Classroom Discourse Research Articles

Information and Communication Technology: Learners’ Perspectives on Multimedia Instructional Materials Used In Teaching at Marawi City National High School

The study aimed to determine the learners’ perspectives on the Multimedia Instructional Materials used in teaching at Marawi City National High School. The study used descriptive method and utilized survey-questionnaires, these contained three parts, first, what is the profile of the respondents, second, the kinds of multimedia instructional materials used in teaching, and third, the implications can be drawn from the findings of the study. Frequency, percentage and weighted mean were used as statistical tools to analyze the data. Upon the retrieval of the instruments, it was directly tabulated and interpreted. The results revealed that 50.00% of the respondents’ ages ranged from 17-19 years old, 60.00% of the respondents were male. Likewise, 64.00% of the respondents agreed PowerPoint Presentation was always used as multimedia instruction. The respondents’ perception on the multimedia instructional materials used in teaching showed the overall mean average of 2.34; standard deviation= 0.91 which mean agreed to all the indicators or the perception given in the questionnaire regarding the use of multimedia instructional materials in teaching. Moreover, the results implied that multimedia instructional materials being used in teaching helped the learners attentively engaged in classroom discussions, it helps learners think critically and supports retain useful information. It is recommended to teachers to always use multimedia instructions to help the learners understand the concept of the topic, increase their interests and motivation, and hold their attention to the classroom discussion.

Exploring teachers’ epistemological framing through classroom discourse in 6E-STEM classes: From perception to practice

This study investigated teachers’ enactments in 6E-STEM implementation with technology integration. Teachers’ professional development utilized coaching and examining teaching and learning as strategies. Coaches trained three Vietnamese teachers for content, pedagogical content, and technological pedagogical knowledge through intensive STEM curriculum examples. Basic electrical engineering and application of technology for science learning curriculum was designed in 6E instructional model. In addition, CloudClassRoom was integrated with the curriculum to record students’ performance. After coaching, three teachers had practical teaching with 107 students in junior high schools. Each class was implemented in three classes. Examining teaching and learning was conducted to investigate teachers’ epistemological framing in teaching 6E-STEM. Classroom videotapes, and teachers’ responses to interviews were analyzed by NVivo. The key results show that <i>delivering an artifact </i>was a function of teachers’ framings in STEM teaching. However, teachers desired students to provide engineering knowledge, socialize scientific explanations, or develop students’ creativities depending on the individual.

Evaluating Civics and Religious Education: Foundations for Enhancing Students' National Intelligence

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating Civics Education and Religious Education materials in enhancing students' understanding of citizenship concepts and moral values. The study involves detailing the number of students and the demographic information of two groups of 10th-grade students from three well-accredited high schools in Ambon City, with each group consisting of 35 students: one experimental group and one control group. Data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests, classroom observations, and questionnaires. The research results indicate that the experimental group experienced an increase in average scores from 60 to 85, while the control group only increased from 60 to 70. Paired t-test analyses showed that this increase was statistically significant, with t-values of 3.34 for the experimental group and 2.10 for the control group, both groups having a significance level smaller than 0.05. Observations and questionnaires also revealed that students in the experimental group were more active in classroom discussions and exhibited a more positive attitude toward the material taught. These findings affirm that the integration of civics and Religious Education materials can significantly enhance students' understanding, attitudes, and behaviors regarding moral values and citizenship. This research underscores the significant impact of integrating Civics and Religious Education on enhancing students' understanding of citizenship and moral values. It contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence and emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive teacher training to effectively implement holistic curricula. The implications of this study highlight the need for adequate teacher preparation and ongoing evaluation to ensure successful curriculum integration, positioning this approach as an effective strategy in moral education to shape a younger generation with integrity and responsibility.

