Clay Loam Texture Research Articles

Assessment of Physical Properties of Soils from Different Blocks of Palakkad District of Kerala, India

An Assessment of Physical properties of soils of Palakkad District of Kerala was carried out during 2022. The objective of the study was to analyse the Physical properties of soil, their variation with soil depth in villages of Nemmara, Kollengode and Kuzhalmannam blocks. For the assessment 9 sampling locations were selected. A total of 27 Soil samples were collected at 0 -15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm depth respectively. The Study found that the soils of these blocks were Sandy Clay Loam in texture. The Bulk Density increased with increasing soil depth. In most of the villages, the particle density showed slight changes only. The soil analysis were found to be Pore space was higher than Water retaining capacity. These soils have good Water Retaining Capacity and physical condition. Physical properties of soil are a key factor in determining soil’s suitability for agricultural, environmental and engineering uses. These properties greatly influence its use and behavior towards plant growth. Plant support, root penetration, drainage, aeration, moisture retention, and plant nutrients are all related with the physical condition of the soil.

Vertical Distribution of Water Soluble Boron and Its Correlation with Physicochemical Properties in Lateritic Soils of West Bengal, India: A Comprehensive Study

The vertical distribution of water soluble boron and its relationship to certain soil properties was investigated from soil samples collected at various locations of lateritic soils of West Bengal during 2020-2021. In the lateritic zone of West Bengal, India, a total of 150 soil samples have been collected from 50 sites within two blocks: Bolpur and Illambazar. According to the study, the majority of soils have a clay loam to sandy clay loam texture. The soil pH of the surface soils of the study area ranged from 4.33 to 6.69 with an average value of 5.62, indicating that the majority of soils are strongly acidic to moderately acidic in reaction. The organic carbon content (%) of the surface soils (0–20 cm) of Bolpur and Illambazar blocks varied from 0.32 to 0.58 and 0.33 to 0.99 respectively, and it was found that most of the soils have low to medium organic matter content. With depth, the soil pH increased and the organic matter content decreased in the study area. In the surface soils of the Bolpur block, the water soluble boron content ranged from 0.16 to 0.33 mg kg-1 with its mean content of 0.24 ± 0.046 mg kg-1, whereas in the soils of the Illambazar block, it ranged from 0.15 to 0.33 mg kg-1 with a mean content of 0.25 ± 0.051 mg kg-1. From the results, it is understandable that water soluble B status decreased across the depth and that most of the soils under study were deficient in water soluble B content. From the correlation study, it was found that, water soluble boron significantly and positively correlated with clay content, pH, OC content, CEC and amorphous Fe and Al, indicating the importance of managing these parameters to enhance the availability of soil B. The results of the study would be very helpful to the scientists in advising B application for fruitful crop development in the lateritic soils of the region.

Uncovering the Impact of Erosion Conservation Techiques on Soil Attributes in Shivaliks of Lower Himalayas of Jammu, India

The present study uncovering the impact of erosion conservation techniques on soil attributes in Shivaliks of lower Himalayas of Jammu. Soil erosion is considered as the main cause of land degradation in hilly areas espially in outer Himalayas. Although the problem persisted on the earth for a longer period, it has become severe in recent times due to increased man-environment interactions. The study was conducted in 2021 at the Merth village of Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is situated in the Kathua district. The catchment area investigated had a clay loam texture and a slope gradient of 3-6%, with a total area of 24.8 acres. The result shows that mean value of bulk density under various erosion control techniques was highest in overgrazing prevention (1.40g cm-3) followed by perimeter runoff control, terrace farming and contour plowing and was lowest in cover crop (1.33g cm-3). The carbon content also increased with the and was highest under cover crop. Carbon act as bridge between nutrient, water and soil. The study strongly recommends adoption of resource conservation techniques for reducing soil erosion & water conservation in submontane Shivaliks.

