Clay Plates Research Articles

The Staged Photocatalytic Reactor in the Removal of Acetaminophen: Aspects of Adsorption and Photocatalysis.

The efficiency of a staged photocatalytic reactor prototype was evaluated on a semi-pilot scale with the removal of acetaminophen, for which anatase particles were synthesized by Sol-Gel and impregnated on rectangular plates of clay. X-ray diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence patterns show that the final composite is made up of Al2O3 (14 %), SiO2 (41 %), CaO (3 %) TiO2 (34 %), and Fe2O3 (7 %). The impregnation method favors the dispersion of Anatase on the surface of the adsorbent. TiO2-Anatase/Clay, classified as a macro-porous solid with H3-type hysteresis loops by N2 physisorption. Adsorption processes are improved when using TiO2-Anatase/Clay compared to using TiO2-Anatase. The external mass transfer has a greater influence on the removal rate. The dimensionless parameters of the Biot number indicate there are no limitations due to the diffusive effect on the interior of the particle. The evaluation of the kinetic data under the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation shows a decrease in efficiency as the initial concentration increases. The acetaminophen molecule shows destabilization in the structure of the aromatic ring with a visible decrease in the signals of this functional group evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Raman Spectroscopy.

Design and development of solar parabolic concentrator, closed-loop pressurized hot water for a household baking system – For the case of injera baking in Ethiopia

A laboratory setup with two axis of manual sun-tracking was designed and built. To get the predicted values for a solar injera stove, a 20-min heating time to prepare it for baking, 3.1 kWh power in the first hour, and 5.8 kWh (with only an 87 percent increase) in the second hour were acquired to bake 9 and 28 injera using electric injera stove, respectively. The temperature distribution on the clay surface was the range of 180 °C–220 °C. Solar injera baking stove was designed and built using the average energy required to bake one injera from an electrical injera stove. The laboratory setup was put to the test, temperatures at the receiver's surface ranging from 315 to 318 °C and an average solar radiation of 1000 W/m2 was obtained on the first test. The injera stove inlet reached a maximum temperature of 180.92 °C with a pressure of 14.5 bars during a pressurized hot water production and circulation test (load test). The surface temperature of the solar injera stove clay plate reached a maximum of 62.69 °C. Temperature of more than 60 °C was maintained on the surface of the solar injera stove plate for nearly 2 h.

Numerical Study of an Evaporative Exchanger Based on Fired Clay

Evaporative air coolers are one of the alternatives to conventional air conditioners for cooling the air in the building. These systems consume less energy and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases. This work is a numerical study of an evaporative exchanger based on fired clay plates using COMSOL Multiphysics software. It was interested in hygrothermal transfers for air cooling. This study allowed to highlight the impact of the gap between the fired clay plates, the speed of the area as well as the air temperature at the inlet of the exchanger on the evolution of temperature and relative humidity of the air along the fired porous clay plates. The thermal efficiency of the exchanger was subsequently evaluated. This study allowed to note that there is a drop of 14 K along the porous plates of fired clay. Speed has an influence on outlet temperatures and relative humidity. For a speed of 0.2m/s, the temperature variation is 16 K and for speeds ranging from 2 m/s to 4m/s, the temperature variations are approximately 17 K. For gaps in porous plates of fired clay less than 2cm, the thermal efficiency varies 92% to 98%.

Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer in the Process of Convective Heat Treatment and Drying of Thermal Insulation Materials and Approximate Equation of the Drying Curve

The results of the study of heat treatment in the drying processes of thin thermal insulation materials based on the most general laws of convective drying of wet bodies with the establishment of the equation of the drying curve are presented. The numerical values of heat and mass transfer Biot numbers for the period of decreasing drying rate are established, too. Based on the study and analysis of numerous sources, the ranges of changes in the Lykov, Posnov, and phase transformation criteria for the processes of heat treatment of ceramics, asbestos, felt, and clay plates have been approximately determined. It is demonstrated that for values of Biot numbers less than one, for Lykov criteria value of 0.05–0.13 and for Posnov criteria value of 0.03–0.08 for drying modes with a temperature of 90–120 ° C, the task of drying, as a heat and mass transfer process, is external, and internal transfer does not affect the conditions of interaction of the material surface with the environment. It is also shown that the drying of thin materials takes place when the Biot number is less than one and, under the conditions of an external problem, the similarity criteria do not affect convective drying. The intensity of moisture evaporation from the body surface is determined by the value of the heat transfer coefficient in the Biot number and the regime parameters of the process. It has been established that the processes of drying materials are low-intensity processes. Based on the elements of the theory of thermal regular regime, the rate of heating of a wet body and the rate of decrease in moisture content are determined. The problem of constructing drying curves without conducting experiments to determine the duration of drying of thermal insulation materials based on approximate equations is considered; this problem is of interest for the practice of drying. The constructed drying curves do not coincide with the actual curve with an error of 4–5 %.

