Classification Of Sources Research Articles

Classification of Industrial Heat Source Objects Based on Active Fire Point Density Segmentation and Spatial Topological Correlation Analysis in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

The development of industrial infrastructure in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) region has been accompanied by a disorderly expansion of industrial zones and other inappropriate development. Accurate industrial heat source classification data become important to evaluate the policies of industrial restructuring and air quality improvement. In this study, a new classification of industrial heat source objects model based on active fire point density segmentation and spatial topological correlation analysis in the BTH Region was proposed. First, industrial heat source objects were detected with an active fire point density segmentation method using NPP-VIIRS active fire/hotspot data. Then, industrial heat source objects were classified into five categories based on a spatial topological correlation analysis method using POI data. Then, identification and classification results were manually validated based on Google Earth imagery. Finally, we evaluated the factors influencing the number of industrial heat sources based on an OLS regression model. A total of 493 industrial heat source objects were identified in this study with an identification accuracy of 96.14%(474/493). Compared with results for nighttime fires, the number of industrial heat source objects that were identified was higher, and the spatial coverage was greater; the minimum size of the detected objects was also smaller. Based on the function of the identified industrial heat source objects, the objects in the BTH region were then divided into five categories: cement plants (21.73%), steel plants (53.80%), coal and chemical industry (12.66%), oil and gas developments (7.81%), and other (4.01%). An analysis of their operations showed that the number of industrial heat source objects in operation in the BTH region tended to first rise and then decline during the 2012–2021 period, with the peak being reached in 2013. The results of this study will aid the rationalization of industrial infrastructure in the BTH region and, by extension, in China as a whole.

Analysis on the current state of the spread of the Chinese language

  Language is the main means of intercultural communication. In the era of globalization, the interweaving of different civilizations takes place through language. In this regard, the concepts of world language and international language also appeared. China, like Western countries among the developed countries, is actively spreading its national language around the world in order to turn it into a world language. The main purpose of this article is to determine the implementation of the Chinese language dissemination policy in the Middle Kingdom, the ways of spreading the language and the result. Methods of differentiation, classification and systematization of sources in Chinese and materials in Kazakh and English were used as research methods. The results of the research show that the language dissemination policy is an integral part of the foreign language policy. It can be carried out secretly and openly. The main way to spread the language is through the educational sphere, that is, through educational organizations and institutions. The successful implementation of the language dissemination policy directly depends on the financial fund allocated by the state. The country, with its growing economic potential, seeks to increase its influence on the world stage by spreading its national language around the world. After all, it becomes a part of foreign policy that not only establishes communication through language, but also forms its national image (image), leaving an imprint on its culture by assimilating it to others. Keywords: Chinese, language distribution, Confucius Institute, One Belt, One Road

The JCMT Transient Survey: Single-epoch Transients and Variability of Faint Sources

Short-duration flares at millimeter wavelengths provide unique insights into the strongest magnetic reconnection events in stellar coronae and combine with longer-term variability to introduce complications to next-generation cosmology surveys. We analyze 5.5 yr of JCMT Transient Survey 850 μm submillimeter monitoring observations toward eight Gould Belt star-forming regions to search for evidence of transient events or long-duration variability from faint sources. The eight regions (30′ diameter fields), including ∼1200 infrared-selected YSOs, have been observed on average 47 times with integrations of approximately half an hour, or one day total, spread over 5.5 yr. Within this large data set, only two robust faint source detections are recovered: JW 566 in OMC 2/3 and MGM12 2864 in NGC 2023. JW 566, a Class II T Tauri binary system previously identified as an extraordinary submillimeter flare, remains unique, the only clear single-epoch transient detection in this sample with a flare eight times bright than our ∼4.5σ detection threshold of 55 mJy beam−1. The lack of additional recovered flares intermediate between JW 566 and our detection limit is puzzling if smaller events are more common than larger events. In contrast, the other submillimeter variable identified in our analysis, Source 2864, is highly variable on all observed timescales. Although Source 2864 is occasionally classified as a YSO, the source is most likely a blazar. The degree of variability across the electromagnetic spectrum may be used to aid source classification.

