Clause Constructions Research Articles

Arbitral interpretation of investment treaties : problems and remedies for the debate on "legitimacy"

The last couple of decades have seen a considerable increase in the submittal of investment claims to Arbitral Tribunals – a process which has often been linked to the “proliferation” of investment treaties. Alongside, a debate on the so-called “legitimacy” of the Investor-State dispute settlement mechanism not only emerged (and prompted calls for reform) but also refuses to go away. Treaty interpretation has not been in the forefront of discussion. Authorized (“authoritative”) interpretation – as performed by Arbitral Tribunals – is perhaps one of the issues of least (if any) concern. This Article explores the distinction between authentic and authorized interpretation vis-a-vis the multiple issues arising from vesting excessive significance in authorized interpretations of Investor-State Arbitral Tribunals, in the events in which States Parties to the relevant investment treaty do not have opposing views on the construction of a conventional clause. Drawing on the referral to the notable cases in which this issue has arisen, this Article will present a few recommendations.

Verbal Clause Construction of Ciacia Language: Syntactic Typology Study

Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focus on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on five main problems, they are (1) How is the base construction of verbal clause in CL? (2) How are the predicate and structure argument constructions of verbal clause in CL, (3) How are the simple predicate and complex predicate constructions of verbal clause in CL? (4) How are valency and valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL? (5) How are complex sentence construction and grammatical alliance system?. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained through the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verrified by the informants. The data was analyzed by apportion (distributional) method.
 The investigation of clause base construction shows that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (PS/A) that is affixed to PRED verb. Base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. Non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by intransitive base verb, mono transitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambi-transitive base verb.
 Predication and argument structure of verbal clause construction in CL can be classified in to verbal clause: (i) intransitive with one main argument in terms of SUBJ and as A or OBJ systematically; (ii) semi-transitive with one main argument as A/ACT and with the presence of OBJ argument optionally; (iii) mono-transitive with two main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT with one OBJ argument as UND, (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments, namely SUBJ as A/ACT before PRED and two arguments after PRED, in terms of OTL (indirect object) and OL (direct object); and (v) ambi-transitive with one main argument, namely SUBJ, either as Sa or as So.
 Valency and transitivity of verbal clause construction in CL consists of (i) valency and intransitive verb transitivity with one argument or verb with one valency; (ii) semi-transitive verb with one argument before verb and the presence of argument after Pred verb optionally; (iii) transitive with the obligatory of O presence after Pred verb, so it has two main arguments or verb that has two valency arguments, namely S and O; (iv) ditransitive with three main arguments or verb that has three valency arguments; (v) ambi-transitive with only one argument or verb that has one valency.
 Verbal clause construction in CL can be filled by simple Pred verb and complex Pred verb. Simple predicate is created by base verb/intransitive verb and non-verb category, semi-transitive verb, and transitive verb with PS/A. Complex predicate is created through verb (i) intransitive; (ii) semi-transitive verb; and (iii) transitive integral verb. The valency change mechanism of verbal clause construction in CL can be done through formal causativation and semantic causativation, applicative, and resultative.

On the need for a new research agenda for corpus-based translation studies: a multi-methodological, multifactorial and interdisciplinary approach

ABSTRACTTwenty-five years after the emergence of corpus-based translation studies the present paper offers a critical analysis of the current state of the art in corpus-based translation studies, focusing on what it has yielded in terms of description, methodology and theory. This analysis leads to the detection of problem areas which result in limitations to progress in the field. We argue that these limitations can be overcome, by adopting a revised research agenda for empirical translation studies, with a broader methodological scope and more theoretical awareness. At the very heart of this agenda is the description of translation as an inherently multidimensional linguistic activity and product, which is simultaneously constrained by sociocultural, technological and cognitive factors, leading ultimately to a better understanding of what translation exactly is, how it is shaped by varying circumstances, and how it relates to other types of constrained communication. The added value of this research agenda is illustrated in two case studies on optional that in English complement clause constructions.