Kinetic mechanism of anisotropic sintering shrinkage in triaxial porcelain

The kinetic mechanism of sintering shrinkage at 900–1240 °C was investigated to optimize the sintering process of triaxial porcelain. The respective reactions partially overlapped in differential thermodilatometric curves, namely Al-Si-spinel formation, mullite nucleation and mullite growth, were separated by mathematical deconvolution analysis. Then the kinetic mechanisms (m) were calculated using nonlinear regression analysis on experimental master plots of the generalized reaction rate (dα/dθ) versus the reacted fraction (α). The sintering shrinkage exhibits strong anisotropy which origins from approximately parallel arrangement of clay plates and is dominated by the mullite growth during densification, leading to anisotropic preexponential factors (A) and activation energies (E). The values of m systematically change with heating rates, in which the mullite growth is induced by the development of the chemical compositions and microstructure of secondary mullite nanotubes. Nevertheless, preexponential factors are independent on the heating rates.

Experimental investigation on renovation of locally manufactured electrical cooking stove

This paper deals with a locally manufactured electrical cookstove that has been modified to reduce energy losses and improve the efficiency of the cookstoves by adjusting the clay profile using switches to test small and large cookware. The system can reduce the cooking time as investigated by boiling water using different sizes. A framework made from mating parts of 4 mm thick galvanized iron sheet, steel sheet metal, a flat type clay plate weighing 2.0 kg, in which the open electric resistor was placed, the groove depth was 12 mm, and the round bar pot rest of 4 mm diameter was made in a concentric circle style for pot mounting and having a height of 10 mm above the heating element. This modification evaluates the efficiency of a modified locally manufactured electric cook stove with a 16 cm pot with a fully active switch investigated high energy loss of 0.45 kW compared with the semi-active switch of the same diameter at 0.25 kW. The efficiency of 16 cm fully active cookware is calculated based on the experiment results found 67%, and semi-active the same diameter cookware would raise to 77% efficiency, and for 22 cm cookware, the efficiency calculated is 68%.

Experimental study of natural materials for an evaporative cooling design in hot-arid climate

An experimental test was set up in the hot arid Seiyun city, Yemen to assess the cooling performance of three-case materials used as a wetted medium for a bio-inspired cooling design installed in a wind tower. The cases design materials are (i) clay plates, (ii) clay with jute fiber and (iii) clay with wood wool. Additionally, the study examined the effect of design height and the number of wood wool pads on the cooling efficiency. The performance criteria are based on the cooling efficiency and pressure drop of each case design under 6 air velocities range from 1.0 to 3.5 m/s. The results showed that the average cooling efficiency for the three-case materials is highest for the design of clay with jute fiber 85.2%, compared to 76.6% for clay with wood wool, and 66.3% for the clay design. The clay with wood wool was the highest medium to drop air pressure which ranged from 11 to 33.5 pa, followed by clay design with a drop varied from 5 to 30 pa and the lowest was performed by the design of clay covered by jute fiber which ranged from 2.5 to 27.5 pa. The study also found that the cooling ability of the design increases with the increment of its height and the number of wood wool pads. This study concluded that the cooling designs can replace the HVAC systems in the hot arid regions which will significantly contribute to energy saving and environment protection.

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate/Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (PET/EPDM) in the Presence of Nanoclay

This research deals with the mechanical properties, microstructure, and interrelations of triple nanocomposite based on PET/EPDM/Nanoclay. These properties were examined in different percentages of PET/EPDM blend with compatibilizer (Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene)-G-(Maleic anhydrate) (SEBS-g-MAH). Results showed that the addition of 15% SEBS-g-MAH improved the toughness and impact strength of this nanocomposite. SEM micrographs indicated the most stable fuzzy microstructure in a 50/50 mixture of scattered phases of EPDM/SEBS-g-MAH. The effects of percentages of 1, 3, 5, 7 nanoclay Cloisite 30B (C30B) on the improvement of the properties were evaluated. With the addition of nano clay, the toughness and impact strength was reduced. Thermal destruction of nanoclay in processing temperature led to the decreasing dispersion of clay plates in the matrix and a reduction in the distances of nano clay plates in the composite compared to pure nano clay. XRD and TEM analysis was used to demonstrate the results. By adding 1% of nanoclay to the optimal sample, maximum stiffness, and Impact strength, among other nanocomposites, was achieved.

