Classification Of Such Tumors Research Articles

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Nerve Sheath Tumors and Proposal for an Updated Classification.

Nerve sheath tumors are a group of tumors originating from Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and perineurial cells. In veterinary pathology, the terminology for nerve sheath tumors remains inconsistent, and many pathologists follow the human classification of such tumors in practice. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in the diagnosis of nerve sheath tumors, but specific immunohistochemical and molecular biomarkers are lacking. In our study, we histopathologically reevaluated 79 canine nerve sheath tumors and assessed their reactivity for the immunohistochemical markers Sox10, claudin-1, GFAP, CNPase, and Ki-67. Based on the results, we classified the tumors according to the most recent human classification. Twelve cases were diagnosed as benign nerve sheath tumors, including six neurofibromas, three nerve sheath myxomas, two hybrid nerve sheath tumors (perineurioma/neurofibroma and perineurioma/schwannoma), and one schwannoma. Sixty-seven tumors were malignant nerve sheath tumors, including fifty-six conventional, four perineural, one epithelioid malignant nerve sheath tumor, and six malignant nerve sheath tumors with divergent differentiation. We believe that with the application of the proposed panel, an updated classification of canine nerve sheath tumors could largely follow the recent human WHO classification of tumors of the cranial and paraspinal nerves, but prospective studies would be needed to assess its prognostic value.

Clinical management of gastroesophageal junction tumors: past and recent evidences for the role of radiotherapy in the multidisciplinary approach.

Gastroesophageal cancers (such as esophageal, gastric and gastroesophageal-junction -GEJ- lesions) are worldwide a leading cause of death being relatively rare but highly aggressive. In the past years, a clear shift in the location of upper gastrointestinal tract tumors has been recorded, both affecting the scientific research and the modern clinical practice. The integration of pre- or peri-operative multimodal approaches, as radiotherapy and chemotherapy (often combined), seems promising to further improve clinical outcome for such presentations. In the past, the definition of GEJ led to controversies and confusion: GEJ tumors have been managed either grouped to gastric or esophageal lesions, following slightly different surgical, radiotherapeutic and systemic approaches. Recently, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) changed the staging and classification system of GEJ to harmonize some staging issues for esophageal and gastric cancer. This review discusses the most relevant historical and recent evidences of neoadjuvant treatment involving Radiotherapy for GEJ tumors, and describes the efficacy of such treatment in the frame of multimodal integrated therapies, from the new point of view of the recent classification of such tumors.

Case report: periosteal osteosarcoma of the clavicle

Periosteal osteosarcomas are rare and usually affect the meta-diaphyseal region of long bones. We present a case of a periosteal osteosarcoma of the clavicle, a highly unusual site and representing one of only two such cases documented in the English literature. This case illustrates the diagnostic dilemmas in the classification of such tumors, particularly in small biopsy specimens from unusual locations. It emphasizes the importance of radiological and pathological correlation.

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is a relatively rare tumour of the kidney usually affecting infants. Cystic Wilms' tumour and multilocular cystic nephroma should be distinguished from cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma. Multilocular cystic nephroma is a benign tumour whereas cystic Wilms' tumour is at the malignant end of the range of classification of such tumours. Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma may undergo local recurrence but there is no report of metastasis.

Oncological significance of WHO histological thymoma classification

The clinical significance of thymoma histology remains controversial because of the numerous histological classifications of thymic epithelial tumors. Universal classification of such tumors was achieved by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999. We studied the prognostic significance of this classification. We studied clinical features and postoperative survival in cases of thymoma, but not thymic carcinoma, based on WHO histological classification in 286 patients undergoing surgery between 1958 and 2001. Tumors were 19 type A, 79 type AB, 59 type B1, 102 type B2, and 27 type B3. The proportion of invasive tumors increased by type--from A to AB, B1, B2, and B3. The great vessels were involved more frequently in type B2 and B3 tumors than in type A, AB, and B1 tumors. The 20-year survival was 100% in type A, 87% in type AB, 91% in type B1, 65% in type B2, and 38% in type B3 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed Masaoka staging and WHO histological classification to be significant independent prognostic factors, while age, gender, myasthenia gravis association, resection completeness and great vessel involvement were not. In stage III patients, 13 of 45 patients with type B2 and B3 tumor died of their tumors, while no tumor deaths occurred in 11 patients with type A, AB, and B1 tumors. WHO histological classification realistically reflects the oncological behavior of thymoma.

Classification of human upper respiratory tract tumors.

An outline of human upper respiratory tumors is presented, based on the World Health Organization's classification of such tumors. The discussion and illustrations are devoted mainly to the nasal passages, and emphasis is placed on lesions that are potentially confusing because of problems of terminology or unusual histologic features.