Heavy Metal Transport in Different Drip-Irrigated Soil Types with Potato Crop

Heavy metal (HM)-polluted soil is a serious concern, especially as brackish water is widely used for irrigation purposes in water-scarce countries. In this study, the HYDRUS-2D model was used to simulate HM (copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) transport through agricultural land cultivated with potato crops under surface drip irrigation to explore the potential groundwater contamination risk. Three soil types, namely, silty clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil, and two irrigation schemes, irrigation every two days (scheme A) and irrigation every four days (scheme B), were considered during the simulations. Firstly, the ability of HYDRUS-2D to simulate water flow was validated using data obtained from a full growing season of the potato crop in a lysimeter irrigated by surface drip irrigation using El-Salam Canal water, Egypt (i.e., water contaminated by HMs). Secondly, the model was calibrated for solute transport parameters. After that, the investigated simulation scenarios were executed. The results showed that HYDRUS-2D effectively simulated water flow. Moreover, a good agreement between the simulations and experimental results of HM concentrations under the calibrated solute parameters was obtained with R2 values of 0.99, 0.91, and 0.71 for Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively. HM distribution is considerably influenced by the HMs’ adsorption isotherm. The results of the investigated scenarios reveal that soil texture has a greater impact on HM concentrations in the simulation domain and on the contamination risk of the groundwater than the irrigation scheme. Under both irrigation schemes, lower HM concentrations were observed in sand, while higher values were observed in silty clay loam. Subsequently, the potential shallow groundwater contamination risk is greater when cultivating potatoes in sand, as higher HM concentrations were found in drainage water compared to the two other investigated soils, regardless of the irrigation scheme. The cumulative Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in drainage water corresponding to scheme A for silty clay loam and sandy loam were 1.65, 1.67, and 1.67 and 1.15, 1.14, and 1.15 times higher, respectively, than scheme B. To safeguard the sustainability of groundwater and agricultural lands irrigated with water contaminated by HMs, it is recommended to adopt an irrigation frequency of once every four days in soils with silty clay loam and sandy loam textures.

Changes in selected properties of Calcic Chernozem due to cultivation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus robur

Abstract The results of a comprehensive study on the particle size distribution, soil organic matter (SOM) content, and plant-available water in Calcic Chernozem are presented, along with the impact of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Quercus robur L. plantations on these indicators. The study revealed that Calcic Chernozem under steppe vegetation and Q. robur plantation exhibited a silty clay loam texture. However, under the influence of R. pseudoacacia plantation, the chernozem’s texture transformed into loam. The planting of R. pseudoacacia resulted in a noticeable decrease in SOM content, while the growth of Q. robur plantations led to an increase in SOM content. Furthermore, both R. pseudoacacia and Q. robur plantations contributed to an increased content of plant-available water in the 0–20 cm layer of chernozem. These findings highlight the more pronounced effect of R. pseudoacacia plantation on the particle size distribution, SOM content, and plant-available water in Calcic Chernozem compared to Q. robur plantation.

Ecological study of titan arum [Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. Ex arcang] in BOVEN LAIS protected forest, north Bengkulu regency

Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. Ex Arcang), known as Titan Arum, is the only plant that has the highest inflorescence (1.6 m – 2.5 m) in the world. This species is classified as an endemic plant since it only found in forest areas on the island of Sumatra. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants the 2021 edition, A. titanum is Endangered (EN). The problem faced by A. titanum at this time is the habitat destruction, due to area conversion. The research on the ecological aspects of A. titanum includes population conditions, plant structure and composition, distribution patterns, soil, and climate data. was conducted in the Boven Lais Protected Forest, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. The vegetation analysis method were used to obtain data on the plant structure and composition of the vegetation (importance index) of A. titanum, and the habitat's abiotic (physical conditions). Determining the plant's distribution (spatial distribution) using the Morisita Spread Index method. The results showed that the population of A. titanum in the research area was 20 individuals, dominated by tillers with petiole diameters ranging from 0-5 cm. The entire population was found in the vegetative phase. The distribution pattern of A. titanum was clustered. The structure and composition of the vegetation in the A titanum habitat comprises 25 species belonging to 18 families. The tree-level vegetation was dominated by Elateriospermum tapos, the pole level was dominated by Ficus hispida L.f., and the seedling-level vegetation was dominated by Selaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir.) The soil type in the A. titanum habitat was red-yellow podzolic with sandy clay loam texture, acid soil with a pH of 4.79, medium N (nitrogen) content (0.33%), high C (carbon) content (3.7%) and very low P (phosphorus) content and high CEC.. The habitat was at an altitude of 433 m asl -459 m above sea level, with a slope of 45-60 degrees. Generally, the location where the A. titanum grew twas in a steep area. The average humidity in the habitat was 92.87%, the average light intensity was 647.19 lux, and the average temperature was 23.09oC

