Principles Of Classification Research Articles

ОСМИСЛЕННЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ «ПРОСТІР» У ГУМАНІТАРИСТИЦІ

The paper analyzes the contribution of many linguists to the study of the concept of "space", its properties, and the words, that denotes it, outlines existing scholarly approaches to the space semantics study. As a result of consideration of the achievements of scientists in the study of spatial semantics, differences in their views on issues of terminological, identification and classification nature were revealed. Also, considering the lack of a single approach to the identification and classification of the space nominations characteristics in modern linguistics, the paper carries out the analysis and develops unique identification and differential loci parameters which underlie the concept of space, i.e. a fundamental division of the lexical units semantics into two major groups “real space” and “virtual space”; principles of loci classification are proposed. Also, the research outlines the loci potential implementation spheres and their reflection in the language, types of space, classification criteria, and a wide range of basic identification and distinctive features, which are further on grouped into blocks: recognition signs (what-system)– organisation signs or space types; location and dynamic signs (where-system). In their turn, the distinctive features enable to single out the nominations in question from the empirical material; applying the developed criteria for differentiating the empirical database, it becomes possible to categorise the loci on the basis of recognition, space organisation, and location (opposition between the real / virtual substance based on the features of objective / subjective, individual / social, natural / sociocultural markers, taking into account the space type within its horizontal and vertical localisation: vertical spatial trichotomy (an overland, extraterrestrial world / real world, terrestrial / underground world); three-dimensional spatial trichotomy (close world / transitional world / distant alien world); universal space dichotomy (internal world / external world), etc.).The main criterion when evaluating whether the lexeme belongs to the loci group nucleus or periphery is the degree of the spatial semantics explicitness in the structure of its lexical meanings.

Spatiоtemporal analysis of the changes of the main habitats of the Kozachelaherska arena (Nyzhniodniprovsky sands, Kherson region, Ukraine) in the period of 1990–2020

Landsat satellite images (Landsat-5 for the period of 1990–2010 and Landsat-8 for the year of 2020) were used for the spatiotemporal analysis of the dynamics of the main habitats of the Kozachelaherska arena (Nyzhniodniprovsky sands, Kherson region, Ukraine). The algorithm of minimum distance of automatic k-mean clustering was used for the classification of the satellite images. Habitats were classified according to EUNIS classification principles. The analysis revealed a considerable decrease in a summary area of coniferous plantations in the period of 2000–2010. During the last two decades, the area of losses significantly exceeded the renewal area of coniferous plantations. The area of large permanent aquatic habitats in the north-east part of the arena decreased by 2.5 times in the last thirty years. The water supply of the territory is constantly decreasing, probably due to the reduction in precipitation and in the ground water level. At the same time, the area of territories under open sand doubled, the process of sand overgrowth with vegetation has slowed down, and its losses have increased. All these changes are most likely caused by the increasingly arid climate in southern Ukraine, which may, over time, lead to the replacement of habitats characteristic of sandy steppes with habitats of open sands.

Основополагающие принципы стандартизации и систематизации информации о наборах данных для машинного обучения в медицинской диагностике

Backgraund: Active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the healthcare in recent years promotes increasing amount of medical data for the development of machine learning models, including radiology and instrumental diagnostics data. To solve various problems of digital medical technologies, new datasets are being created through machine learning algorithms, therefore, the problems of their systematization and standardization, storage, access, rational and safe use become actual. A i m : development of an approach to systematization and standardization of information about datasets to represent, store, apply and optimize the use of datasets and ensure the safety and transparency of the development and testing of medical devices using artificial intelligence. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s : analysis of own and international experience in the creation and use of medical datasets, medical reference books searching and analysis, registry structure development and justification, scientific publications search with the keywords “datasets”, “registry of medical data”, placed in the databases of the RSCI, Scopus, Web of Science. R e s u l t s . The register of medical instrumental diagnostics datasets structure has been developed in accordance with stages of datasets lifecycle: 7 parameters at the initiation stage, 8 – at the planning stage, 70 – dataset card, 1 – version change, 14 – at the use stage, total – 100 parameters. We propose datasets classification according to the purpose of their creation, a classification of data verification methods, as well as the principles of forming names for standardization and datasets presentation clarity. In addition, the main features of the organization of maintaining this registry are highlighted: management, data quality, confidentiality and security. C o n c l u s i o n s . For the first time, an original technology of medical datasets for instrumental diagnostics structuring and systematization is proposed. It is based on the developed terminology and principles of information classification. This makes it possible to standardize the structure of information about datasets for machine learning, and ensures the storage centralization. It also allows to get quick access to all information about the dataset, and ensure transparency, reliability and reproducibility of artificial intelligence developments. Creating a registry makes it possible to quickly form visual data libraries. This allows a wide range of researchers, developers and companies to choose data sets for their tasks. This approach ensures their widespread use, resource optimization and contributes to the rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia - etiology, clinical features and management. Historical and contemporary aspects