The Basic Principle of The Man to Islamic View

The concept of man according to the Qur'an is understood by paying attention to the words that each man is pointing at the meaning of Bechar, insane, and al - nas. God used the concept of Bechar in the Qur'an 37 times, the concept of Bechar is always connected to the biological properties of human origin such as clay or dry plate, the human eating and drinking, Bechar is just a creature being) static like animals. The word insan is mentioned in the Qur'an as much as 65 times. The concept of insane is always connected to the insane concept of psychological or spiritual nature of man as a creature who thinks, bear the mandate and given knowledge ( al - Ahzab : 72 ), human beings are becoming (becoming) and continues to move forward towards perfection. Said Al - Nas called 240 times, the concept of al - Nas refer to all human beings are social or collective.

Numerical integration of van der Waals force between clay plates

Numerical integration of van der Waals force between clay plates

РИШТОН КУЛОЛЧИЛИК МАКТАБИ

Ceramics is an area that has a long history of making clay bowls, bowls, plates,pitchers, bowls, bowls, bowls, pots, pans, toys, building materials and much more.Pottery developed in Central Asia in the XII-XIII centuries. Rishtan school, one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley, is one of the largest centers of glazed ceramics inCentral Asia. Rishtan ceramics and miniatures are widely recognized among the peoples of the world and are considered one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley. The article discusses the popularity of Rishtan masters, their products made in the national style,and works of art unique to any region

A sustainable bio-inspired cooling unit for hot arid regions: Integrated evaporative cooling system in wind tower

The high energy consumption for air conditioning in buildings is a serious concern due to its consequences on the earth's ecological life. This study presents a new passive cooling design for buildings inspired by the morphological and physiological cooling mechanism in the nasal turbinate of camels. The main cooling unit consists of clay cylinders shaped like onion rings covered by two layers of jute fiber and installed in a wind tower. The clay plates were manufactured, and the wind tower was built in one of the desert cities in Yemen to experimentally examine and evaluate the performance of this design for ten consecutive days starting from 9 a.m. till 9 p.m. The results confirmed the applicability of the bio-inspired design to efficiently decrease the air temperature by an average of 14.6 °C and increase the relative humidity of the air by 57.5% on average. With only 1.20 m height, this design was able to drop the temperature by 19.8 °C achieving a considerable cooling efficiency in comparison with the rest cooling designs with the high heights that installed inside wind tower. The zero-energy cooling design can be a viable alternative for the highly-consumed mechanical cooling equipment.

Środkowoneolityczne znaleziska talerzy z Niżu Polski

In this paper the author concentrates on the problem of the occurrence of clay plates within the region of the Polish Lowland. The sources are findings known from the literature as well as those excavated recently. Comparative analyses related territorially to Europe and chronologically to the period 4400-3800 BC.

In situ preparation of thermoset/clay nanocomposites via thiol-epoxy click chemistry

A series of thermoset/clay nanocomposites are prepared by thiol-epoxy click reaction using commercially available starting compounds at ambient conditions in very good yields. The incorporation and exfoliation of clay nanolayers in the thermoset matrix are confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and TEM analyses. The influence of clay loadings on the thermal and mechanical analyses is investigated and all nanocomposites exhibit improved properties than that of the pristine thermoset. The nanocomposite containing 1% montmorillonite by weight has the most improved mechanical properties due to its highly exfoliated structure resulting in efficient interactions between clay and polymer matrix. A further increase of the clay loading results in the aggregation of clay plates to form intercalated structures leading to deteriorated thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites.