Metode Flipped Classroom dalam Pembelajaran Maharoh Istima': Studi Kasus dan Hasil

This article deals with the application of flipped classroom methods in learning istima' maharoh (listening skills) through case studies. Maharoh istima' is an important aspect of language skills that enables students to understand intonation, pronunciation, and meaning in oral texts. However, traditional teaching methods are often inadequate due to challenges such as lack of authentic material and time constraints in the classroom. Flipped classroom offers solutions by moving the delivery of basic material outside the classroom, through video and online tasks, so that class time can be focused on interactive activities and in-depth practice. This study revealed positive results from the application of this method, with an average increase in listening test scores of 20% after students followed the flipped classroom method. Students showed more active participation and greater confidence in classroom discussions, as well as improved understanding of the material. The findings suggest that the flipped classroom method can significantly improve the effectiveness of istima maharoh learning, by providing additional advantages in the development of self-learning skills. Further research is needed to evaluate other factors that affect the effectiveness of this method and how its application can be adapted in different educational contexts.

A Study on the Impact of Voice-to-Text Technology on Academic Achievement of the Hearing-Impaired

Hearing loss is a significant barrier to academic achievement, with hearing-impaired (HI) individuals often facing challenges in speech recognition, language development, and social interactions. Lip-reading, a crucial skill for HI individuals, is essential for effective communication and learning. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges faced by HI individuals, with the face masks hindering lip-reading. This literature review explores the relationship between hearing loss and academic achievement, highlighting the importance of lip-reading and the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in mitigating these challenges. The introduction of Voice-to-Text (VtT) technology, which provides real-time text captions, can significantly improve speech recognition and academic performance for HI students. AI models, such as Hidden Markov models and Transformer models, can enhance the accuracy and robustness of VtT technology in diverse educational settings. Furthermore, VtT technology can facilitate better teacher-student interactions, provide transcripts of lectures and classroom discussions, and bridge the gap in standardized testing performance between HI and hearing students. While challenges and limitations exist, the successful implementation of VtT technology can promote inclusive education and enhance academic achievement. Future research directions include popularizing VtT technology, addressing technological barriers, and customizing VtT systems to cater to individual needs.

Engaging primary mathematics teachers in two private schools in South Sudan: A case study on student-centred teaching in problem-solving and mathematical discourse

The teaching and learning of mathematics in sub-Saharan African countries is dominated by teacher-centred pedagogies rather than student-centred ones. Observations of mathematics teachers at two private schools in South Sudan confirmed such practices. This inspired the researchers to design an intervention to help six primary mathematics teachers shift their practices through problem-solving and mathematical discourse. Design-based research methods were implemented, and data were gathered using observations supported by video and audio recordings and field notes. The participants were selected using convenience sampling, and the data were analysed using Stephan’s checklist of student-centred teaching as a framework. The findings revealed that initially, teachers were using tasks from textbooks, and the teachers themselves were engaged in solving the tasks while their students reproduced their actions. Additionally, all the teachers dominated classroom discussions. After the intervention, the teachers began to select tasks that could enhance learning through problem-solving and mathematical discourse among the students, shifting the teacher’s role to facilitation as the students engaged in solving the tasks on their own. However, the shift in practice was highly dependent on the intervention, as the teachers’ tasks were adopted from the workshop.Contribution: This study contributes to the literature on student-centred mathematics teaching in sub-Saharan Africa by providing insights into the factors that enable or hinder teachers’ adoption of student-centred approaches, and by suggesting ways to support teachers’ professional development and learning within their own contexts.

Using positioning theory to investigate the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse adolescent students in classroom discussion

AbstractTeachers have a critical opportunity to decide how to position transnational funds of knowledge of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Positioning theory investigates how views of self and others are applied in social interactions. This scoping literature review identified nine studies that used positioning theory to trace the participation of adolescent CLD students in classroom discussions. The review was limited to peer‐reviewed studies set in school and afterschool classes in the United States. The findings provide a variety of real‐world examples of students and teachers negotiating their identities and navigating participatory opportunities. In response to how the findings revealed the far‐reaching influence of the teacher, this article introduces a model illustrating the intersection of two key components of teaching style: teacher beliefs and positioning of transnational funds of knowledge. Four teacher profiles represent four stances: The Culturally Responsive Teacher, The Wide Net, The Silencer, and The Idealist.