EFFECT OF LENGTHANDDEPTHOF THEDRIPTAPEON WETTING FRONT ADVANCE IN THE ROOT ZONE OF SUNFLOWR USING HYDRUS 2D/3D PROGRAM

A field experiment was carried out during the spring season 2020 at the University of Baghdad to study the effect of the length and depth of the drip tape on wetting advance ofsubsurface drip irrigation system using Hydrus 2D/3D program. The site was planted with sunflower in a clay loam texture. The drip tape was installed at 0.3m below soil surfacein two lengths; 20m and 40m. The experiment was designed according to the arrangement of split plotsdesign and with three replications. The treatments were randomly distributed and planted with sunflower crop. The results showed that the moisture contents of the 20 mlength drip tape was higher compared with the 40 m drip tape length. Also, the length of the tape was superior in some components of the yield if the length of the drip tape exceeded 20 m in the character of the number of seeds in one disc, and the result was a significant superiority.

Effect of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Growth, Physiology and Yield of Direct Sown Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

To determine “Effect of integrated weed management practices in direct sown finger millet”. The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at South Farm, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture, pH 6.9, level of organic content (0.37%), available N (336 kg ha-1), P (91 kg ha-1) and K (261 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design. T1 (PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding (HW) @ 35 DAS), T2 (PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Hand weeding (HW) @ 35 DAS), T3 (PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding (HW) @ 35 DAS), T4 (PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding (TWHW) @ 30 DAS), T5 (PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS), T6 (PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding (TWHW) @ 30 DAS), T7 (Hand weeding (HW) @ 25 and 40 DAS), T8 (Twin wheel hoe weeding (TWHW) @ 25 and 40 DAS), T9 (Hand weeding (HW) @ 25 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding (TWHW) @ 40 DAS), T10 (Unweeded control). The result shows that the weed control practices significantly decreases weeds also higher control of weed infestation was observed in PE pretilachlor @ 0.75kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS. The maximum dry matter production, CGR, RGR, NPK uptake and grain yield (2368 kg ha-1) were also found higher in PE pretilachlor @ 0.75kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS. From this study it is concluded that application of pre emergence herbicide pretilachlor along with twin wheel hoe weeder increases the crop growth and yield.

Correlation and Regression Studies of Growth, Yield Attributes, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Foxtail Millet under Different Varieties and Landraces

Aims: To evaluate the “Correlation and Regression Studies of Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) Under Different Varieties and Landraces”.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in the Rabi season of 2022-23 at Experimental farm in Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. Experimental field was silty clay loam in texture with medium in available N (273.0 kg/ha), high in available P2O5 (21.5 kg/ha) and high in available K2O (425.0 kg/ha) and lower level of organic carbon (0.29%).
 Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD).
 Methodology: The treatments consisted of 8 foxtail millet varieties and landraces viz., T1 - ATL-1 (Control), T2 - SiA-3222 (Garuda), T3 - SiA-3088 (Suryanandhi), T4 - SiA-3085, T5 - SiA-3156, T6 - SiA-3233 (Reynaudu), T7 - Mookanthathinai and T8 - Koranthinai.
 Results: Grain yield was highly significant positive correlation with N uptake (r = 0.996**), DMP at harvest stage (r = 0.984**), K uptake (r = 0.981**), P uptake (r = 0.966**) and straw yield (r = 0.954**). From the regression, N uptake (R2 = 0.993**), DMP (R2 = 0.968**) at harvest is the important positive component of grain yield in foxtail millet followed by K uptake (R2 = 0.962**), P uptake (R2 = 0.934**) and straw yield (R2 = 0.911**).
 Conclusion: From the result of correlation and regression, it was concluded that in terms of grain yield, the foxtail millet varieties and landraces are influenced by the DMP at harvest stage, N uptake, K uptake, P uptake and Straw yield.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on Growth, Physiology and Yield of Direct Sown Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Aims: To determine the “Effect of plant growth regulator on growth, physiology and yield of direct sown finger millet”.
 Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at South Farm, Division of Agronomy, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore.The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 5.36), level of organic carbon (1.03%), available N (289 kg/ha), P (115 kg/ha) and K (437 kg/ha). 
 Study Design: Completely randomized block design.
 Methodology: T1 (RDF + Water spray - Control), T2 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T3 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T4 (100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm), T5 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T6 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T7 (50% RDF + Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm), T8 (Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm), T9 (Foliar spraying of Gibberellic acid @10 ppm), T10 (Foliar spraying of Salicylic acid @100 ppm).
 Results: The experiment was laid out in RBD and showed that 100% RDF + Foliar spraying of Brassinosteroid @ 0.5 ppm (T2) gave highest No. of tillers/hill, Dry matter production, leaf area index, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, post-harvest NPK uptake of finger millet. when comparedcontrol (Farmer practice).
 Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that PGR along with nutrients application increases the nutrient uptake and yield.

KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI TANAH PADA BERBAGAI TIPE PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI DESA LABAHA KECAMATAN WATOPUTE KABUPATEN MUNA

This research aims to determine the soil morphological characteristics in various land use types in Labaha Village, Watopute Sub-District, Muna Regency. The study was conducted using survey and field analysis methods on three land use types: cashew orchards, mixed gardens, and fallow fields. Each land use type underwent observation of external and internal profile characteristics. The research results indicate that the cashew orchard land use type has a soil depth of 115 cm; Ap, B, and Bw horizons; clay loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam textures; brown, yellowish-brown, and brownish-yellow colors; angular blocky structure with fine and coarse sizes and strong development degree; nonsticky, plastic, nonplastic, and slightly plastic when wet, cloddy and friable when moist, hard and soft when dry, and a range of few to many soil pores. The mixed garden land use type has a soil depth of 105 cm; Ap, B, and Bw horizons; clay loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam textures; dark brown, dull red, and reddish-yellow colors; sticky, plastic, and slightly plastic when wet, firm and friable when moist, loose and soft when dry, and a range of few to many soil pores. The fallow field land use type has a soil depth of 100 cm; Ap, B, and C horizons; clay loam and silty clay textures; bright red and brown colors; slightly sticky and very sticky in alkaline soil color, slightly plastic and plastic when wet, friable and very firm when moist, and a range of few to many soil pores.

Spatial Variability Mapping of Selected Soil Properties of District Tando Allahyar, Sindh, Pakistan

Spatial variability mapping of soil properties is essential to understand the differences among soils found in a geographical region for their better management. This study aimed at spatial variability mapping of selected soil properties of district Tando Allahyar, Sindh which is one of the most important districts of Sindh province. The results revealed that majority of soils (35.6%) had loamy slightly medium-textured type, including 30.8% silt loam, 3.8% loam and 1.0% silt, followed by clayey, fine-textured heavy type (27.9%), including 18.3% clay, 6.7% silty clay and 2.9% sandy clay. Soils with sandy, coarse-textured light type were 20.2%, including 16.3% sandy loam and 1.9% loamy sand and sand each. Soils with loamy, moderately medium-textured type were 16.3%, including 9.6% clay loam and 6.7% sandy clay loam, while silty clay loam soil texture was total missing. The EC ranged from 0.14 to 4.44 dS m-1 (mean: 0.69 dS m-1, mode: 0.42 dS m-1). Majority (91%) of soils had low (46%) to medium (45) level of salinity. Soil pH ranged from 6.2 to 8.6 (mean: 7.7, mode: 8.3). Majority of soils (84%) had either slightly (24%), medium (22%) or strongly alkaline (38%) soil pH. Interestingly, some soils (13%) had slightly acidic pH. Organic matter ranged from 0.10 to 1.6% (mean: 0.64%, mode: 0.17%). Majority (84%) of soils were deficient in organic matter. Soil ABDTPA-P ranged from 1.2 to 18.8 mg kg-1 (mean: 5.38 mg kg-1, mode: 2.4 mg kg-1). More than half (55%) of the soils had low P, while soils with marginal (14%) or adequate (31%) P were also present. Soil ABDTPA-K ranged from 31 to 376 mg kg-1 (mean: 154 mg kg-1, mode: 230 mg kg-1). Majority of soils (62%) had adequate K, while soils with marginal (28%) or low (11%) K were also found. Spatial variability mapping revealed the dominance of loam, sandy clay loam, sandy loam, silty clay and clay loam textures, medium > low and high > salinity, slightly to medium alkaline soils > strongly alkaline soils, low organic matter content, medium to adequate > low soil P, and adequate soil K. The spatial variation found in various soil properties of district Tando Allahyar, Sindh must be taken in mind while deciding about their site-specific management, using the recently developed maps.

