent empirical study, the present study shows that the price floor imposed by China’s price review is more likely to protect those domestic project owners against price discrimination, rather than to distort the CDM market. Nevertheless, China’s price review has its own flaws. Although a regression study shows month of approval, types of projects and location of project can explain 55% of price floor designation, the operation of price review remains quite random and unpredictable in individual cases. This would bring extra bureaucratically uncertainty on its way to curb market uncertainty. Its function can be fulfilled by alternative policy tools with better economic efficiency and legal legitimacy, such as mandatory price disclosure and trading forum, which doesn’t have such drawback, but still be able to alleviate possible price discrimination in individual cases.

Technology transfer and cost structure of clean development mechanism projects: an empirical study of Indian cases

This research empirically estimates abatement costs under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in India, using project-level data for 830 projects that had been registered as of April 2014. Emphasis lies on assessing the impact of international technology transfer on abatement costs and on testing whether CDM projects in India have experienced a “low-hanging fruits” problem or have benefitted from learning effects. The results suggest that projects that include technology transfer have higher abatement costs. However, this does not appear to be universally applicable when assessing technology transfer by project type. Second, no conclusive evidence is found to support a “low-hanging fruits” problem, both empirically and based on the finding that most Indian projects are conducted unilaterally. On the contrary, some project types showed that abatement costs decrease as more projects are implemented. Finally, results suggest increasing returns to scale as well as economies of time in terms of project duration.

Questioning the use of ‘degradation’ in climate mitigation: A case study of a forest carbon CDM project in Uganda

An urgent need to stop degradation is frequently cited as support for climate mitigation efforts involving forests. However, lessons learnt from social science research on degradation narratives are not taken into consideration. This creates a risk of problematic degradation narratives being used to legitimise forest carbon projects. This study examined a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forest plantation in Uganda, where incomplete and partly contradictory evidence on land use change was interpreted in a way that overemphasised degradation. This interpretation was in line with the interests of the forestry company proposing the CDM activity and with national interests in Uganda, and was stimulated by CDM guidelines and regulations. Our investigation revealed a more complex picture of land cover change in the area that did not support the narrative of an area undergoing continuous degradation. We therefore recommend that close scrutiny of the degradation narrative presented be included in every type of forest carbon project.

Contribución al desarrollo sostenible local de los proyectos MDL en el sector de generación eléctrica por biomasa: caso INCAUCA S.A.

<em>La declaración presentada por la comunidad internacional a mediados del siglo XX frente al reconocimiento del fenómeno del cambio climático, dio origen a propuestas de la comunidad para la creación de mecanismos orientados al control y a la reducción de sus causas. Una de estas propuestas es el Protocolo de Kyoto, el cual tiene por objetivo la reducción de los Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) causantes del calentamiento global. Dicho protocolo planteó tres iniciativas, pero, tan solo una de ellas involucra la participación de países en vía de desarrollo como es el caso de Colombia; se trata de los Proyectos de Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL). En este sentido, el objetivo de este documento es comprender los aportes en términos del desarrollo sostenible local, a partir de la metodología multicriterio AHP, para el proyecto MDL de cogeneración y sustitución de combustible del Ingenio del Cauca S.A., registrado ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC.) De este trabajo se concluye que no existe una diferencia importante entre la situación “con proyecto” y la situación “sin proyecto”, en otras palabras, la contribución al desarrollo social del Municipio de Miranda (Cauca), no está determinada por la puesta en marcha del proyecto MDL, sin embargo al analizar de manera global el ranking de las dos alternativas evaluadas es evidente que los actores involucrados prefieren la situación antes del proyecto que con este.</em>

CDM PROJECTS IN BRAZIL: MARKET OPPORTUNITY FOR COMPANIES AND NEW DESIGNATED OPERATIONAL ENTITIES

Abstract Brazil actively participates in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) without having any kind of mandatory requirement. The objective of this study is to map the activities of CDM projects approved by interministerial Commission on Global Climate Change (CIMGC, for its acronym in Portuguese) and to identify new opportunities for CDM validation and verification bodies in Brazil. This paper was done by gathering information on CDM projects approved in Brazil and listed in the portal of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI, by its acronym in Portuguese). This research resulted in identifying a decrease in the registration of new CDM projects in Brazil. Furthermore, landfill projects in the waste sector has been identified to have the highest potential to be exploited in Brazil. This study also shows an opportunity to enhance the participation within voluntary carbon markets in Brazil.