Using Cross-Linguistic-Cultural Interferences as a Means for Meaning Negotiation in Classroom Discourse

The process of encoding and decoding discussions about the nature of discussed meaning is affected by items from the previous learned languages, which means that the negotiation of meaning carried implied in cross-linguistic transfers and so for cultural interferences affects how learners interpret the negotiated foreign locutions. A sample of twenty adult students from The Center of Intensive Teaching of Languages (CEIL) at Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret (Algeria) was the subjects of observations, interviews, and experiments during our investigation into this phenomenon. Through treatment, discussion, and analysis of the data collected in the district of Tiaret (Algeria), we were able to gain a deeper comprehension of the topic under investigation. Later advances led to the conceptualization of the phenomenon's constituent elements. This made it possible for us to classify its elements by figuring out how the researched structure affected the adult learners' abilities to learn foreign concepts in the target language, as well as how frequently and at what rate it occurred. The degree to which the previously learned languages have an impact on meaning negotiation depends critically on how these concepts are interpreted.

Enhancing EFL Learners’ Communicative Skills through Dramatisation of Lessons

Dramatisation breathes vitality into the realm of language learning, transcending mere vocabulary to engage the entire learner - their body, mind, emotions, and senses. This research explores the integration of drama within language instruction and its profound impact on students' speaking proficiency. Studies consistently highlight that enacting lessons not only bolsters fluency but also instills a sense of confidence in learners. As students step into various roles and articulate lines, their language skills undergo marked improvement, rendering their speech more natural and expressive. This newfound confidence serves as a catalyst, empowering students to actively participate in classroom discourse and embrace English communication with enthusiasm. Even for those initially hesitant to voice their thoughts, the immersive experience of dramatisation provides a safe haven. The playful nature of role-play alleviates apprehensions, enabling even the most reserved learners to find their voice and connect with their peers on a deeper level. Furthermore, the empathetic exploration of diverse perspectives inherent in dramatisation enriches students' spoken English with nuance and emotion. Beyond immediate language proficiency, dramatised lessons foster positive attitudes towards learning, injecting an element of enjoyment and excitement into the language acquisition process. By engaging in creative expression, learners not only acquire language skills but also develop a genuine passion for linguistic exploration. In essence, the integration of dramatisation into language instruction serves as a powerful tool for guiding students towards achieving proficiency in a language. Its multifaceted benefits extend beyond the classroom, shaping learners into confident, expressive communicators with a profound appreciation for the intricacies of language and culture.

Teacher practices regarding teaching presence in Vietnamese tertiary online distance education programmes

This study explored how teachers adapt their agentic teaching practices in the context of online distance education programmes in Vietnam. A single-institution case study design was used to collect data through online individual semistructured interviews that were conducted via Zoom with five teachers from a variety of disciplines who had been teaching in online distance education programmes at the Centre for E-Learning at a Vietnamese higher education institution. Data analysis highlighted the role of teachers’ agentic teaching presence in the pedagogy used in online distance education programmes. Specifically, the teachers exhibited acceptance of an approach to organising their practice that involved adherence to course outlines that had previously been designed and approved without questioning and modifications. However, the results further revealed the agentic direct instruction strategies used by teachers in terms of the varied delivery of course content, student feedback and assessments, which exhibited a stronger emphasis on facilitating online classroom discourse and interactions via various channels with the goal of enhancing students’ learning support, experience, and engagement. The findings of this research thereby affirm the pivotal role played by teaching presence in the setting investigated in this research in particular as well as in the context of online distance education in general. The study highlights the need for further interconnections to be established to link multiple aspects of social, cognitive and teaching presence to the practices that teachers use to enhance students’ engagement and learning experience. The study also has pedagogical implications with regard to teaching in online distance education programmes that pertain not only to teachers’ classroom practices but also to their professional development.

