Pottery Clay Research Articles

Far from home

After the disappearance of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in the area now known as the Polish Lowlands, we observe a heterogeneous cultural situation. The Late Band Pottery culture (LBPC) and the Stroke-Ornamented Ware culture (SBK) are distinguished here. Generally, none of these communities used grog (ground potsherds, ‘chamotte’) as the main type of clay temper. However, there are exceptions to these production rules. In this article, the presented pottery materials from sites in the Polish Lowlands allow us to conclude that grog temper was important for some of these communities. An attempt to interpret the addition of fragments of other vessels to the pottery clay does not point to the technical advantages of the chamotte itself, but rather to its symbolic meaning – the use of fragments of burned vessels to produce new forms. A great deal of ethnographic data justifies this approach, which is sometimes used in archaeological interpretations. The proposed hypothesis allows us to consider an alternative concept of the origin of some post-LBK communities in the Polish Lowlands.

Analysis of Fine Motor Development of Children Aged 4-5 Years in KB Cendekia Bapangan Through Pottery Formation Play Activities

Pottery is one of the traditional handicrafts made of clay that is shaped in such a way and then heated until it becomes hard. This clay pottery forming game can help children's imagination to make a desired object from clay play. This study aims to determine the fine motor development of children through pottery playing activities. The research method applied in writing this article is qualitative method. The results of this study confirm the importance of paying attention to children's fine motor development, especially by parents and teachers. Fine motor development, which involves coordinating small muscles in movements such as writing and buttoning a shirt, is essential for everyday tasks. One effective method to support fine motor development is through the medium of play, especially the manufacture of pottery from clay. This activity not only improves fine motor skills, but also develops the child's creativity and sensory experience. Clay manipulation requires precise hand movements, which strengthen eye-hand coordination and dexterity. In addition, working with clay encourages children to use their imagination, provides rich sensory stimulation, and allows emotional expression through art. To integrate pottery activities into early childhood education, teachers and parents can introduce structured pottery sessions, provide free playtime, incorporate thematic projects, encourage collaborative projects, and showcase children's work to celebrate their achievements. Thus, the use of clay in early childhood learning becomes a fun and effective way to support fine motor development and other aspects of development.

Arhaeological Research in Okhtyrka — the Arhaeology of War

The article is devoted to the result of archaeological research carried out on the territory of the Okhtyrka fortress of the second half of the 17th–18th centuries. Excavations were conducted in the basement of the Okhtyrka Municipal Local History Museum. The building was severely damaged because of the night bombing in spring 2022. During the reconstruction of the museum, the workers had discovered archaeological artefacts. In the result of archaeological research, there were discovered the remains of a building buried in virgin soil. The most informative were the remains of the cellar walls. In the filling of the building, there were distinguished two layers separated by a sterile one. In the lower layer, the vast majority of fragments of tiles and furnace slag were found, and in the upper layer — numerous fragments of pottery and individual finds. The analysis of the artefacts location and the general stratigraphy allows presuming preliminary conclusions. The dwelling had two levels — the ground living level with the furnace and the underground one, or a cellar. The level had a massive ceiling made of oak logs and a wooden construction made of logs with a diameter of 0.15–0.25 m. The space between the wooden construction and virgin soil was filled with yellow sand. Mostly, in the filling of the dwelling were found light clay pottery fragments and some items covered with green glaze. The tiles were decorated with stylised floral ornament. Among the imports, the most noticeable are a handle of a faience cup produced in the Ottoman Empire and fragments of clay bottles of Riga balsam. In addition, a faience ointment jar, produced in Germany or Austria in the 18th century. Based on the analysis of the finds, the time of construction of the building is dated to the 20s–30s, and the time of destruction — 70s–80s of the 18th century. The first date is indicated by a coin minted in 1731, found in a piece of preserved oak log, and the second one by the lower part of a clay bottle, found on the floor of the cellar. Some of the imported finds are related to medicine, so we can assume using the building as a pharmacy in the last years of its existing.