Changes in soil organic carbon and soil aggregation due to deforestation for smallholder management in the Brazilian semi-arid region

The Brazilian semi-arid region has currently approximately 33.3 million hectares occupied by agriculture, and the inadequate land use and management practices are still predominant, which have been associated with the soil degradation process. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of conventional agricultural systems (cropland and pasture) on soil structure using water-stable aggregate and aggregation indexes, and to assess the impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in different soil types and textures in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Delmiro Gouveia, Inhapi and Pariconha, in the Brazilian semi-arid region of the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Arenosols, Acrisols and Regosols soil samples were collected at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers. The treatments analyzed were: Cropland with 4, 15 and 30 years and pasture with 10 years. As a reference, native vegetation (Caatinga) was used. Our results show that the maintenance of SOC and structure and soil physical quality in conventional agricultural systems in the Brazilian semi-arid region depend on soil type/texture and climate. In agricultural systems in Acrisols with sandy clay loam texture, a 5.4% non significant increase was observed in SOC stocks after 30 years of use compared to SOC stocks in the native vegetation area; while in soils with sandy texture (Arenosols and Regosols), the SOC stocks were reduced by 16.1% in comparison to areas under native vegetation. The analysis of water-stable aggregate in Acrisols showed great predominance of macroaggregates (>2.0 mm). On the other hand, in sandy soils (Arenosols and Regosols), great predominance of mesoaggregates was observed (<2.00 and > 0.25 mm).

Preliminary soil characteristics and growth performance of selected shrub plants for bio-engineering technique

This study presents the preliminary results of the physicochemical characteristics of the soil taken from the slope bio-engineering study. The soil would be used as a medium for the growth of selected shrub species namely Strobilanthes crispa (SC), Pseuderanthemum carruthers (PC), Tabernaemontana divaricata (TD), and Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis (HR). Soil medium was prepared in a 3:2:1 ratio (soil: organic fertilizer: sand). The plant-cutting technique was adopted and planted in polybags. The growth performance (height, number of leaves, chlorophyll, and leaf area) of these species was monitored on monthly basis up to three months. The result showed that the pH, organic matter and moisture content ranged from 4.15 to 5.23, 4.29% to 7.96% and 16.1% to 62.93%, respectively. The specific gravity and porosity of the soil ranged from 2.66 to 2.70 and 58.48% to 60.83%, respectively with clay loam and loam textures. SC and TD showed high mortality rates, with only 28% and 50% of the species still alive. However, the PC and HR had low mortality rates, with 98% and 96% of cuttings surviving, respectively. TD recorded the highest plant with 30.63 cm followed by HR (27.94 cm), PC (25.32 cm) and SC (22.36 cm). TD also recorded the highest number of leaves with 23 individuals. SC showed the highest leave area with a mean of 23.61 cm2 followed by PC (23.2 cm2), HR (14.43 cm2) and TD (13.28 cm2). HR recorded the highest chlorophyll content with a mean value of 46.62 followed by TD (45.23), SC (35.87) and PC (32.79). In conclusion, HR showed a good growth performance among the studied species. These preliminary findings suggested that all species have the potential to be used as biological material for slope erosion protection, with some soil treatment required for better growth outcomes.