GIRLHOOD AND FEMININE IDEALS: LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF FEMININITY IN INDONESIAN FOLKTALES

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the linguistic construction of the femininity for girl characters in Indonesian folktales retold in children’s books. During the phase of their lives as girls, female characters in Indonesia folktales are narratively bound up in attempts to confront, fulfill, and sometimes defy, social prescribed feminine roles.
 Methodology: The data are twenty Indonesian folktales depicting girls as the main characters. The lexical, as well as clausal constructions in the stories in relation to girls are analyzed using content analysis and Halliday’s transitivity within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics.
 Results: The results show that ideal femininity attributed to girls in Indonesian folktales are mainly of three dimensions
 i.e. beauty, virtue, and passivity. The lexical representation of girl femininity reveals that girls in Indonesian folktales are typically stereotyped with either traditional femininity or non-conforming femininity.
 Implications: The clausal analysis shows how the stories present the attempt of the girls to fulfill the ideal feminine roles. There seems to be a reward for girls who fulfill ‘proper’ feminine qualities and punishment for girls who defy the ideal femininity. However, there are girls who seem to be non-conforming to the ideals of traditional femininity but rewarded as well as girls who fail at feminine roles but not punished with the provision of forgiveness. Thus, this paper contributes to the discussion on the girlhood femininity in contemporary children’s books.

The emergence of clause construction in children who use speech generating devices

This study aimed to detect patterns in clause construction structural changes produced by four participants aged 9;5–13;7 (years;months) with motor speech disorders who used speech-generating devices. Sequences of adult–child interactions, drawn from the data of a larger study focused on enhancing vocabulary and grammar skills, were examined. This current study comprises a secondary analysis of a corpus of 29 conversations totalling 808.36 min, analysing clause structures by type, linguistic complexity, and intensity of adult prompts (number of turns). Results show that, over time, the participants’ clause structure complexity increased through addition of phrase-internal elements such as inflections, articles, and prepositions. Use of specific grammatical elements followed the developmental stages observed in children with typical development. For all participants, the personal pronoun I (first-person singular) emerged before she, he (third-person singular), and we or they (plural). Participants with the highest number of adult–child co-constructed clauses also had the highest number of well-formed clauses. The intensity of adult prompts increased as clause structures became more complex and as participants needed more support. Implications for practice and theory are discussed.

The Ultimate Gift: The Transformative Indwelling of Christ and the Christian

The Ultimate Gift:The Transformative Indwelling of Christ and the Christian David Vincent Meconi S.J. All those ἵνα and ut clauses should have given it away. As a patrologist with a special interest in the soteriology of Christian deification, I had always seen that the Church Fathers depicted the descent of Christ in terms of a purpose and a plan. His kenosis demanded our theosis, for he did not intend to visit in vain. The more modern understanding of God's descent into humanity and the consequent gift of divinizing grace as an event that required absolutely nothing in return, therefore, never quite squared with how I was interacting with these ancient texts. Instead, what I was encountering on those pages insisted that "this is why the Word became man, and the Son of God became the Son of man: so that man, by entering into communion with the Word and thus receiving divine sonship, might become a son of God."1 We see the same construction of purpose clauses in Clement and Origen and throughout the Cappadocians, as well as at the heart at the most legendary and lapidary formula, the Athanasian dictum that "God became human so that humans could become gods."2 Obviously this was no disinterested descent. Surely the Incarnation was effected in order to achieve some end, an exhortatory truth not limited to the ancient world, but seen throughout the best of Christian thought. Take St. Thomas Aquinas, for example, [End Page 197] whose lengthy meditations on the grace of the Incarnation led him to teach that "the only-begotten Son of God, wanting to make us sharers in his divinity, assumed our nature, so that he, made man, might make men gods."3 From Athanasius to Aquinas, the greatest Christian minds have understood that the gift of the Son's human nature was so that humans could come to partake of the divine nature. Yet, in many strands of modern Christianity, such an expectation would be piously disregarded as some merit- or work-based soteriology wherein God does something only in order to have something in return. There is (rightful) caution that the old pagan adage and the crux of their civil creed, do ut des, would erase the agapic covenant in favor of a commutative contract. But how does one speak of the utter gratuity of God without making his gift an undemanding frill or a favor so void of power that it refuses a return on its investment? Perhaps that is what every fallen soul, however, desires—a God who only gives but wants nothing really in return? In his inimitable way, C. S. Lewis realized this when he teasingly wrote that no one really wants a Father-God who makes demands on those brought into his household, but rather a cognitively diminished deity who simply provides us with what we need to have fun and then apparently turns in early: By the goodness of God we mean nowadays almost exclusively His lovingness; and in this we may be right. And by Love, in this context, most of us mean kindness—the desire to see others than the self happy; not happy in this way or in that, but just happy. What would really satisfy us would be a God who said of anything we happened to like doing, 'What does it matter so long as they are contented?' We want, in fact, not so much a Father in Heaven as a grandfather in heaven—a senile benevolence who, as they say, liked to see young people enjoying themselves, and whose plan for the universe was simply that it might be truly said at the end of each day, 'a good time was had by all.' … I should very much like to live in a universe which was governed on such lines. But since it is abundantly clear that I don't, and since I have reason to believe, nevertheless, that God is Love, I conclude that my conception of love needs correction.4 [End Page 198] Lewis rightly sees that the modern notion of love is in need of correction, especially as regards whether it is congruent with any language of...