Effect of pottery clay on mechanical and impact absorption properties of natural rubber floor mat

Effect of pottery clay on mechanical and impact absorption properties of natural rubber floor mat

The Pilot Creation of Sustainable Stall Design to Promote Temporary Pottery Market in the Baan Muang Kung Community

Although local intellectual property products have received support from both the government and private sectors, including increasing consumer interest in craft products, the residents of the Muang Kung community, Chiang Mai province, who produce handmade clay pottery with unique and distinctive shaping techniques and intricate patterns, still lack a market space to accommodate their products. Therefore, it is necessary to study the sustainable market format to help promote community products appropriately and stimulate tourism in this area. This research aims to achieve the following objectives (1) Study sustainable market pattern design principles suitable for community markets (2) Explore the potential capabilities and the local community’s requirements in market (3) Propose sustainable market design guideline to promote community products. This research primarily explores the sustainability value of a sustainable market within the field of retail design, employing qualitative research methods such as interviews, observational note-taking, photography, and comparative case study analysis. The on-site survey to determine the project's feasibility involved convening a community meeting with 50 residents to discuss findings. The outcomes of this gathering were then used in designing the temporary market. The findings present design guidelines that illustrate how markets continue to play important socio-economic roles in local communities, serving as key components that can be transformed to promote sustainable development. The proposed design practice guidelines encompass considerations such as site layout, the application of sustainable design principles, including the thoughtful selection of sustainable materials, the incorporation of flexible design, and the creation of participatory area experiences to attract people.

Determination of 24 elements migration in Yixing clay pottery by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

To establish an analytical method for determining the migration of 24 elements in Yixing clay pottery in 4% acetic acid simulated solution by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Four types of Yixing clay pottery, including Yixing clay teapot, Yixing clay kettle, Yixing clay pot, and Yixing clay electric stew pot, were immersed in 4% acetic acid as a food simulant for testing. The migration amount of 24 elements in the migration solution was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Lithium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, and barium elements with a mass concentration of 1000 μg/L; Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, vanadium, manganese, antimony, tin, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, silver, beryllium, thallium, titanium, and strontium elements within 100 μg/L there was a linear relationship within, the r value was between 0.998 739 and 0.999 989. Total mercury at 5.0 μg/L, there was a linear relationship within, the r value of 0.995 056. The detection limit of the elements measured by this method was between 0.5 and 45.0 μg/L, the recovery rate was 80.6%-108.9%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.0%-4.8%(n=6). A total of 32 samples of four types of Yixing clay pottery sold on the market, including teapots, boiling kettles, casseroles, and electric stewing pots, were tested. It was found that the migration of 16 elements, including beryllium, titanium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, cadmium, antimony, total mercury, thallium, tin, copper, total arsenic, molybdenum, and lead, were lower than the quantitative limit. The element with the highest migration volume teapot was aluminum, magnesium, and barium; The kettle was aluminum and magnesium; Casserole was aluminum, magnesium, and lithium; The electric stew pot was aluminum. This method is easy to operate and has high accuracy, providing an effective and feasible detection method for the determination and evaluation of element migration in Yixing clay pottery.

WOMEN BEHIND WHEELS EXPLORING THE CLAY POTTERY FROM THIRUCHIGADI, NILGIRIS, TAMIL NĀDU

Black pottery made by the women of Kota tribe of Nilgiri Hills holds a unique identity of their craft and craftmanship. A group of these women potters are names as “Kov” by the natives.This research study on Black pottery focuses on the traditional art of clay pottery in Thiruchigadi, a small town in Tamil Nadu's gorgeous Nilgiris region. This study strives to reveal the historical significance, cultural context, and modern relevance of the age-old trade by focusing on the often-overlooked role of women potters. The extraordinary artistry, its evolution over ages and relevance of preserving the art and craft for the modern age. Adding lights on the sophisticated, unique, environmentally sustainable processes, designs, motifs, and the ritualistic essence that passed down through generations of female craftspeople through ethnographic observations, interviews, news articles, archival data, and research.The research shows these women's strong sense of individuality, strong spirit, added contribution to the cultural skillset and a contribution towards retaining a thriving craft legacy by examining the socioeconomic dynamics and obstacles they encounter.