The Clean development mechanism

The Clean development mechanism (CDM) is a new tool for promoting sustainable development in developing countries. It was established by the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It promises developed countries certified emission reductions (CERs) if they comply with their quantified emission targets and developing countries sustainable development benefits if they participate and invest in clean renewable technologies. Energy development through investments in clean technology transfer can contribute to sustainable development. However, sustainable development will only be achieved if current barriers and gaps facing CDM project implementation in Kenya are mitigated or removed altogether paving way for the development of more CDM projects in Kenya.

PROPOSED MODEL FOR THE USE OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM TO ATTRACT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO EGYPT

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the Kyoto Protocol mechanism. The Mechanism has two main objectives; to assist Annex I Parties to cost-effectively fulfil part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol, and to help non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development. When the CDM entered into force on 16 February 2005, its implemented projects, in non-Annex 1 developing countries, created certified emission reductions (CERs). So the project participants can sell to Annex I Parties to help them meet their Kyoto Protocol targets, they can also provide complementary benefits to non-Annex I Parties such as new investment, climate friendly technology transfer and know-how, skills development, employment..etc Based on the literature review, none of the studies assessed the clean development mechanism from the point of comparative benchmarking anaylsis between several countries. Most of the studies focused solely on the carbon climate and its economics away from the overall country business climate, competition and investment policies. Attrating foreign direct investments , even for environmental purposes , is an economic activity and there is a need to assess and test how to integrate the promotional activities for environmental projects into the country investment promotion strategy. This study was conducted in order to propose a model and action plan to benefit from the clean development mechanism in order to attract foreign direct investment to Egypt. To be able to gather the necessary data, the researcher utilized descriptive method using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Herein the chosen responded governmental officials were selected from the assigned Egyptian ministries responsible for investment and environmental affairs. Structured interviews was the research method used for data gathering to evaluate the challenges that facing the inclusion of clean development mechanism within Egypt’s investment opportunities, and to reach out the potential sector and targeted foreign countries to invest in Egypt’s CDM projects. The compiled values and statistical analysis utilized the official data released from the UNFCCC secretariat along with the official investment data of Egyptian General Authority for Investments and Free Zones and the official reports of related global indicators. The results of the study may help the decesion maker to integrate more the environmental projects into the investment policies. Despite the uncertainity that might shape the future of CDM, the researcher would like to stress on the need to capitalize on CDM benfits and to learn from the other peer developing countries experience. The proposed model may be used as a catalyst towards more integration of the CDM framework into the country investment climate and doing business activities.

Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Vietnam through Introduction of a Proper Technical Support System for Domestic Biogas Digesters

A domestic biogas digester (BD) is a household-sized system that produces biogas from organic waste under anaerobic conditions. By substituting conventional cooking fuel with biogas, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reduced. In addition, improved livestock manure management from use of the BD system can lead to further GHG emission reductions. However, because the main component of biogas is methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), with 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), leakage of biogas from the BD system can counteract the benefits of this system. Thick vinyl-type BDs were introduced to farming households in a rural area of Vietnam’s Mekong Delta in an effort to reduce GHG emissions as a Clean Development Mechanism project. In this project, selected farmers were trained as Key Farmers (KFs). These farmers acquired knowledge about appropriate techniques relating to the BD system and provided technical support to households. Then, biogas usage was monitored in the households where the BD technology was installed. The average proportion of operational BDs reached as high as 92.3%. Therefore, the technical support system provided by the KFs was regarded as practical and effective. Additionally, leakage of biogas from the BD systems was monitored. The average leakage was estimated at 8% of the produced biogas. Including emission reductions from improved livestock manure management, the total GHG emission reductions from the introduction of BD systems was calculated as 2.95 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> per year per household. Overall, the emission reduction effects can only be achieved with appropriate installation, operation, and maintenance of the BD systems.