Introduction. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis are the most common conditions in men, the frequency of which varies with age. Chronic prostatitis (infectious or inflammatory) has a frequency of 8-35% in patients aged 20-50 years, reaching a maximum of 60-70% in those aged over 50 years. Materials and methods. Materials for the study served the medical literature regarding benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic inflammation, published in the local and international scientific journals. Scientific databases like Cochrane Library, Medline, Scopus, Medicus, NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar were used to find the necessary articles. Research methods – analysis, synthesis, systematization, and description. Results. After analyzing the available data, a review of the literature was conducted which highlighted both the strong and weak points of the historical medical approaches to addressing benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as the ontogenetics and anatomical characteristics of the prostate gland. This included examining the incidence rates, concepts of causation and development, principles of diagnosis and classification of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The review also revealed the pros and cons of using mini-invasive treatment strategies versus traditional transvesical approaches in treating this condition, as well as the ongoing and significant socioeconomic impact in underdeveloped countries. Conclusions. There remains the issue of reducing intra- and post-operative complications after benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery, especially a voluminous one, which imposes itself as a very critical problem in the development of an effective treatment strategy. For the first time, a problem was described by assessing the particularities of some biochemical criteria at local surgical site and in blood serum, histological - at the level of nodular prostatic hyperplasia and at the border of the surgical site. This requires a complex correlational study to assess the biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters, including the evaluation of the associations or coexistence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis.

Methodological regulations on the classification of management information systems

In this article the interpretation of the terms “automatic informational system” and “managerial informational system” are specified, developed and implemented the methodical elaborations for principles of managerial informational system classification, the correspondence of the category of management information systems to the levels of management in the general model of enterprise management is highlighted, the classification of existing managerial informational system of domestic enterprises was formed.

The phenomenon of fear in Ukrainian literature for children and youth about the events of the Holodomor of 1932-1933

The article considers the forms of manifestation of fear and the specificity of their representation in Ukrainian works for children and youth about the events of the Holodomor of 1932--1933. Its relevance is emphasized, as the state of threat and the appearance of fear as a basic reaction to it have become the modern realities in Ukraine. The state of research of the issue in Ukrainian literary studies is outlined; the principles of classification of forms, functions, and types of fear are taken into account. It is determined that works about the Holodomor take an important place in the sphere of historical prose, which accumulates a complex of historical knowledge, becomes an important factor in the formation of the national identity of the personality. While analyzing the short stories "Kandor" by Y. Zbanatskyi, "Bevka" by M. Mahera, "Velykyi Zlochyn Malenkoho Mykhasia" (Great Crime of Little Mykhas) by Oleksa Kobets, "Chorna Khustka" (Black Shawl) by M. Ponedilok, "Skrynia" (Chest) by K. Yehorushkina, and the story "Try Skhodynky Holodomoru" (Three Steps of the Holodomor) by E. Zarzhytska, it has been found out that the dominant type of fear in the artistic sphere of the works is fear for physical existence, fear of hunger (to be hungry, to see a hungry person, to see a person who died of hunger). It is determined that in Ukrainian fiction on the Holodomor theme real fears (fear of power, fear of being left at home alone, fear of the dark, fear of death, fear of a particular person, fear of being punished) and metaphysical ones (horror, anxiety) are represented by techniques of psychological analysis, reproduction of states of the nature, metaphors, symbols which lay stress on the writer's attitude and style.

Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update).

Diabetes-related foot disease results in a major global burden for patients and the healthcare system. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has been producing evidence-based guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease since 1999. In 2023, all IWGDF Guidelines have been updated based on systematic reviews of the literature and formulation of recommendations by multidisciplinary experts from all over the world. In addition, a new guideline on acute Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy was created. In this document, the IWGDF Practical Guidelines, we describe the basic principles of prevention, classification and management of diabetes-related foot disease based on the seven IWGDF Guidelines. We also describe the organisational levels to successfully prevent and treat diabetes-related foot disease according to these principles and provide addenda to assist with foot screening. The information in these practical guidelines is aimed at the global community of healthcare professionals who are involved in the care of persons with diabetes. Many studies around the world support our belief that implementing these prevention and management principles is associated with a decrease in the frequency of diabetes-related lower-extremity amputations. The burden of foot disease and amputations is increasing at a rapid rate, and comparatively more so in middle to lower income countries. These guidelines also assist in defining standards of prevention and care in these countries. In conclusion, we hope that these updated practical guidelines continue to serve as a reference document to aid healthcare providers in reducing the global burden of diabetes-related foot disease.