Spectral Energy Distributions in Three Deep-drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: Source Classification and Galaxy Properties

W-CDF-S, ELAIS-S1, and XMM-LSS will be three Deep-Drilling Fields (DDFs) of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), but their extensive multiwavelength data have not been fully utilized as done in the COSMOS field, another LSST DDF. To prepare for future science, we fit source spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from X-ray to far-infrared in these three fields mainly to derive galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates. We use CIGALE v2022.0, a code that has been regularly developed and evaluated, for the SED fitting. Our catalog includes 0.8 million sources covering 4.9 deg2 in W-CDF-S, 0.8 million sources covering 3.4 deg2 in ELAIS-S1, and 1.2 million sources covering 4.9 deg2 in XMM-LSS. Besides fitting normal galaxies, we also select candidates that may host active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or are experiencing recent star formation variations and use models specifically designed for these sources to fit their SEDs; this increases the utility of our catalog for various projects in the future. We calibrate our measurements by comparison with those in well-studied smaller regions and briefly discuss the implications of our results. We also perform detailed tests of the completeness and purity of SED-selected AGNs. Our data can be retrieved from a public website.

National and provincial dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration in China

China presently lacks an up-to-date regional inventory of dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), although MSWI has grown rapidly in recent decades. Based on dioxin concentrations from the official website for governments and enterprises, we created an inventory of dioxin emissions from 29 areas in mainland China. MSWI released a total of 22.56 g I-TEQ of dioxins in 2020. According to Monte Carlo simulation, the dioxin emissions with 95 %, 75 %, and 50 % certainty are 17.03–31.62, 19.24–27.71, and 20.43–25.96 g I-TEQ, respectively. Notably, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces accounted for 38.8 %. The primary regions with considerable dioxin emission per capita and density are Zhejiang and Shanghai. Furthermore, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces are the top two regions in terms of dioxin emissions per unit of billion gross domestic product. These indicators were affected significantly by the quantity of MSW generated and incinerated (MSWGI), capacity and operating years of incinerators, and degrees of air pollution control devices (APCDs). Dioxin emission factors (EFs) were about 100 times lower in 2020 than in 2004. Note, however, that there is a gap in dioxin EFs between China and European nations. We have proposed that MSW source classification, stable operation conditions of incinerators and APCDs, categories of incinerators selection, and technological upgrading should be China's major measures to curb dioxin emissions. Moreover, with the future increment in the quantity of MSWGI, it is essential to completely reinvent the dioxin monitoring program.

A photometry pipeline for SDSS images based on convolutional neural networks

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based photometric pipeline for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images. The pipeline includes three main parts: the target source detection, the target source classification, and the photometric parameter measurement. The last part is completed using traditional methods. The paper mainly focuses on the first two parts and does not present the last. In the 1st part, a network named TSD-YOLOv4 is proposed to detect new sources missed by the SDSS photometric pipeline according to the PhotoObjAll catalogue of SDSS. In the second part, a target source classification network named TSCNet is constructed to classify sources into galaxies, quasars, and stars directly from photometric images. Experiments show that TSD-YOLOv4 outperforms other networks (Faster-RCNN, YOLOv4, YOLOX, etc.) in all metrics, with an accuracy of 0.988, a recall of 0.997, and an F1-score of 0.992, and TSCNet has good performance with a classification accuracy of 0.944 on the test set with 23 265 sources, and precision rates of 0.98, 0.908, and 0.918 for galaxies, quasars, and stars, respectively. On the other hand, the recall rates are 0.982, 0.903, and 0.921 for galaxies, quasars, and stars, respectively. The TSCNet has higher accuracy, fewer parameters, and faster inference speed than the leading astronomical photometric source classification network, the APSCNet model. In addition, the effect of magnitude distribution on the classification results is discussed in the experiments. The experiments prove that the proposed pipeline can be used as a powerful tool to supplement the SDSS photometric catalogue.