Verification of outcomes from carbon market under the clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in landfills

This paper addresses the issue of verifying the outcomes of using the Clean Development Mechanism – CDM – in landfills. Our research focuses on the São Paulo Metropolitan Area and outlines six CDM projects: Bandeirantes, São João, Caieiras, Itapevi, Pedreira, and Lara. Twenty-three indicators are proposed, organized into two dimensions: social and environmental. The process of constructing indicators was participatory. The Delphi technique was then applied leading to its validation by experts. The dimensions were subdivided into five topics: participation, emphasizing the participation of associations and cooperatives surrounding landfills; the interface between agents involved, each with different interests; benefits, focusing on the implementation of CDM in the solid waste sector (especially waste pickers' cooperatives and technology transfer); environmental quality monitoring, highlighting the issue of odor; and gas emissions monitoring related to the efficiency of the biogas capture system. The aforementioned results corroborate the importance of the indicators developed based on interdisciplinary and multi-agent approaches which take into account the different stakeholders.

The growing influence of the UNFCCC Secretariat on the clean development mechanism

Using principal–agent theory, we explain the effect of an exogenous increase in financial resources on the autonomy of international bureaucracies. This can be empirically demonstrated at the example of the unexpectedly large inflow of fees for the registration of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects and issuance of emission credits on the political influence of staff in the UNFCCC Secretariat. Through document analysis, interviews and econometric analysis, we show that CDM staff was able to gain substantial influence over concrete policy decisions and even change the structure of relevant decision-making and consultation processes. We also show that this may reinforce rather than reduce the role of special interests expressed via country representatives in the CDM Executive Board. While one might be worried about the erosion of democratic principles at the international level, from a normative perspective, the overall effect is difficult to assess. If the international civil service is competent and committed to the delivery of the global public good, its increasing autonomy and influence may also be socially advantageous.

Cost–benefit analysis of GHG emission reduction in waste to energy projects of China under clean development mechanism

Energy recovery is widely considered an important part of hierarchy of waste management. Previously, researchers have primarily focused on cost-effectiveness analysis of solid waste management, ignoring the global warming potential (GWP) impacts. By integrating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the cost–benefit analysis, we analyzed the cost–benefit of GHG emissions for two waste to energy (WtE) methods: incineration with combined heat and power (ICHP) which produces electricity and heat, and landfill disposal with landfill gas utilization (LGU). We calculated both costs and benefits per ton certified GHG emission reductions (CER) for 20 clean development mechanism (CDM) projects with WtE technology in typical northern and southern cities in China. Furthermore, benefits were analyzed under two different scenarios: benefit only from recovery energy revenues; benefit from recovery energy revenues plus gate fee revenues. The results show that: (1) ICHP projects are beneficial from the GHG reduction standpoint; (2) The ratio of CER revenues to benefit is very high during 2008–2011. However, the decrease of CER price in CDM projects causes the disposal gate fee from local government to become more and more important for these two WtE technologies, especially for LGU. However, with or without the CDM, there is still a huge GHG reduction potential in solid waste management in China. Policies should be developed to facilitate and encourage WtE, and the selection of WtE method depends on geographical region and economics.

Comprehensive modeling of HFC-23 incineration in a CDM incinerator

Considering that a significant part of used refrigerants have to be destroyed in an environmentally friendly manner together with the high global warming potential (GWP) of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), the development of a proper incineration method of HFCs becomes one of the viable methods in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry. To this end, in this study, the development of a comprehensive modeling of CHF3 (HFC-23 or R-23) incineration is made to assist in the proper design and determination of optimal operating condition of a practical HFCs incinerator, since the refrigerant of CHF3 is one of typical HFCs. For this, numerical investigation was performed by the development of a predictive model for the thermal destruction of the CHF3 using CH4–air flames in an incinerator designed for CDM (clean development mechanism) project. First of all, comparison between calculation and operation data was made to evaluate the program developed in this study. Numerical calculation of CHF3–CH4–air flame predicts successfully the operation data of a CDM incinerator such as temperature, CHF3 destruction rate more than 99.99 % and other species concentrations such as CO and NO at the exit of the incinerator. Further parametric study was performed also in terms of important variables such as excess air, amount of steam and incinerator size. In general, the results obtained appear physically acceptable and give a clear physical insight into the role of the important variables. Further work is strongly recommended for the development of a general turbulent reaction model for the thermal destruction of HFCs, especially for the condition of non-equilibrium turbulent reaction dominance.