De bronconstructies van Belgisch Nederlands (’t) schijnt: een repliek

Abstract This is a brief reply to the article by Vliegen in this issue. We argue that, while Vliegen’s suggestion of a link between naar het schijnt and (’t) schijnt is certainly plausible, this need not rule out a scenario in which the emerging use of (’t) schijnt as a particle has also taken its root in (specific uses of) the matrix clause construction het schijnt dat. In modern construction-based approaches to language change, it is accepted that newly developing constructions may have multiple sources. In this perspective, the ‘matrix clause hypothesis’ and the ‘paratactic hypothesis’ are not mutually exclusive.

Culture Repertoire in Expressive Written Language : Study of Hypothesis of Edward Sapir and Benyamin Lee Whorf

Language, culture, and mind are closely related, each of these extracts reflects one another. The relationship between language, culture and mind of speakers is a basic idea of Sapir and Whorf's theories and hypotheses. Language politeness that is rooted in the splash of the cultural values of the speaking community, including can be seen from the packaging of the information structure as outlined in the sentence of a language. The construction of different clauses grammatically packs different information structures and politeness values. The way of thinking between cultures as outlined in a writing will be different in the way it is delivered. The purpose of this study is to describe culture in expressive writing, is seen from the hypothesis of Edwar Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf.

A Clausal Analysis of Resultative Constructions with X-key: Evidence from Corpus and Experiments

Quite a few prior studies have classified the Korean resultative constructions into predicative resultatives and clausal resultatives. However, the current study argues that all the resultative constructions with X-key belong to the category of clausal resultative construction. This implies that X-key forms a fully saturated clause (not object control), in which the nominative subject of the secondary predicate can be omitted since Korean is a pro-drop language. We present corpus data and experimental results to reveal the existence of pro-drop in the resultative constructions. The linguistic findings are also consistent with the prediction of the pro-drop analysis: various kinds of resultative predicates can appear in the resultative constructions.

Semantic change through change in non-linguistic practice

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the relation between semantics and non-linguistic practice and with change in that relation. The particular case involves two classes of clausal constructions that havelayas their verb and are used in initiating bets. One class involveslay a wagerand the other involveslaystake. Associated with the use of these constructions are a number of practices that have to do with what is done with the stakes of the bet. The crucial distinction among these practices in terms of the semantics oflayis whether or not stakes are physically laid down. If they are, thenlayis interpretable as naming the physical action. Otherwise, some other interpretation must be sought forlay. I show that, over three centuries, there is a decline in the practice of laying stakes down whenlaystakeis used. Withlay a wagerthere is no significant change. The result of the changing use oflaystakeis thatlayis increasingly interpreted as having a metaphoric or abstract meaning. Where the new meaning is metaphoric, this is due not to a deliberate expressive choice on the part of the speaker – as is usually assumed for metaphoric use – but to change in non-linguistic practice.