Compressive Behavior of Some Balls Manufactured by 3D Printing from Ceramic-Polymer Composite Materials.

It is known that ceramic-polymer composite materials can be used to manufacture spherical bodies in the category of balls. Since balls are frequently subjected to compression loads, the paper presents some research results on the compression behavior of balls made of ceramic composite materials with a polymer matrix. The mathematical model of the pressure variation inside the balls highlights the existence of maximum values in the areas of contact with other parts. Experimental research was carried out on balls with a diameter of 20 mm, manufactured by 3D printing from four ceramic-polymer composite materials with a polymer matrix: pottery clay, terracotta, concrete, and granite. The same ceramic-polymer composite material was used, but different dyes were added to it. A gravimetric analysis revealed similar behavior of the four materials upon controlled heating. Through the mathematical processing of the experimental results obtained by compression tests, empirical mathematical models of the power-type function type were determined. These models highlight the influence exerted by different factors on the force at which the initiation of cracks in the ball materials occurs. The decisive influence of the infill factor on the size of the force at which the cracking of the balls begins was found.

Archaeometric characterization of pottery from the Houjiazhai site (ca. 7.3-5.7 ka BP), Anhui Province, China.

A combination of polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), neutron activation analysis (NAA) and thermogravimetry (TG) was used on the pottery from the Houjiazhai site in Anhui, China. The analytical data demonstrate that the clay raw material of the Houjiazhai pottery clay was ordinary fusible clay. Phase I pottery consisted of shell-tempered pottery (with a high CaO content), plant-tempered pottery (with a high P2O5 content), and sand-tempered pottery. The pottery body of Houjiazhai was composed of quartz, feldspars, and minor amounts of mica. In addition, the shell-tempered pottery contains calcite. The results of the NAA analysis suggest that the samples from the two phases have the same place of production. The presence of calcite in the mixture indicates that the firing temperature for shell-tempered pottery from Phase I should not exceed 800 °C, while the thermal expansion curve shows that clay pottery from Phase II could reach 900 °C. Houjiazhai people have made progress in temperature control technology and can fire pottery with higher temperatures.

마한의 시작과 만경강, 그리고 금마

In the Mangyeong River basin, one can observe the establishment, development, integration, and disappearance of the early Iron Age culture from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC to the turn of the era. Representative material cultures of this period include clay pottery, long bronze swords, and iron products found nationwide. The region, especially the Mangyeong River basin, was at the core of the early Iron Age culture, where bronze production technology rapidly advanced, and primitive iron culture coexisted. Notably, the areas with the highest density of relics are in present-day Iksan, Wanju, and Jeonju. A significant shift occurred in the 2nd century BC. In the first half of this century, based on the technology exemplified by bell-shaped vessels, bronze-making technology peaked, establishing the area as a center of importance. In the latter half, the size of relics grew, social stratification accelerated, and bronze burial mounds with vast artifacts disappeared, replaced by the appearance of iron artifacts. Thus, the symbols of power for the top ruling class, represented by long bronze swords, shifted to iron, reflecting a change in the societal structure. The most pivotal point in the early Iron Age can be pegged to the 2nd century BC, which is directly linked to the arrival of King Jun.
 Relics related to the time of King Jun's arrival are most densely distributed in Iksan, Wanju, and Jeonju. If we categorize based on the distribution pattern of the relics, rather than the current administrative districts, the areas can be divided into: the western region of Miruksan centered on Hamyeol, Hwangdeung, and Osan; the western region of Hwangbangsan and southern region of Miruksan centered on Geumma, Wanggung, and the western Wanju; and the area covering Jeonju and the eastern Hwangbangsan, including Jeonjucheon and Gosancheon streams. The central points of these regions can be redefined as Iksan, Geumma, and Jeonju. While many tasks remain to be addressed, based on currently available literary records and archaeological investigations, the area with the highest concentration of relics from the 2nd century BC related to King Jun's arrival can be identified as the Geumma.