Biorefinery upgrading of herbaceous biomass to renewable hydrocarbon fuels, Part 2: Air pollutant emissions and permitting implications

The development of advanced biofuel production facilities is still at a nascent stage, and the biorefineries could face challenges in obtaining air permits required for their construction and operation because they are novel emission sources. To fill gaps in knowledge regarding potential emissions, we perform a detailed federal regulatory analysis and estimate air pollutant emissions for an advanced biorefinery that produces renewable diesel blendstock (RDB) from lignocellulosic biomass via aerobic respiration documented in Part 1 of the paper. We evaluate 12 design permutations that include two feedstocks, a uniform format blend (UFB) and corn stover; three biorefinery scales, 2,000, 5,200, and 9,100 dry metric tons per day (dmtd) of lignocellulosic biomass feed; and two lignin uses, as either a boiler fuel or for pellet production. We also evaluate 6 additional design permutations by incorporating non-emitting renewable power, which could reduce up to 63% carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) each, 21% volatile organic compounds (VOC), and 43% hazardous air pollutants (HAP) as opposed to on-site power production, for biorefineries that produce pellets, using either UFB or corn stover. Our results indicate that all 18 design permutations would be classified as a major source under the Clean Air Act's New Source Review program without additional emission controls. Compared to using lignin as a boiler fuel, diverting lignin for pellet production reduces the emissions of CO up to 88%, NO x up to 73%, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) up to 99%, VOCs up to 72%, and HAPs up to 66%. Additionally, we explore control options that could further reduce emissions and assess whether reductions are enough to achieve minor source classification. Insights from our analysis can help biorefinery developers and regulators develop permitting strategies to mitigate investment risks. • Air emissions from 12 biorefinery process design variations are quantified. • Biorefineries would be classified as major sources without additional controls. • Control options are available for compliance with applicable federal regulations. • Diverting lignin for pellet production could reduce air emissions by at least 66%. • Integrating non-emitting renewable power could help achieve minor source.

Rapid source classification and distance estimation for compact binary mergers with PyCBC live

ABSTRACT During the third observing run (O3) of the advanced LIGO and advanced virgo detectors, dozens of candidate gravitational-wave (GW) events have been catalogued. A challenge of this observing run has been the rapid identification and public dissemination of compact binary coalescence (CBC) signals, a task carried out by low-latency searches such as PyCBC Live. During the later part of O3, we developed a method of classifying CBC sources via their probabilities of containing neutron star or black hole components within PyCBC Live in order to facilitate immediate follow-up observations by electromagnetic and neutrino observatories. This fast classification uses the chirp mass recovered by the search as input given the difficulty of measuring the mass ratio with high accuracy for lower mass binaries. We also use a distance estimate derived from the search output to correct for the bias in chirp mass due to the cosmological redshift. We present results for simulated signals, and for confirmed candidate events identified in low latency over O3.

Real-Time Classification of Anthropogenic Seismic Sources from Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data: Application for Pipeline Monitoring

Abstract Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an innovative method to record acoustic waves using an optical fiber as a network of sensors. Current DAS devices can monitor up to 50 km of optical fiber and the use of optical repeaters can raise even more this length, while allowing a spatial discretization of the order of a meter. Handling such amount of data is a challenge in terms of data management and data analysis (such as event source identification), more specifically for monitoring applications such as infrastructures or natural hazards. In this work, we propose a processing chain for real-time classification of anthropogenic sources using a combination of Random Forest (RF) and Random Markov Field (RMF). To develop the method, we choose to focus on the application of pipeline monitoring. The algorithm is therefore trained to recognize six classes of seismic sources: pedestrian, impact, backhoe, compactor, leak, and noise. All the sources were triggered and recorded on our own test bench under controlled conditions. The average sensitivity of our processing chain reaches 83% with the use of only RF and achieves 87% in combination with RMF. Classification maps show that the RMF approach can increase the average sensitivity by removing isolated signals. In addition to this improvement in sensitivity, this new approach also permits to identify synchronous events taking place at nearby positions, which is difficult with classical methods.