Employing the intellectual virtues to better understand argumentation interventions in education

Argumentation-based classroom interventions are a growing alternative for stimulating conceptual learning, thinking, and communicative skills. However, not all classroom argumentation is desired, nor does every argumentation design lead students to develop their abilities and understanding. In the educational literature, productive argumentation has been associated particularly with deliberation due to the design properties that deliberative practices demand from students, such as collaborating towards a goal, revising one’s own opinion, listening to others, and changing their minds when it is necessary to arrive at a collective decision or problem resolution. We contend that what makes deliberation productive is not argumentation in itself, but how a certain type of design scaffolds students into virtuous-like behavior, which can be the enabling condition for productive argumentation in classroom activities. Through the exploration of three cases of classroom argumentation and discussion experiences, we hypothesize that virtuous-like behavior may serve as an enabling condition for each intervention. In particular, intellectually humble behaviors could be scaffolded within these interventions because all three create the proper environment for students to revise their own positions, listen carefully to others, and change their minds in light of appropriate reasoning or new evidence. Employing an intellectual virtues framework, advances our understanding of how to design classroom environments for productive argumentation. This paper thus presents a novel and pioneering approach to understanding argumentation in the classroom by incorporating the concept of intellectual virtues, bridging the gap between virtues and traditional research, and offering fresh perspectives on the field.

Incorporating Electrochemistry and Battery Technology in an Undergraduate Materials Science Course

Electrochemical devices and systems are ubiquitous in many engineering disciplines, yet basic electrochemistry principles are rarely covered in the typical undergraduate engineering curriculum. This presents a barrier for young engineers aspiring to make contributions to this fast-growing field, as well as primary investigators in electrochemical engineering at undergraduate-only institutions. In the field of mechanical engineering, one of the oldest and arguably the broadest engineering disciplines, energy storage and conversion are covered in depth at the undergraduate level. However, electrochemical energy storage and conversion are only briefly glanced, if at all. As part of curriculum development in a new undergraduate mechanical engineering program, electrochemistry fundamentals, with a focus on applications to battery technology, were deliberately incorporated into a second-year materials science course.Undergraduate materials science courses typically focus on general process-structure-property relationships of different engineering materials, and this course is no different. Instead of covering only traditional materials, significant time is also devoted to battery materials, which are very relevant and poised for exponential growth in this era of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The course includes instruction on basic electrochemical principles, a survey of functional materials used in common electrochemical devices and their properties, as well as a short lab project where students are guided through the steps of constructing a simple coin-cell lithium-ion battery, arguably the most dominant of all battery chemistries. Classroom discussion also includes the environmental impacts of sourcing raw battery materials and end-of-life disposal practices, which, given current projections, will lead to a substantial sustainability problem as the battery market grows with electric vehicle uptake. Emerging battery technologies that seek to address the challenges of the current generation of batteries are also introduced. Students are also asked to give a short presentation after researching additional topics in the field that are of interest to them. Overall, the course aims to help modernize the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum by incorporating electrochemistry principles and battery technology into a core course.

A case study of emergent leadership in whole-class discussion of controversial issues

Teachers are increasingly called on to employ dialogic practices to promote active and equitable student participation in academically challenging classroom discourse. However, vocal students who dominate whole-class discussions might threaten or even overthrow the ideal of equitable participation. Situated in a fourth-grade Chinese elementary classroom participating in an intervention seeking to implement dialogic teaching of controversial issues in Morality and Law, the current study examined the discursive patterns of an emergent student leader to reveal her attempts and struggles to actively take part in discussions, the teacher’s management of her dominant participation, and the scaffolding she provided for her less capable peers. We suggest that future professional development on dialogic teaching should better prepare teachers to effectively manage discrepancy in students’ oral participation, focusing on both vocal and silent students. We also call for more research to investigate the possibilities and strategies for students and teachers to share or co-manage leadership in dialogic teaching.

A Study on the Application of Task-Driven Teaching Method in High School Mathematics Teaching: Taking “The Determination of Vertical Line and Plane” as an Example

The “Ordinary High School Mathematics Curriculum Standards (2017 Edition, 2020 Revision)” clearly stated in “Teaching Suggestions” that “teaching activities based on the core literacy of mathematics should grasp the essence of mathematics, create appropriate teaching situations, put forward appropriate mathematical questions, stimulate students to think and communicate, and form and develop the core literacy of mathematics.” The task-driven teaching model is a new type of teaching method that takes tasks as the main line, teachers as the guide, and students as the main body, which can enable students to engage deeply in classroom discussions and think actively. Based on the characteristics and principles of the task-driven teaching method, this paper designs a high school mathematics classroom teaching based on the task-driven teaching method, hoping to provide a reference for the majority of front-line teachers.