남한 청동기시대 하한연대와 초기철기시대

Currently, the lower limit of the Bronze Age is generally believed to be around 300 BC based on the appearance of the three-shaped bronze sword. And the period between 300 and 0 BC, when fine-grained bronze swords and clay pottery coexisted, is classified as the ‘Early Iron Age’. However, this common belief is problematic in that it is highly likely that three-shaped bronze swords appeared before the 5th century BC, that the lower limit of the Songguk-ri culture is around 200 BC, and that circular clay pottery coexists with the culture of the late Bronze Age.
 According to carbon dating, the Songguk-ri culture, the circular clay pottery culture, and the late Bronze Age settlements disappeared around 200 to 150 BC, and the Proto-Three Kingdoms period settlements in the central and western regions appeared around 200 BC. Therefore, the lower age of the Bronze Age and the upper age of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period are around 200 BC, and the name of the period following the Bronze Age, ‘Early Iron Age’, is no longer a valid age name. It is reasonable to call the stage in which fine-shaped bronze swords and circular clay pottery coexisted the late Bronze Age or the late Bronze Age.

Innovative approaches to the development of Podillia pottery centers

The research revealed innovative approaches to the development of Podillia pottery centers. Podillia is considered as a historical and ethnographic region, which is considered one of the most developed centers of pottery production in Ukraine. It is characterized that, over the centuries, a characteristic plasticity of products, a high culture of composition, local systems of ornamental motifs and their semantics, coloristic solutions, which are ensured by the use of local colored clays, have been formed in Podillia. A set of measures and tools for the promotion of ceramics Podillia, which allow the community to effectively distribute information about itself, its activities and needs at different levels of perception and among consumers of this information, is considered. A number of projects aimed at the integration of Ukraine into the European space have been characterized, in particular, the project "Revival of the traditions of Bar ceramics V.2.0", the virtual 3D museum of Bar ceramics, the ceramic workshop "Yivga", "Lytinska ceramics", "KeramMisto", the space "Ethno Chary". The work of Podillia potters - Mykhailo Didenko, Yulia Gushul, Viktoria Nikolayeva, Serhiy and Svitlana Pogontsiv and others - is characterized. It has been proven that none of the regions of Ukraine is characterized by such a wealth of varieties of ceramics as Podillia, which is determined by natural-geographical, economic and cultural-historical factors, in particular, the region has huge deposits of various pottery clays. It has been proven that modern potters of Podillia, reviving the folk traditions of their region, are working to preserve Ukrainian spirituality and identity in the conditions of martial law in order to preserve the cultural heritage of Ukraine in the world cultural space. Initiatives in the field of creativity and culture can contribute to the development of local communities and improve the quality of life. Art and culture can bring people together, create a positive atmosphere and promote social integration.

Pilot Monitoring of Lead in Umbilical Cord Blood of Newborns Associated With the Use of Glazed Ceramics from Guanajuato, Mexico.