Significance of immunohistologic methods in the differential diagnosis of solid tumors in childhood

We have investigated 56 histologic and 13 cytologic specimens of malignant round cell tumors of childhood. The immunohistological detection of intermediate filament polypeptides, neuron specific enolase (NSE) as well as leukocyte common antigen (LCA) allows the histological classification of such tumors. Neuroblastomas demonstrate a positive reaction with antibodies to neurofilaments and NSE independent of differentiation. Rhabdomyosarcomas could be labeled by the desmin antibody, while Ewing sarcomas, malignant lymphomas as well as nonmuscular sarcomas only express vimentin. In nephroblastomas the intermediate filament specific antibodies reveal expression of keratin and vimentin in blastema cells, while tubules are only labeled by the keratin antibody. In undifferentiated nephroblastomas, which lack formation of tubules blastema cells are keratin negative and vimentin positive. Thus antibodies to intermediate filaments, LCA and NSE seem to be useful tools to distinguish the so called "round cell tumors" of childhood.

Basement membrane structures in tumors of the ovary

The location and amount of the basement membrane (BM) components collagen IV and laminin were studied in ovarian epithelial, sex cord-stromal and germ cell tumors. BM structures were found in the epithelial stromal interface of benign surface epithelial tumors and, though discontinuous, around well-differentiated tumor islets, being less well developed in invasive undifferentiated neoplasms. The stromal components in Müllerian mixed tumors had less distinct BM structures, a finding useful for the classification of these neoplasms. Thecomas and fibromas had scanty collagen IV and laminin; granulosa cell tumors contained large amounts of BM material. A fine diffuse BM-positive pattern occurred in dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors; BM structures in cystic teratomas were distinct. Collagen IV and laminin were well-developed in benign and slow-growing tumors with epithelial components and in their metastases, but less distinct in stromal tumors and highly malignant undifferentiated tumors, showing the usefulness of this method for the clinical and biological classification of such tumors.

Functional classification of pituitary adenomas.

Results of clinical, endocrinological, and ultrastructural studies of 60 cases of pituitary tumours are presented. A functional classification of such tumours that would: allow a clear correlation between clinical symptoms and the adenoma type, is discussed together with data available from the literature. A case of pituitary adenoma secreting more than two hormones is presented.

Benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland:A case report

A fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland is reported, the literature is reviewed with a discussion of the classification of such tumours. The present case is possibly the first report of a typical benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland.

Prolactin and growth hormone in patients with pituitary adenomas: a correlative study of hormone in tumor and plasma by immunoperoxidase technique and radioimmunoassay.

ABSTRACT Excess secretion of growth hormone (hGH) and prolactin by some pituitary tumors has been associated with adenomas classified by tinctorial stains as acidophilic, mixed acidophilic-chromophobe, and chromophobe. In order to establish a functional classification of such tumors, immunoperoxidase stains specific for hGH and prolactin were applied to 21 surgically removed tumors from patients whose plasma levels of the two hormones had been determined preoperatively by radioimmunoassay. Five normal pituitary glands obtained at autopsy were also studied by immunoperoxidase technique. Eight patients had acromegaly and elevated plasma hGH; in 7 of these, hGH was located in the tumor cells by immunoperoxidase. Twelve patients had hyperprolactinemia; the immunoenzyme method identified prolactin in 10 of their tumors. Four patients with tumor prolactin were also acromegalic with demonstrable tumor hGH. Tumor hGH was found in 1 patient with normal plasma hGH, and tumor prolactin in 1 patient with normal plasm...

Malignant glioma of the brain-stem. A clinicopathological analysis of 13 cases.

Thirteen cases of malignant glial tumours of the brain-stem that came to necropsy have been analysed in detail. These patients followed a rather uniform course defined by the early onset of signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, poor response to radiotherapy, and short total duration of illness. Pathological features were also similar in all cases, with each tumour showing areas ranging from benign to frankly malignant. This regional variability points to the limited usefulness of small biopsies and also indicates the need for complete necropsy studies. The term `spongioblastoma polare' should probably be avoided, and it is suggested that the histological classification of glial brain-stem tumours be similar to the classification of such tumours elsewhere in the neuraxis.

OSTEOMA OF THE MASTOID: REPORT OF A CASE WITH AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND

In November 1936 I had occasion to diagnose a tumor of the mastoid process which was proved histologically to be a compact osteoma. On account of the uncommon occurrence of osteomas in this region it was decided to investigate this case and the subject in general as thoroughly as possible. A survey of the literature on the subject has been made and is published in order to review certain facts which have enabled me to submit a classification of such tumors and to suggest a cause for some of them. It is necessary to state that the term osteoma as used in this paper refers to a benign, circumscribed, usually slow growing tumor of bony tissue and that only such a tumor affecting the mastoid process of the temporal bone is to be particularly considered. Osteomas assume various formations, and as a result certain terms such as hyperostosis, exostosis, endostosis

MULTIPLE TUMORS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Multiple tumors of the nervous system in which each separate tumor has somewhat different histologic and functional characteristics occur with sufficient frequency to warrant a more thorough study of them. An etiologic classification of such tumors would remove the obvious defects in our present method of attempting to classify them according to their similarity to adult tissues (Masson1). The following case is a striking example. REPORT OF CASE Clinical History. —A. M., a white man, aged 30, a janitor and trucker, was admitted to the Jefferson Hospital on Feb. 15, 1930, to the service of Dr. Edward Strecker. The father died of insanity at 65, and one brother committed suicide. The patient had had a congenital strabismus from birth. The present illness came on gradually. First there was ataxia and difficulty in raising the feet to walk up steps, with gradually increasing intermittent edema and pain across the abdomen.