Formation the set of combat capabilities parameters of the strike unmanned flight apparatus based on a faceted classification system

One of the main approaches to improving the strategy and tactics of the use of strike unmanned aircraft systems is the creation of a methodology for the formation of requirements for their combat capabilities in accordance with the place of the aircraft in the accepted classification system. Today, there are several classification systems for unmanned aircraft systems according to different principles. These classification systems complement each other, but none of them provides full coverage of the set of parameters that characterize an unmanned aircraft complex. There is an urgent need to combine various systems and principles of classification into a single organized system that covers all types and classes of unmanned aerial vehicles. types The facet system makes it possible to delineate the boundaries of the requirements for the combat capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles depending on their position in the classification system.
 The article provides a list and content of parameters of the combat capabilities of strike unmanned aerial systems and briefly considers the interrelationships between them. It is shown that the mass of the combat unit, which the aircraft is capable of carrying, is the basic criterion in the set of combat capabilities. This mass functionally depends on a number of factors, the main of which are the gross take-off weight, the passport duration of the flight and the cruising speed of the aircraft. The nature of this dependence was established on the basis of a statistical analysis of the combat and tactical-technical indicators of attack unmanned aerial vehicles weighing up to 250 kg, which are in service with a number of countries of the world.
 A method of forecasting the values of the parameters of the combat capabilities of strike unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed, depending on their place in the faceted classification system. The application of the method makes it possible to establish a relationship between the types of combat tasks and the types of aircraft suitable for solving them.

FACTORS FOR THE FORMATION OF FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES ON THE BASIS OF INNOVATION

Attention has been updated to the problems of forming financial support for the implementation of investment and innovation projects of enterprises, which aim to ensure their innovative development. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the composition and analysis of the factors of the formation of financial support for the development of enterprises in Ukraine on an innovative basis. A typology of the factors of attracting financial support for investment and innovation goals was carried out in two directions: (1) internal resources and capabilities of economic entities, (2) external sources of accumulation of financial resources. Among the internal factors, the influence of such as the financial and economic condition, results and business activity of enterprises, availability of internal investment capital, innovative and technological activity of business entities, financial security and protection of intellectual property objects of innovatively active enterprises was analyzed. According to external factors, such as the development of the financial and credit system of the region, the activities of venture funds, business angels, the state of development of innovative infrastructure and the business environment were analyzed. The conditions that determine the specified factors of financial support for the innovative development of domestic enterprises are characterized, as well as their current state and the main problems that prevent the full involvement of financial and investment assets sufficient for the full-fledged conduct of innovative and technological activities by economic entities of Ukraine are identified. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of the methodological and applied principles of classification and typology of the factors of the formation of financial support for the activation of innovative activities of enterprises. The applied value of the research results lies in the possibility of identifying the available factors for the formation of financial and investment support for innovative and technological growth of business entities.

A recent update on fucoidonase: source, Isolation methods and its enzymatic activity

Fucoidanases are hydrolytic enzymes that degrade fucoidan to a lower molecular weight while retaining the side substituent groups of the polymer. Fucoidanases are produced by marine organisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, molluscs, echinoderms. Fucoidanases are rare and little studied enzymes. There is currently no information on the structural organization of fucoidanases, the size of active centers, their secondary and tertiary structures. This review summarizes the data on fucoidanase sources and factors influencing fucoidanase activity. It was found that that such factors include medium pH, temperature, and the presence of metal ions. The principles of classification of fucoidanases were analyzed. Fucoidanase was found to have high biological activity. Fucoidanases are known to hydrolyze fucoidan to oligosaccharides that have anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticancer, antiviral, prebiotic, and anticoagulant properties. Thus, research into sources, isolation methods, the effect of fucoidanase on fucoidan, and its enzymatic activity is promising, and can be used to build the body’s resistance to adverse environmental factors (difficult working conditions, stress, and overwork), as well as restore and stimulate the immune response.