The use of lead-glazed pottery for cooking and storing food, a widespread practice in Mexico, represents a risk of exposure to lead from the human intrauterine stage. Therefore, a pilot study was carried out by means of the measurement of lead in umbilical cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) including 69 newborns from the Mexican state capital of Guanajuato, Guanajuato City, where the use of glazed clay is still widespread. Lifestyle and sociodemographic data were collected by interviewing the participating mothers. Hematological parameters and the anthropometry of the newborns and their mothers were analyzed; likewise, the G177C polymorphism in the ALAD gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP as a marker of genetic vulnerability to lead. The geometric mean of lead in umbilical cord blood was 0.7µg/dL (< limit of detection = 0.01-28.22). Boys presented higher values than girls (p = 0.03). Only 5.8% of these were above the safety value of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 3.5µg/dL. Correlations among lead concentrations, maternal age, weeks of gestation, newborn anthropometry, and hematological parameters were not found; however, the participating mothers who reported using glazed ceramics for cooking or storing food had the highest cord-blood lead concentrations (p = 0.04). Regarding genotyping, 97% had ALAD 1, while 3% had ALAD 1, 2; unfortunately, the sample size did not allow analysis of genetic vulnerability to lead. The preparation and conservation of food in handcrafted clay pottery increased the risk of having cord-blood lead values higher than those recommended by the CDC of 3.5µg/dL (OR = 5; 95% CI:1.3-23; p = 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that there continues to be intrauterine exposure to lead in Guanajuato.

Reassessing the terminal ballistic performance of trilobate and quadrilobate arrow points on Iron Age battlefields.

In the Eurasian Iron Age arrow points comprise a prominent class of artifact. Projectile experiments are useful for studying the ballistic performance of ancient arrow points and implications of arrow point innovations in warfare and shifting socio politics in Eurasia. However, when projectile experiments are not representative of past weapon use, they can lead to misinterpretations of the archaeological record. Notable problems arise when homogeneous target simulants used in controlled experiments are not representative of the targets past weapons were designed to encounter. This article explores the relationship between arrow point morphology and design choices in the Iron Age using different target media. Shooting arrow points into pottery clay leads to the conclusion that more blades reduced penetrating performance on ancient battlefields, but a very different result obtains by shooting the same points into thick tooling leather as a simulant for leather body armor. The results help explain patterns observed in the Eurasian archaeological record, where trilobate arrow points-initially developed by lightly armored horse archers on the Eurasian steppe-were increasingly adopted by a wide range of societies across Eurasia throughout the Iron Age.

On the (Non-)Scalability of Target Media for Evaluating the Performance of Ancient Projectile Weapons

Abstract When they work, controlled experiments can efficiently and clearly reveal essential characteristics of the functions and performance of ancient hunting and fighting weapons. However, homogenous target media must be carefully validated to ensure that controlled tests capture the same variables that made weapons effective in their original application. Although homogenous flesh simulants have proven effective for studying firearms, the same simulants cannot be assumed to be effective when testing low-velocity cutting/piercing projectiles, which have significantly different performance characteristics than bullets. We build on past research showing that two flesh simulants that are commonly used by archaeologists, ballistics gelatin and pottery clay, fail to capture how atlatl darts and arrows perform when penetrating biological tissues. In accord with forensic research of knife-thrust attacks, natural and polymeric skin simulants may prove effective in future experiments, but this requires further research.

EARLY MEDIEVAL MATERIAL FROM THE SITE 6 ON MOKHNACH HILLFORT (based on the rescue investigations)

The Early Medieval material that occurred during the rescue excavation on the site 6 on Mokhnach hillfort is analyzed in the paper. The site is located in the eponymous village of Slobidska gromada in Chuhuiv region; it occupies one of the capes on Siverskij Donets right bank (fig. 1). The cultural layer of the Early Middle Age (fig. 2) left by the population of the Romny culture in the mid-10th — early 11th centuries was researched (fig. 3). The remains of the defensive structures, remnants of two household complexes and numerous artifacts of the mentioned historical and archaeological period have been discovered there (fig. 4). A significant part of the site is damaged by the cemetery of the 17th—19th centuries (fig. 6) which in a certain way complicated the excavation.&#x0D; The fortifications under research were the remains of a ground rampart and a wide but shallow moat in front of it that was damaged by a trench in World War 2. One of the household complexes («A») was the remains of a trash pit, while another one («Б») was the remains of a small household building that turned into a pit for domestic waste over time (fig. 5).&#x0D; The discovered artifacts are mainly the fragments of pottery (fig. 7; 8). The Romny culture ceramics are presented by the fragments of handmade vessels; beside sand, small and average fireclay pieces were widely used in its composition. These are the fragments of cooking pots. However, there are also separate remnants of frying pans and remains of the furnace. The ornamentation is traditional: a serrated stamp or a wooden stick with a wrapped rope was made on the shoulder of a vessel. Also, it could be non cross-cutting deepenings made by an end face of a stick. The top edge was decorated by similar prints of serrated stamp, inclined lines or by a finger. The Saltiv culture ceramics differ in top quality of pottery clay and great firing. Tare cookware is presented by amphorae fragments, kitchenware — by pieces of pots with traditional horizontally drawn lines. Tableware (remnants of jugs, mugs and hydrias) is more extensively decorated with flutes and various polished ornaments.&#x0D; Obtained materials indicate the coexistence of the Slavs-Siverians sites (the Romny archeological culture) and the ones of the population represented cultural and technological traditions of the Khazar Khaganate (the Saltiv cultural and historical community). This is confirmed by the analysis of the findings of our predecessors (fig. 9).