Experimental verification of the steric-entropic mode of retention in centrifugal field-flow fractionation using illite clay plates

The commonly used theory to describe the normal Brownian mode of field-flow fractionation (FFF) assumes the particles to be point masses and hence the shape is ignored. Beckett and Giddings extended this theory to include the effect of thin rods and discs being forced very close to the accumulation wall. By including the decrease in the entropy this causes, they derived new expressions for the retention of such nonspherical particles in FFF. The steric-entropic theory predicts that when the sample cloud thickness is less than the major dimension of the rods or discs then particles elute earlier than predicted by the Brownian mode theory. This leads to an underestimation of the buoyant mass and equivalent spherical diameter calculated from FFF data. In this paper we report for the first time experimental data for the retention of thin illite particles in centrifugal FFF that agrees well with these steric-entropic predictions. Not only do the size distributions calculated using the Brownian mode theory shift to lower size when the field is increased but the shift in the retention ratio of the peak maxima of the FFF fractograms could be predicted fairly accurately by the steric-entropic equations.

Effect of porous properties on self-cooling of fired clay plate by evaporation of absorbed water

Porous ceramic plates were prepared from clay and wood charcoal powder at 900 and 1100 °C and their porous properties, water absorption and the cooling effect of porous plates were investigated to produce eco-friendly porous ceramics for cooling by the evaporation of absorbed water. Porous properties were dependent on the firing temperature, and total pore volume, average pore size and porosity, which were 0.38–0.39 cm3/g, 0.15–0.17 μm and 49–50%, respectively at 900 °C and 0.31–0.33 cm3/g, 2.47–2.59 μm and 43–44%, respectively at 1100 °C. By the addition of wood charcoal powder, the cooling rate of porous plate fired at 1100 °C was 1.7 times faster than that of the plate fired at 900 °C and the cooling temperature difference (∆T) was around 2.3 °C at 22.5 °C and 52–54% of relative humidity and around 3.2 °C at 29 °C and 77–80% of relative humidity. The porous ceramic plates developed here are potential materials for cooling buildings.

Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3/TiO2/clay plates and their use as photocatalysts

Abstract This work focuses on the preparation and characterization of Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 /clay plates for use as photocatalysts in the decolorization of organic pollutants from an aqueous solution under solar irradiation. The plates was produced from the different amounts of Fe 2 O 3 and TiO 2 oxides supported on natural red clay. Plates with 3.75 cm (diameter) and 1 mm (thick) was obtained by pressing and subsequent calcination at 500 °C. The materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence, N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, reflectance diffuse spectroscopy, and flexural strength test. The results showed that the plate with more content of Fe 2 O 3, presented a higher surface area and flexural strength, and smaller band gap and crystallite size. The synergistic effect of these properties may have favored the superior photocatalytic activity for the dye decolorization under solar irradiation.

Experimental study on water seepage law in the tension saturated zone

Purpose In order to look into the water flow law in tension saturated zone (TSZ), which is also called the capillary fringe, one-dimensional seepage experiment in four kinds of porous medium (permeable stone, fine sand, clay, and ceramic plate) was carried out. The permeation flux and apparent permeability of the four kinds of porous media were discussed. The existence of the threshold pressure gradient was also discussed.

Heterogeneous TiO2–Fe-plate catalyst for the discoloration and mineralization of aqueous solutions of cationic and anionic dyes

A novel structured TiO2–Fe-plate catalyst was prepared by immobilization of iron and TiO2 on a natural clay plate. This catalytic system allows effective mineralization of wastewaters under a wide range of operation conditions. Upon UVA irradiation and in the presence of several oxidant mixtures (H2O2 or/and K2S2O8), this catalyst was found to be highly effective in the mineralization of malachite green and red congo in water solution. The effectiveness of this catalyst was assigned to a synergy between its photo-catalytic and photo-Fenton activities. Activity was enhanced in the presence of small amounts of K2S2O8 and verified over a wide range of pH.

Problems and Perspectives of Development and Regulation of Electronic Forms of Money in Russia

While the society is developing, necessity in increase of speed of information transfer is constantly growing,significance of information in all areas of mankind’s life acquires real traits. Information carriers during differenthistorical periods were elm made by Slavic people, clay plate and papyrus - by Egyptian people, skins bynomadic folks; while some of them will be more durable, another ones will be less. Information can bedetermined for allocation on electronic mediums. For satisfaction of need in constant receipt of info, a humancreates diverse technical devices which expand ones’ physiological borders of perception. In that context, we seea necessity to look at mechanisms of electronic money market regulation nowadays, to research how to providefor confidentiality electronic payments, control of electronic money circulation; what has already been done, andwhat must be done.