Predictive assessment of micro RNA expression level and number of nucleolar organizer regions with follicular thyroid tumor of undetermined malignant potential

Introduction This article presents the current views on follicular thyroid tumor of undetermined malignant potential (FTUMP) taking into account the principles of WHO classification. Molecular genetic study with identification of mutation of some genes as well as determination of expression level of some microRNAs are given as methods for detection of potential predictors of oncodiagnostics. It was shown that the state of nucleus organizer regions is a marker of cell proliferation rate.The aim of the investigation was to estimate prognostic significance of expression level of some microRNAs and amount of regions of the nucleus organizers in the thyroid tissue at FTUMP to objectify approaches to development of adequate surgical tactics.Materials and methods Profile, microRNA expression level by real time PCR and regions of the nucleus organizers were studied in 98 cases of FTUMP which made up 4.75% of all cases of thyroid tumors operated on during four years.Results In 29 (29.6%) cases the spectrum of microRNA typical for malignant neoplasms was registered in the tissue of the FTUMP. In the remaining 69 (70.4%) cases out of 98 observations the spectrum and the expression level of microRNA corresponded to the follicular adenoma. Statistically significant differences in the average number of AgNORs and correlation between the cell area and the number of AgNORs granules were found within the formed subgroups.Discussion Increase of the mean number of AgNORs and the ratio of the nucleus area to the number of silver nitrate granules in the 2nd subgroup in comparison with the 1st one, as well as the appearance of the type II cells testifies to the appearance of the proliferating tumor cells in a new tumor growth and can be considered as prognostic criteria of tumor malignization. These results correlate with the findings of molecular-genetic study. Conclusion The data of the literature and the results obtained by studying the profile and the expression level of a number of microRNAs, morphometric characteristics and counting of thyrocyte nucleus organizer regions may serve as additional criteria for evaluation of the proliferative activity of the follicular epithelium in thyroid neoplasms, in particular to clarify the malignancy potential. Preoperatively diagnosed conditionally malignant FTUMP will allow to justify the necessity and amount of surgical intervention, and if a complex of criteria of conditionally benign FTUMP is revealed, to stick to the waiting tactics and refuse surgical intervention.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF RECURRENT OVARIAN CANCER

Introduction: Introduction: Recurrent ovarian cancer is one of the most challenging issues in medical oncology. Being the fifth in the cancer mortality list among women, ovarian cancer is the reason of more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the optimal treatment options for recurrent platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Methods: Data for writing this article was collected from the publications in English, Russian and Italian from 2002 to 2023. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the relevant articles. Survival rates, particularly overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs) of the chemotherapy regimens were discussed. We analyzed the literature data comparing the effectiveness and safety of chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, the use of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. Results: An overview of the literature devoted to modern approaches to the systemic treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer is given in the article. General principles of classification and treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer are analyzed. The existing regimens of chemotherapy in combination with targeted therapy are given separately for various types of ovarian cancer relapses. Chemotherapy with doublet platinum compounds (carboplatin or cisplatin) continues to be the standard of care in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer with or without targeted therapy. Treatment with poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugate for patients with folate receptor alpha-positive, can be considered in platinumresistant epithelial ovarian cancer. Conclusion: In summary, we can conclude that despite the success of the primary treatment of ovarian cancer, the majority of patients with a widespread tumor process develop a relapse of the disease over the next two years, which is the cause of death of these patients. The development of effective treatment regimens for recurrent ovarian/fallopian tube/primary peritoneal cancer remains particularly acute and important in gynecological oncology and requires further study.

Some Issues of the Study of Language Gaps in the Field of Kyrgyz Linguistics

The article deals with some issues related to one of the important problems in the field of translation theory, namely the theory of gaps. In particular, some concepts proposed by linguists in the field of Kyrgyz linguistics regarding theoretical models and methods for adequate translation of non-equivalent vocabulary are considered. At the same time, the problems associated with the principles of classification of lacunae, which remain little studied problems to date, are analyzed. In accordance with the theoretical problems under consideration, language illustrations were given, in which there are gaps, which were translated from Kyrgyz into Russian, by using different methods. In particular, on the example of specific linguistic facts, such methods of translating lacunae as elimination, compensation, transcription, transliteration, tracing, descriptive translation, creation of analogue correspondences, concretization and generalization are considered.