Estimation of wheel slip in 2WD mode for an agricultural tractor during plowing operation using an artificial neural network

As artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been shown to be precise and reliable in supporting the field of artificial intelligence technology, agricultural scientists have focused on employing ANN for agricultural applications. The ANN can be an effective alternative for evaluating agricultural operations. The intended aim of this investigation was to employ both ANN and multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop a model for determining the rear wheel slip of an agricultural tractor in two-wheel drive (2WD) mode during plowing operations. The output parameter of the models was tractor rear wheel slip. The training data were collected from filed experiments using chisel, moldboard, and disk plows. The plows were operated under different conditions of soil texture, plowing depth, soil moisture content, and plowing speed. All data were acquired during field experiments in two soil textures (clay and clay loam textures). The training dataset was comprised of 319 data points, while 65 data points were employed to test both ANN and MLR models estimation capability. The ANN model with a backpropagation training algorithm was created using the commercial Qnet2000 software by changing its topology and related parameters. The best ANN model possessed a topology of 7-20-1. The estimated tractor rear wheel slip using the testing dataset displayed strong agreement with measured tractor rear wheel slip with the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9977. The results definitely illustrated that the ANN model was capable of defining the correlation between the inputs and rear wheel slip. The outcomes suggest that the established ANN model is trustworthy in predicting the tractor rear wheel slip for an agricultural tractor in 2WD mode during the tillage process compared to MLR models. This study provides a useful tool for management of tillage implements during field operations.

Influence of substrate concentration on kinetic parameters of alkaline phosphatase enzyme

A laboratory study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science and Water Resources in Agriculture and Forestry College and in the Faculty of Environment laboratory with the aim of showing the effect of temperature on the activity and effectiveness of the phosphatase enzyme and the calculation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (maximum velocity Vmax and concentration of the subject substance Km) and for the sake of So, it was soil chosen from Zawita forest, with sandy clay loam texture under the cover of pine trees. The soil was treated with different concentrations of Substrate subject to the enzyme (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) molar and under the influence of different temperatures (10,20,30,40,50) Cᵒ.The results showed. A clear effect of the subject substance on the activity of the enzyme, as the enzyme effectiveness increased with the increase of the added concentrations of the substance. The highest efficacy value for alkaline enzyme phosphatase was V / [S] (0.6) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr-1, which resulted from the effect of concentration (100) mmol of the subject substance. While the lowest alkaline phosphatase enzyme effectiveness value V / [S] was (0.2) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr-1, which resulted from the effect of the lowest concentration of the subject substance (12.5) mmol. The results indicated thatV max value of amounted to (227.27) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr -1. while the value of Km amounted to (38.52) mmuler. The results showed an increase in enzyme phosphatase activity by increasing the incubation temperature at concentration (0.05) molar of the substrate, the highest value of the activity of the enzyme phosphatase reached V (155.47) mg P-nitrophenol gm -1 hr -1, which occurred from soil incubation at The highest temperature used in the study is (50) Cᵒ, as it was observed that the values of phosphatase enzyme effectiveness continued to increase until the highest temperature used in the study.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Impact of Agricultural Land Use Types on Soil Moisture Retention of Loamy Soils

Increasingly severe hydrological extremes are predicted for the Pannonian Basin as one of the consequences of climate change. The challenges of extreme droughts require the adaptation of agriculture especially during the intense growth phase of crops. For dryland farming, the selections of the optimal land use type and sustainable agricultural land management are potential adaptation tools for facing the challenges posed by increased aridity. To this end, it is indispensable to understand soil moisture (SM) dynamics under different land use types over drought-affected periods. Within the framework of a Slovenian–Hungarian project, soil moisture, matric potential and rainfall time series have been collected at three pilot sites of different land use types (pasture, orchards and a ploughland) in SW Hungary since September 2018. Experiments were carried out in soils of silt, silt loam and clay loam texture. In the summers (June 1 to August 31) of 2019 and 2022, we identified normal and dry conditions, respectively, with regard to differences in water balance. Our results demonstrated that soil moisture is closely controlled by land use. Marked differences of the moisture regime were revealed among the three land use types based on statistical analyses. Soils under pasture had the most balanced regime, whereas ploughland soils indicated the highest amplitude of moisture dynamics. The orchard, however, showed responses to weather conditions in sharp contrast with the other two sites. Our results are applicable for loamy soils under humid and subhumid temperate climates and for periods of extreme droughts, a condition which is expected to be the norm for the future.