Identification of Voltage Sag Sources in the Electrified Railway Power Supply System Based on CNNs

In order to solve the problems of long classification time and low accuracy of traditional voltage sag source identification methods, on the basis of CNNs, the author conducts an in-depth study on the identification of voltage sag sources in the electrified railway power supply systems. Firstly, study and research from three methods of line fault analysis, simulation verification method, and power quality analysis method are conducted. In order to improve the classification and identification of compound-voltage sag sources when the distribution network contains harmonics, the author proposes a new method for the classification and identification of compound-voltage sag sources based on the eigenvalue synthesis method. Among them, according to the different voltage sag waveform characteristics caused by different composite voltage sag sources, the three-phase voltage unbalance is defined, and the result is obtained by combining the compound-voltage sag source including single-phase grounding with the voltage sag source compounded by induction motor startup and transformer input. After experiments and research, the proposed method is verified by simulation experiments, the results show that the method can classify and identify the types and fault sequences of the compound-voltage sag sources well, and the identification accuracy rate is higher than 96%.

SOME FEATURES OF MAINTAINING ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE IN MODERN RUSSIAN LEGAL REALITY

The institution of attorney-client privilege, designed to advance the constitutional provision relating to the preservation of privacy, is undergoing major changes in connection with the development of information technologies. Lawyers and members of lawyers' associations are actively using computerized systems, databases to facilitate the provision of qualified legal assistance. It is information containing data relating to attorney-client privilege that is of interest to persons capable of gaining access to other people's computers. Purpose: to analyze the institution of attorney-client privilege, as well as the status of persons who have access to it. In addition, it is necessary to classify the sources of attorney-client privilege, as well as to study the mechanism of their action. Methods: in the course of writing the work, the dialectical method, analysis, synthesis, comparative legal, description method and legal modeling method are used. Results: the authors investigate the problem of the institution of attorney-client privilege, the mechanisms of its preservation and provision. Some contradictions are revealed between the legislative definition of the institution of attorney-client privilege and the definition popular in the lawyers' community. In addition, the role of members of lawyers' associations with access to attorney-client privilege is studied. A classification of sources of attorney-client privilege is made, and methods of modernization of the said institute are proposed, which is expressed in approval or criticism of the positions of some authors regarding the problem of preservation of information containing attorney-client privilege.

WISE-PS1-STRM: neural network source classification and photometric redshifts for WISE×PS1

ABSTRACT We cross-match between the WISE All-Sky and PS1 3π DR2 source catalogues. The resulting catalogue has 354 590 570 objects, significantly fewer than the parent PS1 catalogue, but its combination of optical and infrared colours facilitate both better source classification and photometric redshift estimation. We perform a neural network-based classification of the objects into galaxies, quasars, and stars, then run neural network-based photometric redshift estimation for the galaxies. The star sample purity and quasar sample completeness measures improve substantially, and the resulting photo-z’s are significantly more accurate in terms of statistical scatter and bias than those calculated from PS1 properties alone. The catalogue will be a basis for future large-scale structure studies, and will be made available as a high-level science product via the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes.

Monitoring of radioactive pollution of the site and elimination of the consequences of natural and technogenic disasters

The article proposes an urgent task to increase the level of environmental safety of radioactively contaminated areas. The main tasks are to develop new methods of environmental monitoring; study of migration processes of radioactive elements in the soil cover in order to develop predictive models for timely identification of areas at risk of contamination; establishing the relationships between the state of soil contamination by radionuclides and their genesis and identifying patterns of pollutant distribution in the study environment. The urgency of the topic is due to the requirements of advanced automated systems for monitoring the radiation situation and ACS to reduce the processing time of data on radioactive contamination of the area and increase the reliability of the results of radiation detection. The aim of the work is to separate the tasks that are allocated in the development of a unified system of methods and algorithms for processing information about radioactive contamination in automated radiation monitoring systems, dangerous in terms of radiation. The paper formulates the problem of eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made disasters in Ukraine. The analysis of problems of management of technogenic safety where the emergency situation is fixed is carried out. A formal description of the studied system and its environment is obtained, based on the principles of the systems approach. The classification of sources of emergencies based on the causes, different types of objects of damage depending on the nature of behavior in extreme conditions, different types of protection resources that implement the necessary protective measures. The direct and inverse problems of finding the optimal plan are considered. The selection of objects for a direct task is carried out in order according to their priority. When solving the inverse problem, the selection of objects is carried out until the specified level of system effect, which accumulates in the selection process. Information on sources of radioactive contamination and meteorological information are used in forecasting.