Cossack antiquities of Dnipropetrovsk region according to the research of the DNU expedition

The purpose of the article is to analyze the materials of the monument of the period of the Ukrainian Cossacks – the Novosergievskaya fortress, which was recently investigated by the DNU expedition. Research methods: comparative-historical, typological, chronological, descriptive. Main results. Visual reconnaissance work was carried out on the territory of the inner square of the fortress and the territories adjacent to it. Novosergievskaya fortress is located on the outskirts of the Volnoye village, Novomoskovsk district, Dnipropetrovsk region. In our time, it has survived partly due to active anthropogenic activity in previous historical periods. During the visual survey, a collection of artifacts was collected in the amount of 100 units. They are represented by fragments of clay pottery (pots, bowls, plates, cups), box-shaped kahels, and small iron items. Two sites have been selected for excavation. The first included eight pits measuring 2 x 2 m. It was located not far from the bank of the Samara river. The stratigraphic situation is of the same type, artifacts are absent. The second section of three pits measuring 2 x 2 m occupied the edge of the northern bastion. On its square, the remains of a part of the dwelling – a dugout – were recorded. Near the entrance there are traces of a furnace in the form of a layer of ash. The inventory includes items that are similar to those found during a visual inspection of the fortress. According to the leading typological features, the complex dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries. Conclusions. The reconnaissance and excavations of the Novosergievskaya fortress proved its significance as a monument of the period of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the Dnipro region and the expediency of further field research. Practical significance: the published materials can be used in writing summarizing works on the problems of archeology of the 17th – 18th centuries. Ukraine. Scientific novelty: the cultural and chronological features of the archaeological site are determined. Type of article: analytical.

Situs-Situs Megalitik di Desa Padangratu, Kecamatan Buay Pematangbiru, Kabupaten OKU Selatan : Tinjauan Bentuk Lahan dan Material

The Padangratu area have landforms formed as a result of natural and human activities. Within the Padangratu area, archaeological remains made from various materials are scattered. The problem is the shape of the land and materials in the Padangratu area. The method used is a qualitative method with exploratory and descriptive research types. The results of the research show that in the Padangratu area there are megalithic buildings and artifacts spread across the Jurun, Langkat, Putor, Tanjung and Tanjung Mandak sites. These sites are spread across the plateau at an altitude of 0 to 1000 meters above sea level. Putor, Langkat and Tanjung hamlets are at an altitude of 500 masl to 750 masl, while Jurun Hamlet is at an altitude of 750 masl to 1000 masl. This location is on a very gentle slope (3%-7%) to quite steep (14%-20%), especially in an area where the erosion rate is very low. In the Padangratu area, 47 flat stones, 3 dolmens, 1 stone bracelet, 1 stone mortar were found which were generally made of tuff. Apart from that, stone mortars made of pumice, square axes made of chalcedony, obsidian fragments and clay pottery containers were found. These materials are volcanic materials obtained from the area around Lake Ranau. Apart from that, the Padangratu area is located in the stratifigraphy of the Ranau rock formation which contains tufa, pumice and clay materials.