ON THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF BATTLE TOWERS 
 OF INGUSHETIA

The relevance of the problem under consideration, in addition to its epistemological interest, is also due to its practical significance. A large number of medieval archaeological and historical monuments of mountainous Ingushetia are disappearing, being destroyed before our eyes, and are in a dilapidated state. The state, having declared these objects of cultural heritage of the Ingush as its property, cares little about their preservation, practically does not allocate funds for their conservation and, moreover, restoration. Local teip communities are invited to finance these works themselves. However, even isolated cases of restoration work at the expense of sponsors cause a lot of disputes and questions. In particular, one of such pressing issues is the question of the restoration of combat towers according to one or another of their type, since they differ in their structural details, especially in their roofing part, which is most susceptible to destruction. Such controversial situations arose, for example, during the recent restoration of combat towers in the villages of Harp and Bisht of the Jeyrakh district of the Republic of Ingushetia. This problematic situation seems to be based on the imperfection of the existing classifications of Ingush combat towers.The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the basic principles (bases) of the classification of combat towers and an assessment of their suitability for the reconstruction of the appearance of the latter. To achieve this goal, it is supposed to analyze and compare the classifications available in the literature (including types and types of combat towers and their distinctive features), identify their weaknesses and strengths, as well as assess the suitability of existing classifications as a possible scientific and theoretical basis for the restoration of Ingush combat towers.As a methodological basis for the research, this article uses a comparative analysis of the main classifications of Ingush combat towers, identification of possible classification principles and their assessment with the so-called suitability for the purposes of reconstruction of the appearance of the roofs of combat towers, as well as content analysis of the literary register of medieval tower structures of Ingushetia.

ON THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF BATTLE TOWERS 
 OF INGUSHETIA

The relevance of the problem under consideration, in addition to its epistemological interest, is also due to its practical significance. A large number of medieval archaeological and historical monuments of mountainous Ingushetia are disappearing, being destroyed before our eyes, and are in a dilapidated state. The state, having declared these objects of cultural heritage of the Ingush as its property, cares little about their preservation, practically does not allocate funds for their conservation and, moreover, restoration. Local teip communities are invited to finance these works themselves. However, even isolated cases of restoration work at the expense of sponsors cause a lot of disputes and questions. In particular, one of such pressing issues is the question of the restoration of combat towers according to one or another of their type, since they differ in their structural details, especially in their roofing part, which is most susceptible to destruction. Such controversial situations arose, for example, during the recent restoration of combat towers in the villages of Harp and Bisht of the Jeyrakh district of the Republic of Ingushetia. This problematic situation seems to be based on the imperfection of the existing classifications of Ingush combat towers.The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the basic principles (bases) of the classification of combat towers and an assessment of their suitability for the reconstruction of the appearance of the latter. To achieve this goal, it is supposed to analyze and compare the classifications available in the literature (including types and types of combat towers and their distinctive features), identify their weaknesses and strengths, as well as assess the suitability of existing classifications as a possible scientific and theoretical basis for the restoration of Ingush combat towers.As a methodological basis for the research, this article uses a comparative analysis of the main classifications of Ingush combat towers, identification of possible classification principles and their assessment with the so-called suitability for the purposes of reconstruction of the appearance of the roofs of combat towers, as well as content analysis of the literary register of medieval tower structures of Ingushetia.

Customer Classification and Decision Making in the Digital Economy based on Scoring Models

The article presents the way of applying cluster models to customer classification and managerial decision on retaining the available clients and acquiring new ones. The objective of the research is to find out the relevant techniques for building scoring models in different fields. The main research was testing the hypothesis: if the number of point models is approximated in different spheres of activity, then the proposed methods will be universal. To check this hypothesis the vector method of k-nearest neighbors support was applied for decision making in the digital economy based on scoring models. In order to realize the principle of customer classification and revealing the client categories with risk of quitting, the client’s classification model was created. Moreover, a risk issue was shown in the example of fraud dynamic. Different fraud categories were studied to define their features. On the basis of the model building results, the authors proposed some recommendations on decision making in risk situations. The model shows how to retain existing clients and how to share client base through the client groups and how to deal with risks of losing clients.

Relative Fuzzy Rough Approximations for Feature Selection and Classification.