“Cultural Premıses” in Kultobe City

The article examines the premises uncovered as a result of archaeological excavations at the Kultobe settlement located in the city of Turkestan in 2019. In the center of these rooms there are foci with a hole (in some foci, vessels are inserted into the holes). Such foci in previous studies have been characterized as “foci-altars”. Generally speaking, premises similar to those of Kultobe were excavated at the sites of the Otrar oasis by K.M. Baipakov, which he designated as "cult premises". There are similar premises in the excavations of E.A. Smagulov at the settlement of Karatobe. The main goal of the article is to classify the hearth-altars in the places of worship of the Kultobe settlement and to make a comparative analysis. Similar premises in the archaeology of Central Asia are associated with the Zoroastrianism of Iran. One of the objectives of this article is to give a new interpretation of "cult premises" taking into account the already existing different opinions and to put new data into scientific circulation. In the process of preparing the article, the following scientific methods were used: comparative analysis, systematization and classification of sources. First, archaeological research was carried out at the site of Kultobe. The excavated premises have been carefully documented. For the comparative analysis, archival materials specialized literatures were used. In the process of working with the sources, it was concluded that the previous opinions about the belonging of the premises with "hearth-altars" to the Zoroastrian cult are subject to revision. The authors’ interpretation is based on the leading role of hearth and fire in Kazakh society.

Implementasi Metode Quantitative dan Qualitative Pada Risk Analysis & IT Risk Management

The purpose of this study is to produce blue prints based on the level that positively and negatively affects hardware and software in one of the Agencies in City which will later become a benchmark to avoid or overcome problems that will be faced in the IT governance and IT infrastructure. IT governance is a process relationship structure that guides and controls an organization to achieve its vision and mission by creating value that balances risk with IT and its processes. An IT facility is an entity that performs the administrative and management functions of all IT applications in the Department XYZ environment for protection against unwanted threats that require risk management assessment. Minimize the danger or risk that may arise. The two analytical methods used in this study are quantitative and qualitative risk analysis. In the future, the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) approach will focus more on analyzing the condition of IT assets to find risk factors that need serious consideration and handling. For qualitative risk analysis methods, NIST SP 80030 is used to analyze various threat and risk attributes for to provide guidelines for the management of IT facilities in Department XYZ. Based on the QRA risk assessment, it was concluded that server-class IT resources are counted as the biggest potential loss to the Service. This is reflected in the risk aspect, where power losses have the most potential damage. Qualitative assessment of risk management according to NIST SP 80030 found that the sources of high-risk threats are high-risk power grids and the Internet. This level of risk can be identified during the threat source classification process. Submission of all risk analysis results can provide the results of risk recommendations communicated with departement IT management. To then be able to help the campus make decisions that include policies, procedures, budgets, operating systems and change management.

EROSITA study of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae

Aims. We present the results of the analysis of five observations of the globular clutser 47 Tucanae (47 Tuc) with the extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) on board the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (Spektr-RG, SRG). We study the X-ray population in the field of one of the most massive globular clusters in our Milky Way. We focused on the classification of point-like sources in the field of 47 Tuc. The unresolved dense core of 47 Tuc (1.7 radius) and also sources that show extended emission are excluded from this study. Methods. We applied different methods of X-ray spectral and timing analysis together with multi-wavelength studies to classify the X-rays sources in the field of 47 Tuc. Results. We detected 888 point-like sources in the energy range of 0.2–5.0 keV. We identified 126 background active galactic nuclei and 25 foreground stars. One of the foreground stars is classified as a variable M dwarf. We also classified 14 X-ray sources as members of 47 Tuc, including one symbiotic star, two quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries, and four cataclysmic variables. There are also five X-ray sources that can either be a cataclysmic variable or a contact binary, and also one X-ray source can be an active binary (type RS CVn). We identified one X-ray binary that belongs to the Small Magellanic Cloud. Moreover, we calculated the X-ray luminosity function of 47 Tuc. No significant population that seems to belong to the globular cluster is observed in the energy range of 0.5–2.0 keV using eROSITA observations.