Academic Culture and Students' Scientific Attitudes In Improving The Quality of Higher Education: Research at the Indonesian Institute of Education and Garut University

Building an academic culture is not an easy thing to do, it requires socialization and supervision of all ongoing academic activities, so that a habit is built among the academic community to obey and comply with the academic rules that have been set. The purpose of this study is the implementation of academic culture and scientific attitudes of students in order to improve the quality of higher education. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. This research was conducted at the Indonesian Institute of Education (IPI) Garut and Garut University (UNIGA) as the research locus. By using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data collection techniques using interview techniques, observation, and documentation. The stages of data analysis were carried out by reducing data, displaying data, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the academic culture of students at IPI Garut includes a culture of literacy, research, seminars and publications. Then the scientific attitude of IPI Garut students can be seen from classroom discussions. The academic culture of students on the UNIGA campus includes seminars, workshops, publications, etc. The scientific attitude of UNIGA students includes critical thinking, curiosity, discussion, writing and other activities. However, all of these things have not been fully implemented properly.

Exploring teacher discourse patterns: Comparative insights from novice and expert teachers in junior high school EFL contexts

Effective teacher discourse is critical in improving English as a foreign language (EFL) education, particularly in junior high schools in China, where students are at a crucial stage in their language development. As junior high school students are at a pivotal developmental stage, this research investigates the discourse patterns employed by novice and expert teachers to assess their impact on students' engagement and language acquisition. Despite the extensive research on teacher discourse in higher education, a significant gap remains regarding its application in compulsory primary education settings. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the current classroom discourse patterns of EFL teachers in junior high schools to identify the distinctions between novice and expert teachers and explore the factors contributing to these differences. This mixed-methods study includes qualitative and quantitative analyses. Verbatim transcriptions of six classes were used to create a corpus exceeding 20,000 words. The data were analysed using cross-tabulation in Excel and Chi-square tests in SPSS 22.0, complemented by semi-structured interviews with selected teachers. The theoretical framework is grounded in Long's（1996）interaction hypothesis, which underlines the significance of communication in facilitating language proficiency through meaningful interaction, and the analysis follows Sinclair and Coulthard's（1975）discourse patterns. The initiation-response-feedback (IRF) and initiation-response-0 (IR0) emerged as predominant patterns among both novice and expert teachers. Novice teachers predominantly relied on the basic IRF pattern, while expert teachers exhibited greater flexibility and more frequent use of variant patterns, such as IRFR, I[RnFn] and [InRn]F. Such adaptability among expert teachers creates a more interactive and engaging learning environment, thereby enhancing student participation and language acquisition. The study also identifies a novel variant structure, IRnF, used more frequently by expert teachers, underlining the benefits of group work in fostering teamwork and independent thinking. Expert teachers demonstrated a greater propensity to adapt their discourse strategies to foster a more production-oriented learning environment, which was the main factor driving the teachers' differing discourse patterns. This study significantly contributes to the analysis of teacher discourse in the junior high school EFL context, providing empirical evidence and practical insights that bridge the gap between theory and practice. By elucidating the distinct discourse practices of novice and expert teachers, this study offers valuable recommendations for teacher professional development and highlights the importance of employing varied and interactive discourse structures to improve EFL teaching effectiveness. The study also provides valuable insights for educators striving to improve their instructional practices and the language acquisition in EFL classrooms.

학급풍토가 중학생의 사회쟁점에 대한 의견표명에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to establish a foundation for effective classroom discussions using issues by empirically verifying the effect of class climate on middle school students’ expression of opinions. To this end, a survey was conducted on 337 students enrolled in middle schools in Seoul, and multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between variables. The research yielded the following results: firstly, among the sub-factors of class climate, friction and satisfaction emerged as statistically significant variables. Secondly, personal factors such as academic achievement and knowledge level about issues exhibited a significant positive correlation with learners’ expression of opinion, consistent with prior studies. Encouraging learners’ expression of opinions in classroom discussions is crucial for fostering democracy and revitalizing political participation. The findings of this research can serve as a guide for the smooth operation of discussion classes utilizing issues.