Fuzzy rough set (FRS) theory is generally used to measure the uncertainty of data. However, this theory cannot work well when the class density of a data distribution differs greatly. In this work, a relative distance measure is first proposed to fit the mentioned data distribution. Based on the measure, a relative FRS model is introduced to remedy the mentioned imperfection of classical FRSs. Then, the positive region, negative region, and boundary region are defined to measure the uncertainty of data with the relative FRSs. Besides, a relative fuzzy dependency is defined to evaluate the importance of features to decision. With the proposed feature evaluation, we propose a feature selection algorithm and design a classifier based on the maximal positive region. The classification principle is that an unlabeled sample will be classified into the class corresponding to the maximal degree of the positive region. Experimental results show the relative fuzzy dependency is an effective and efficient measure for evaluating features, and the proposed feature selection algorithm presents better performance than some classical algorithms. Besides, it also shows the proposed classifier can achieve slightly better performance than the KNN classifier, which demonstrates that the maximal positive region-based classifier is effective and feasible.

Methodological principles of a two-level classification of categories of social upbringing

Introduction. Pedagogy of social education is a new branch of pedagogy, therefore its categorical and terminological apparatus is characterized by unformedness and undevelopedness. The presence of a categorical and terminological apparatus ensures the fundamentality and solidity of science, which requires its development. A correct and scientifically substantiated categorical and terminological apparatus of social education will contribute to the further concretized and objectified search for scientific knowledge about social education.Purpose setting. The theoretical analysis of publications indicates that systematic studies on the terminological content of pedagogy are isolated, and are more related to the historical aspects of the development of pedagogy in the analysis of individual categories/concepts, and not with its current state. It is revealed that the research of pedagogical categories and concepts is actively conducted in new branches of pedagogical science. Systematic studies of the categorical and terminological apparatus of social education are not carried out either in Russia or abroad. The purpose of the article is to search and analyze the classification of categories of social education.Methodology and methods of the study. The study used theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization, comparison, and classification method.Results. A two-level classification of the scientific categories of social education has been developed, which includes categories of the first and second order.Conclusion. Categories of the first order created by means of mechanisms for the formation of categories of classification and include a key category, synthesized, integrated and additional categories. Categories of the second order are formed according to the criterion of the basic assignment of categories. Classification of categories of the second order includes the base category, system and process categories.

GSN-HVNET: A Lightweight, Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for Nuclei Segmentation and Classification.

Nuclei segmentation and classification are two basic and essential tasks in computer-aided diagnosis of digital pathology images, and those deep-learning-based methods have achieved significant success. Unfortunately, most of the existing studies accomplish the two tasks by splicing two related neural networks directly, resulting in repetitive computation efforts and a redundant-and-large neural network. Thus, this paper proposes a lightweight deep learning framework (GSN-HVNET) with an encoder-decoder structure for simultaneous segmentation and classification of nuclei. The decoder consists of three branches outputting the semantic segmentation of nuclei, the horizontal and vertical (HV) distances of nuclei pixels to their mass centers, and the class of each nucleus, respectively. The instance segmentation results are obtained by combing the outputs of the first and second branches. To reduce the computational cost and improve the network stability under small batch sizes, we propose two newly designed blocks, Residual-Ghost-SN (RGS) and Dense-Ghost-SN (DGS). Furthermore, considering the practical usage in pathological diagnosis, we redefine the classification principle of the CoNSeP dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art models in terms of segmentation and classification accuracy by a significant margin while maintaining high computational efficiency.

Similarity-navigated graph neural networks for node classification

Graph Neural Networks are effective in learning representations of graph-structured data. Some recent works are devoted to addressing heterophily, which exists ubiquitously in real-world networks, breaking the homophily assumption that nodes belonging to the same class are more likely to be connected and restricting the generalization of traditional methods in tasks such as node classification. However, these heterophily-oriented methods still lose efficacy in some typical heterophilic datasets. Moreover, issues on leveraging the knowledge from both node features and graph structure and investigating inherent properties of the datasets still need further consideration. In this work, we first provide insights based on similarity metrics to interpret the long-existing confusion that simple models sometimes perform better than models dedicated to heterophilic networks. Then, sticking to these insights and the classification principle of narrowing the intra-class distance and enlarging the inter-class distance of the sample's embeddings, we propose a Similarity-Navigated Graph Neural Network (SNGNN) which uses Node Similarity matrix coupled with mean aggregation operation instead of the normalized adjacency matrix in the neighborhood aggregation process. Moreover, based on SNGNN, a novel explicitly aggregating mechanism for selecting similar neighbors, named SNGNN+, is devised to preserve distinguishable features and handle the heterophilic problem. Additionally, a variant, SNGNN++, is further designed to adaptively integrate the knowledge from both node features and graph structure for improvement. Extensive experiments are conducted and demonstrate that our proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for both small-scale and large-scale graphs regardless of their heterophilic extent. Our implementation is available online.