Analysis on Optimal Error Exponents of Binary Classification for Source with Multiple Subclasses

We consider a binary classification problem for a test sequence to determine from which source the sequence is generated. The system classifies the test sequence based on empirically observed (training) sequences obtained from unknown sources and . We analyze the asymptotic fundamental limits of statistical classification for sources with multiple subclasses. We investigate the first- and second-order maximum error exponents under the constraint that the type-I error probability for all pairs of distributions decays exponentially fast and the type-II error probability is upper bounded by a small constant. In this paper, we first give a classifier which achieves the asymptotically maximum error exponent in the class of deterministic classifiers for sources with multiple subclasses, and then provide a characterization of the first-order error exponent. We next provide a characterization of the second-order error exponent in the case where only has multiple subclasses but does not. We generalize our results to classification in the case that and are a stationary and memoryless source and a mixed memoryless source with general mixture, respectively.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Multiple Participation in Source Classification of Domestic Waste

It’s difficult to guarantee the effect of the source classification of domestic waste only by government, so it’s necessary to rely on the participation of residents, social organizations and other forces. In this paper, by constructing the evolutionary game model of government, residents and social organizations, studies the evolutionary stability strategy, and uses matlab for simulation analysis. The results show that (1) When government loosely supervises and residents don’t participate in the classification, the frequency of participation of social organizations is not high, which is not conducive to the classification of waste sources. (2) When government strictly supervises and residents do not participate in the classification, social organizations are more active in participating, but the government’s management cost is too high. (3) When government loosely supervises and residents participate in classification, the participation rate of social organizations increases, and residents’ awareness of independent participation in waste classification is increased, also can achieve the desired objective waste classification. (4) When government strictly supervises and residents participate in classification, social organizations participate actively at the highest level, this form of positive attitudes by all three parties is also the best way to efficiently carry out waste classification at source.

Penilaian IT Governance dalam Manajemen Risiko IT Menggunakan Metode Quantitative dan Qualitative Risk Analysis

IT Governance is the structure of process relationships that guide and control an organization to achieve its vision and mission by adding value that will balance risks with IT and its processes. The analytical method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative risk analysis. The Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) approach focuses on analyzing the maintenance of IT resources to find risk factors that need serious consideration and treatment. For the qualitative risk analysis method, NIST SP 800-30 is used to analyze the various threat and risk attributes to provide guidelines for managing IT installations at XYZ Campus. Based on the QRA risk assessment, Internal HR who has access to the server is calculated as the highest potential campus loss. This can be seen in the risk aspect where losses caused by Internal HR who play the role of server admins have the greatest potential for losses. Qualitative assessment of risk management finds sources of threats with high risk are Internal HR and IT Infrastructure Systems. This level of risk can be detected during the hazard source classification process. The presentation of all risk analysis results can provide risk recommendations that will be communicated to campus IT management. To then be able to assist the campus in making a decision that includes policies, procedures, budgets, system operations, and change management.

Conventional and Emerging Novel Techniques for the Extraction of Pectin and Applications of Pectin

Agricultural crops and its by-product utilization is an emerging area in Food Industry. The waste generated from processing industries is generally disposed off, ultimately hampering the environment. However, this waste is a rich source of many valuable components, pectin being one of them. Pectin, a heteropolysaccharide has numerous nutritional and functional properties making its extraction a matter of utmost importance. Although it is present in cell wall of most of the plants but its amount, structure and chemical composition differs between plants and makes its recovery tedious. In order to commercialize, yield and quality of pectin are important parameters to be considered during extraction. Therefore, selection of a convenient technique is essential. However, conventional extraction method is being widely used; it has some limitations such as laborious handling and certain environmental concerns. Therefore, there is a need to exploit novel pectin extraction techniques. In addition to that, there are many other parameters (increase in cost and skilled labor) to be considered in order to have clear insight of the possibilities to scale up the process. The present review discusses the chemical structure and classification of pectin, its properties and source of recovery with primary focus on innovative pectin extraction techniques.