Analyzing classroom interactions focusing on IRF patterns and turn-taking

This study aims to analyze patterns of interaction and turn-taking in the context of classroom learning using a classroom discourse analysis approach. This research focuses on understanding the communication dynamics between teachers and students and identifying dominant patterns during the learning process. The method used is qualitative, with data collection through observation using video recorder instruments in class XI SMK Muhammadiyah Mertoyudan. The research participants were a teacher and class XI students of SMK Muhammadiyah Mertoyudan, totalling 24 students, consisting of 1 teacher and 23 students. The data results show the sequences developed from the questions between teacher and student interactions. The results of this study support the view that the discursive role of the Feedback sequence in IRF (Initiation-Response-Feedback Sequence) is to develop dialogue between teachers and students. The findings of this study on the IRF pattern are that the teacher dominates the communication in the classroom 63,4% and students 36,6%. The findings indicate that the non-delivery of learning is the main problem of students' lack of understanding of the material, lack of students' ability to think critically, and responsiveness to students. These findings can be used to develop more inclusive and effective teaching strategies that pay attention to a more balanced distribution of talk time and interaction between teachers and students. This research contributes to the literature on Classroom Discourse Analysis by filling the knowledge gap on the classroom's interaction pattern and its implications for teaching practices with feedback in IRF. The results of this study can provide valuable insights for educational practitioners and help improve students' critical communication strategies in the classroom.

The gender gap in political efficacy: the accelerating effect of classroom discussions

Abstract The gender gap in political self-efficacy originates early in life and is among the most persistent inequalities in political attitudes across Western democracies. The difficulties in accessing data for early adolescents have resulted in limited research available to provide an understanding on how gender differences in political self-efficacy are developed. In this article we provide unique evidence on the development of the efficacy gap during secondary school. The Citizenship Educational Longitudinal study data from England on young people between the ages 11–16 shows that boys increase their levels of political self-efficacy significantly during this period while girls do not. Secondly, we show that teaching methods that are expected to enable the development of internal political efficacy, such as classroom discussions, are accelerating the gender gap in perceived abilities to get engaged in politics. Our findings show that, despite having the same access to classroom discussions in schools, this experience has a positive effect in the development of political efficacy for boys but, if anything, a negative effect for girls. Furthermore, even a small number of boys in the classroom discussions appears detrimental to girls’ political efficacy.

Gender-Related Differences in the Performance of Request in the Algerian Classroom Discourse

Despite extensive research on requests, there remains a notable gap in understanding gender differences in Algerian classrooms. This study investigates how male and female students and teachers formulate requests during classroom interactions, using responses from a discourse completion task (DCT). The aim is to explore how gender influences choice of request strategies and variations in directness, considering social variables such as power dynamics, social distance, and the imposition level among participants. The study focuses on identifying similarities and differences in request behaviors between male and female interactions among Algerian students and teachers, as well as among students themselves. Data were collected through a Discourse Completion Task featuring three scenarios of classroom interactions, involving 115 male and female participants. The findings indicate that gender significantly influences the selection of request strategies and levels among Algerian students and teachers. Female students and teachers tended to employ more indirect request strategies compared to males, who typically favored direct approaches across all scenarios. Furthermore, the study reveals that the degree of directness varied for both genders based on socio-cultural factors such as power dynamics, social distance, imposition levels, and religious norms prevalent in Algerian society. The research highlights that students generally opt for conventional indirect strategies when making requests to teachers. In contrast, direct requests are more commonly used when individuals of equal social status interact or when the requester holds a higher status than the respondent. This study contributes new insights into the impact of gender and socio-cultural factors on request strategies and politeness in Algerian classroom discourse, enriching the field of cross-cultural pragmatics and classroom discourse studies.