Assessment of Soil Fertility through Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Nutrient Omission in Alfisols of Kondagaon District of Chhattisgarh in India

The investigation was carried out with the aim to identify the specific yield limiting nutrients through response of rice to nutrient omission in pot culture under completely randomized design with 3 replications and 11 treatments during kharif season 2017 and to demonstrate the optimum use of identified limiting nutrients in wheat crop at field level in Kondagaon district during rabi season 2017-18. The treatments were formulated by keeping one treatment with application of all nutrients in optimum level and others by sequentially omitting each nutrient. The soil had a clay loam texture, neutral reaction (pH 6.6), normal electrical conductivity, medium organic C, available P and K, low available N and S, high available Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu and marginal available Zn and B. Omission of N and P nutrients significantly reduced the growth, yield and nutrients uptake by rice in comparison to all nutrients. The maximum grain yield of 73.0 g pot-1 was recorded, in all nutrients pot and 50.1 % reduction in grain yield of rice, from the maximum yield, was recorded in N omitted pots, followed by 18.8 % reduction in P omitted pots and omission of other nutrients didn’t reduce the grain yield significantly indicating that only N and P were yield limiting nutrients. In field verification during rabi season, 19.0 % increase in wheat grain yield and 23.0 % increase in net return was recorded, due to optimum dose of identified yield limiting nutrients over farmer's practice dose. The results clearly indicate that the site specific nutrient management dose based on yield limiting nutrient identified through nutrient omission study was found economically profitable to the farmers.

ANALISIS KUALITAS FISIK TANAH PADA LAHAN TANAMAN JERUK DI DESA SIDO MAKMUR KECAMATAN TIWORO KEPULAUAN KABUPATEN MUNA BARAT

Soil is a heterogeneous natural object consisting of solid, liquid and gas components that have dynamic properties and behavior. Soil and water are natural resources that support the life of various living things on earth, as a planting medium for plants, and a place for living things to stand on it, including humans. This study aims to determine the quality of soil physics on citrus plantations at different ages in Sido Makmur Village, Tiworo Islands District. This research was carried out in the Tiworo Islands District, Sido Makmur Village, West Muna Regency and the Testing Laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, in February - March 2022. The method used in this study was a survey method with a descriptive-quantitative approach (measured). ) namely by conducting direct observations in the field and analysis in the laboratory. From the results of soil texture analysis showed that the land on citrus plants aged 2 years and 5 years old were the most dominant, namely clay texture, and sandy loam texture, low soil water content, medium soil volume weight, good porosity. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that oranges with different ages in Sido prosperous Village have soil physical properties in the form of clay and sandy loam textures, low soil water content, medium soil volume weight, and poor soil pore space

Kinetics of native and added carbon mineralization on incubating at different soil and moisture conditions in Typic Ustochrepts and Typic Halustalf

The carbon dynamics in soils is of great importance due to its links to the global carbon cycle. The prediction of the behavior of native soil organic carbon (SOC) and organic amendments via incubation studies and mathematical modeling may bridge the knowledge gap in understanding complex soil ecosystems. Three alkaline Typic Ustochrepts and one Typic Halustalf with sandy, loamy sand, and clay loam texture, varying in percent SOC of 0.2; S1, 0.42; S2, 0.67; S3 and 0.82; S4 soils, were amended with wheat straw (WS), WS + P, sesbania green manure (GM), and poultry manure (PM) on 0.5% C rate at field capacity (FC) and ponding (P) moisture levels and incubated at 35 °C for 1, 15, 30 and 45 d. Carbon mineralization was determined via the alkali titration method after 1, 5, 7 14, 21, and 28 d. The SOC and inorganic carbon contents were determined from dried up (50 °C) soil samples after 1, 15, 30, and 45 d of incubation. Carbon from residue mineralization was determined by subtracting the amount of CO2-C evolved from control soils. The kinetic models; monocomponent first order, two-component first order, and modified Gompertz equations were fitted to the carbon mineralization data from native and added carbon. The SOC decomposition was dependent upon soil properties, and moisture, however, added C was relatively independent. The carbon from PM was immobilized in S4. All the models fitted to the data predicted carbon mineralization in a similar range with few exceptions. The residues lead to the OC build-up in fine-textured soils having relatively high OC and cation exchange capacities. Whereas, fast degradation of applied OC in coarse-textured soils leads to faster mineralization and lower build-up from residues. The decline in CaCO3 after incubation was higher at FC than in the P moisture regime.