Cross-generational syntactic variation in Mundaka Basque: the influence of the language of instruction

This article examines syntactic variation in relative clause (RC) constructions in Mundaka Basque among two groups of Mundaka Basque speakers. The language of instruction the Mundaka Basque speakers had in school draws the line that separates the two populations: the first group (Mundaka Basque I) had Spanish as the language of instruction and no Basque as a subject, while the second one (Mundaka Basque II) had Standard Basque as the language of instruction and Spanish as a subject. The results of an experiment involving a cloze test show that differences in production between these populations depends on the grammaticality of RCs with an indirect object or adjunct gap and a subject or direct object RC head: for Mundaka Basque I relativization under this configuration is grammatical, while for Mundaka Basque II, it is not. This variation is due to simplification of relativization accessibility in Mundaka Basque II caused by Standard Basque.

Free relatives in Maltese

Abstract This paper makes a contribution to our understanding of free relative clauses (frcs) in Maltese, in particular so-called plain, standard or non -ever free relative clauses. We demonstrate that such frcs are interpreted as definites, consistent with the findings in much previous literature on other languages. However, we also show that Maltese has not one but two strategies for plain (realis or definite) frcs: alongside frcs formed using a wh-word we also find frcs introduced by the complementising element li, inconsistent with the seemingly widespread assumption that frcs necessarily involve a wh-word. Both strategies give rise to definite interpretations. Additionally, we argue that definite or realis wh-frcs are to be distinguished from a different (but apparently structurally identical) type, the so-called irrealis free relative clause or modal existential construction, which has not been previously identified for Maltese. We show that this subset of free relatives exhibit the properties associated with the modal existential construction crosslinguistically. We then demonstrate the existence of a subtype of headed relative clauses in Maltese which also share a number of the properties which we identify in the Maltese modal existential construction.

The Relationship between Language Anxiety and the Role of Recasts and Modified Output in the Development of Korean Relative Clause Construction

The Relationship between Language Anxiety and the Role of Recasts and Modified Output in the Development of Korean Relative Clause Construction

Regularity and idiosyncracy in the formation of nominals

This paper explores the interaction of regularity and idiosyncracy in the formation of nominals. It treats both nominals whose formation is highly regular, such as red box, and nominals whose formation is rather idiosyncratic, such as the Big Mess Construction (bmc; so good a bargain) and the Binominal Noun Phrase Construction (bnpc; her nitwit of a husband). Both the bmc and the bnpc conform to productive patterns, but the proper place of those patterns in the grammar as a whole is not easy to identify. To rise to the challenge, we build on recent developments in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar and the more formally inclined strands of Construction Grammar. Taking a cue from the treatment of clausal constructions in Ginzburg & Sag (2000), we develop a bi-dimensional hierarchy of nominal phrase types, in which the regular nominals inherit their properties from independently motivated higher types, while the idiosyncratic nominals are characterized by a mixture of inherited and inherent properties. The resulting treatment is sufficiently flexible to deal with the subtle interaction between the regular and the idiosyncratic, and sufficiently rigorous to be falsifiable. It is also compared with alternative treatments.

On the unified analysis of three types of relative clause construction in Japanese, and on the “salient reading” of the internally headed type. A reply to Erlewine & Gould (2016)

In this reply, we argue against two proposals made by Erlewine & Gould (2016), and in favor of the following two theses:[i] Japanese internally headed relative constructions disallow an interpretation that is crucially based on contextual salience, and allow only an interpretation that reflects the content of their (explicit or implicit) internal head(s).[ii] None of Erlewine & Gould’s attempts to provide independent support for their unified analysis of internally headed, externally headed and doubly headed relative constructions of Japanese is tenable. Therefore, these writers failed to provide convincing justification for abandoning the approach developed by Grosu & Landman (2012) and Landman (2016) with respect to the analysis of the internally headed relatives of Japanese, an approach which moreover yielded explicit accounts of two types of data for which Erlewine & Gould have no obvious analysis.