Low-carbon innovation and technology transfer in latecomer countries: Insights from solar PV in the clean development mechanism

This paper examines the organizational arrangements for technology supply in solar photovoltaic projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It shows that while lower middle-income countries typically import solar PV equipment into CDM projects, China, India and Thailand have begun to use new organizational arrangements for technology transfer which reflect the overall industry maturity in the solar PV sectors in these countries. This has great potential for long-term climate change mitigation efforts. However, the initiation of these new organizational arrangements often preceded the supply of technology into CDM projects. This raises important questions about the role of CDM in spearheading the development of technological capabilities required for sustainable development. The paper uses these findings to add to the literature about technology in CDM and to the wider policy debates over the future of the global climate regime. Technology transfer does not become less important as developing countries' capabilities mature, but the nature of technology transfer changes over time. This suggests a need to differentiate between countries at different levels of development. Lower middle-income countries may have greater needs for building technological capabilities whereas cooperative activities may be suitable for upper middle-income countries that already have capabilities to address climate change.

Clean development mechanism in Iran: does it need a revival?

This paper aimed to study clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Iran. Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are generally considered costly with world leaders often engaging in debate concerning the costs of mitigation and the distribution of these costs between different countries. CDM projects are useful tools to reduce these costs. Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms, namely: emission trading, joint implementation and CDM. CDM is the only mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which developing countries can participate. Comprehensive interviews with experts from Iranian oil and energy ministries and Department of Environment (DOE) resulted in detecting the missed opportunities for CDM in Iran. Lack of long term planning for the Kyoto Protocol, limitation of technology and finance, lack of regulation and functionality of a financial system and international sanctions are the most significant obstacles for implementation of CDM projects in Iran. At the end, a comprehensive analysis for utilising CDM to greenhouse gas reduction and climate change mitigation is presented.

Pilot application on solar energy combined electricity grid to a rural water supply station in Can Tho city

Since 2008, a Clean Development Mechanism project, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets, has been formed by Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Sciences and Can Tho University (JIRCAS-CTU). In this project, My Phung Hamlet, My Khanh Village, Can Tho City was chosen to implement a greenhouse-gas emission reduction model. One of the activities of the project, a domestic water supply plant was surveyed, designed and installed. A part of electricity sources used for plant operation is generated by solar panels. The selection of renewable energy is to fit the objectives of JIRCAS-CTU Project. The project objective is to introduce of renewable energy for My Phung Water Supply Station by selecting one of the natural unpolluted, clean and rich energy resources such as bio-gas, wind, river flow and solar. The research has begun by surveying works, including the workshop results, water sampling and quality analysis, selection of water source alternatives, and design drawings of water supply and power application alternatives. In My Phung Hamlet’s drinking water supply plant, water input for the plant is taken by a deep groundwater well and the power for the pump supplied partly by solar energy combined electricity grid system. Finally, some recommendations after the plant construction and pipelines are given for a future greenhouse-gas emission research and management. It is found that solar energy application is a new approach for local conditions and fitting the purpose of CDM objectives. However, the cost of solar panels is still high that leads to a limitation for the implementation if the financial is shortage.

DIESEL-ETHANOL TRUCK ENGINE FOR BRAZILIAN ETHANOL PLANTS: STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC GAIN AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

Dual-fuel diesel engine with ethanol injection is one of the promising technologies to allow ethanol use in commercial vehicles. Its main benefit is the possibility to calibrate the engine with similar combustion efficiency as diesel, but its challenge is to achieve higher substitution rates of diesel by ethanol. To check these limits, in this paper one engine prototype was built, calibrated and installed in a truck, to be used in duty cycle of the Brazilian ethanol industry (36 trips with total load of 63 ton and 28 trips with total load of 25 ton). In the tests it was evaluated: a) the performance of the diesel-ethanol engine in real conditions, b) the economic feasibility related to the ethanol costs, and c) the CO 2 emission reduction via fuel switch (fossil by renewable fuel) from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change methodology. As result of the tests, it was achieved slightly better fuel consumption in the diesel-ethanol mode, with an average substitution rate of 38%. In addition, this result conducts to a positive cash flow of 8%, if the ethanol costs were a half of the diesel price (limit value). For higher ethanol prices, the economic feasibility is marginal or non-existing and. In this case, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project could be decisive to the implementation of this technology in large scale in the Brazilian ethanol industry. The project can be justified by the 29% of CO 2 emissions reduction due to the dual-fuel engine in comparison to the diesel mode.