Hellenistic Painted Ceramics from Olbia

The article is devoted to the publication of a small collection of Hellenistic painted pottery from Olbia. The studying of certain categories of archaeological material provides an opportunity to explore in detail the various aspects of their characteristics and to outline issues related primarily to its origin. Among the promising vectors of the study of Olbian ceramic complex are finds of the Hellenistic period and isolation of some series of imported pottery of the Black Sea North region production. One of the representative collections of Hellenistic pottery from Olbia is stored in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is represented by materials of excavations of the second half of the 20th century. First of all, the so-called red clay painted pottery is very interesting, the origin of which is still debated in historiography. Among the items selected for the study, table jugs predominate, which are represented by a fairly wide range of variations of profile parts and ornamental compositions. The decorations are the following: encircling lines, plant motifs or a combination of them; the painting is done mainly with dark red paint. The collection also includes fragments of ceramic flasks, which are rare forms of ware in the Black Sea North region and were used as small containers. Profile parts of vessels are described separately. The article also contains the description of the morphology of different types of jugs and their capacity. Particular attention is paid to the origin of Hellenistic ceramics. It has been found that such pottery was probably made in Tauric Chersonesos. Despite the need of chemical and technical analyses of the clay composition and clarification of the raw materials origin, it should be noted that such indicators as mass character, typological similarity and the presence of these products in situ in the places of pottery production are quite convincing factors in the process of their attribution. Its availability in the ceramic complex of Olbia testifies to the existence of interpoleis contacts in the Black Sea North region, in particular to certain connections of this centre with Taurica in the 4th – 2nd centuries BC, which has already been recorded archaeologically on the amphorae materials. Therefore, a representative collection of Hellenistic pottery from the excavations at Olbia supplemented new information about the life of the polis during its active development.

Origin and development of folk applied art of Kosiv region (end of 18th – second half of 19th centuries)

In Hutsul region, due to many historical circumstances and peculiarities of the natural and geographical environment, a specific way of managing the locals was formed; home crafts and handicrafts were developed.The process of formation and development of Hutsul crafts is inextricably linked with the life of the mountaineers, who almost completely provided themselves with consumer goods. The availability of natural raw materials and the remoteness from industrial centres encouraged locals to engage in pottery, weaving, producing furniture, utensils, brass, clothing, lizhnyky (blankets of wool) and more.The most popular trades of Kosiv region at the end of the 18th – second half of the 19th centuries were pottery and artistic weaving, including lizhnyk making. Having a fertile artistic and raw material base, the manufacture of lizhnyks has always played a huge role in the life of Hutsul house. The lizhnyk had to be among the dowry of the girl; it was given at baptisms and it accompanied the last journey.The development of Kosiv, Pistyn and Kut pottery was facilitated by the presence of rich deposits of plastic pottery clays, as well as the need to make utensils for everyday use. The products of each of these centres of pottery differed in their characteristics, which depended on the natural properties of materials, the level of ceramic production and local traditions.The artistic traditions and the unique spiritual culture, over the centuries, are a permanent basis for the development of folk arts and crafts. From generation to generation passed artistic and stylistic techniques of decoration; the secrets of technical and technological skills, and improved techniques for processing natural materials. Traditions of folk arts and crafts, which have stood out in a bright artistic phenomenon, have become one of the important aspects of socio-economic and artistic life of modern Hutsul region.The rapid development of factory industry in the second half of the 19th century caused a reduction in the production of most household items. At the same time, the growth of industrial production of goods, trends in their domestic use contributed to the rise of the role of artistic origin in traditional types of applied crafts.&#x0D; Improving the quality of products, adjusting the development of industrial production and folk crafts required the introduction of art and industrial education. In this context, the establishment in 1882 of the Weaving School in Kosiv was a significant event in the beginning of professional education in Hutsul region.