COMPLEX CLAUSES IN THE LEGAL AND CRIMINAL TEXT LOMBOK BST: SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC STUDIES

This paper reports the result of investigation on the use of complex clauses in Legal and Criminal Rubric of Lombok Post media and its relevance to Indonesia language learning at senior high school with the orientation of SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistic) study. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of complex clauses in the Legal and Criminal Rubric of Lombok Post media and its relevance to Indonesian language learning in SMA. Specifically, the types of complex clauses investigated in this research are paratactic and hypotactic complex clauses. The complex clauses were investigated through Systemic Functional Linguistic theory (LFS) exploitation. The investigation was designed by employing qualitative descriptive research method. Data of the research was text obtained from daily newspaper of Lombok Post. The data was collected by exploiting document method. The result showed that there are five logical semantic and taxis relationship within substantial construction of complex clauses in the October-December 2014 Lombok Post, such as elaboration, extension, double, locution, and ideas. Regarding the result of data analysis, it can be said that such texts in Legal and Criminal Rubric of Lombok Post media is transferable to as teaching material of Indonesia language learning with the implementation of 2013 curriculum.

Through the Looking-Glass? Ouster Clauses, Statutory Interpretation and the British Constitution

This purpose of this paper is to examine the way in which courts in the UK interpret both ouster clauses and other provisions that may appear to inhibit or preclude the performance of the judicial, including the interpretive, function. Examining such questions supplies a valuable opportunity to consider how the UK's uncodified constitutional system works, and how judicial understandings of that system - and of the curial role within it - have developed over time. In this way, it becomes possible to understand why older decisions in which legislative ouster was met with judicial equanimity seem so archaic when viewed through a contemporary lens. Ultimately, the question arises whether judicial construction of ouster clauses in the UK is so strained as to amount, in substance, to something more than just interpretation - a question that implicates fundamental issues about the veracity of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. It is argued, however, that the case law - and the broader set of institutional interactions of which it forms a part - does not provide any definitive answer to such questions, and that the imperative of avoiding constitutional crisis renders such uncertainty a good rather than a bad thing.

Transitivity construction of verbal clause in Ciacia language

Typology study of Ciacia language (CL) in various linguistic aspects has not been conducted yet. It is the first study that focuses on syntactic typology. Ciacia language is one of the local languages in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study focuses on verbal clause construction of CL. This construction covers several subject and aspect markers, intransitive and transitive verb, and argument as consequence of verb valencies in the clause construction. The study used written and oral data. The oral data of this study is obtained through recording and elicitation techniques. Written data is obtained from the previous studies. The study also used synthetic data which is verified by the informants. It was analyzed by using distributional and match methods with change and loss techniques. Based on the result of this study, it found that verbal clause construction of Ciacia language is always filled by subject and aspect markers (S/AM) that are affixed to PRED verb. The base structure of verbal clause in CL consists of the verbal predicated clause and non-verbal predicated clause. The non-verbal predicated clause can be constructed through base nominal and adjective categories. Verbal clause predicate can be filled by an intransitive base verb, monotransitive base verb, ditransitive base verb, and ambitransitive base verb. Those verbal clause construction of Ciacia language always uses S/AM, either with affix or without affix. The roles of argument semantic in verbal clause construction in CL are (i) the main argument acts as A/ACT, O/UND, benefactive (BEN), and thema and (ii) peripheral argument acts as benefactive (BEN), temporal (TEMP), and locative (LOC). Based on the semantic features, the verb in the intransitive clause is classified based on verbal clause with argument SUBJ as A/ACT and verbal clause with argument SUBJ as O/UND. Semi-transitive verbal clause construction in CL can be formed from (i) semi-transitive base verb with S/AM, (ii) intransitive integral verb which is formed from transitive base verbs and base nominal by using affix {pi-} with S/AM. Construction of ditransitive verbal clause in CL is filled by PRED verb in the form of monotransitive with affix BEN {-aso} and IO with features [+human/soul].

The application of corpus in English structure analysis class: a case of adjective clause construction

The application of corpus in English structure analysis class: a case of adjective clause construction

Transfer Explanation of Markedness to Learning Difficulty of Preposition Pied Piping in Dative Relative Clause Construction

Transfer Explanation of Markedness to Learning Difficulty of Preposition Pied Piping in Dative Relative Clause Construction