Classical Taste Research Articles

Oral thermal processing in the gustatory cortex of awake mice.

Oral temperature is a sensory cue relevant to food preference and nutrition. To understand how orally sourced thermal inputs are represented in the gustatory cortex (GC), we recorded neural responses from the GC of male and female mice presented with deionized water at different innocuous temperatures (14 °C, 25 °C, and 36 °C) and taste stimuli (room temperature). Our results demonstrate that GC neurons encode orally sourced thermal information in the absence of classical taste qualities at the single neuron and population levels, as confirmed through additional experiments comparing GC neuron responses to water and artificial saliva. Analysis of thermal-evoked responses showed broadly tuned neurons that responded to temperature in a mostly monotonic manner. Spatial location may play a minor role regarding thermosensory activity; aside from the most ventral GC, neurons reliably responded to and encoded thermal information across the dorso-ventral and antero-postero cortical axes. Additional analysis revealed that more than half of the GC neurons that encoded chemosensory taste stimuli also accurately discriminated thermal information, providing additional evidence of the GC's involvement in processing thermosensory information important for ingestive behaviors. In terms of convergence, we found that GC neurons encoding information about both taste and temperature were broadly tuned and carried more information than taste-selective-only neurons; both groups encoded similar information about the palatability of stimuli. Altogether, our data reveal new details of the cortical code for the mammalian oral thermosensory system in behaving mice and pave the way for future investigations on GC functions and operational principles with respect to thermogustation.

Persistence, Reward Dependence, and Sensitivity to Reward Are Associated With Unexpected Salience Response in Girls but Not in Adult Women: Implications for Psychiatric Vulnerabilities

BackgroundAdolescence is a critical period for the development of not only personality but also psychopathology. These processes may be specific to sex, and brain reward circuits may have a role. Here, we studied how reward processing and temperament associations differ across adolescent and adult females. MethodsA total of 29 adolescent girls and 41 adult women completed temperament assessments and performed a classical taste conditioning paradigm during brain imaging. Data were analyzed for the dopamine-related prediction error response. In addition, unexpected stimulus receipt or omission and expected receipt response were also analyzed. Heat maps identified cortical-subcortical brain response associations. ResultsAdolescents showed stronger prediction error and unexpected receipt and omission responses (partial η2 = 0.063 to 0.166; p = .001 to .043) in insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and striatum than adults. Expected stimulus receipt response was similar between groups. In adolescents versus adults, persistence was more strongly positively related to prediction error (OFC, insula, striatum; Fisher’s z = 1.704 to 3.008; p = .001 to .044) and unexpected stimulus receipt (OFC, insula; Fisher’s z = 1.843 to 2.051; p = .014 to .033) and negatively with omission (OFC, insula, striatum; Fisher’s z = −1.905 to −3.069; p = .001 to .028). Reward sensitivity and reward dependence correlated more positively with unexpected stimulus receipt and more negatively with stimulus omission response in adolescents. Adolescents showed significant correlations between the striatum and FC for unexpected stimulus receipt and omission that correlated with persistence but were absent in adults. ConclusionsAssociations between temperamental traits and brain reward response may provide neurotypical markers that contribute to developing adaptive or maladaptive behavior patterns when transitioning from adolescence to adulthood.

Towards a ‘Vedic Feminine Renaissance’

The sense of justice and equity towards women is considered among the best indicators that reflect the socio-cultural development of a civilisation. The position and status of women, as reflected in literature naturally serves as a test to gauge the sensibilities and cultivation of each associated age. It is matter of general agreement that the feminine ideals of womanhood during the early Vedic age remain exalted and exemplary. The Vedic narratives elevate the ephemeral spirit of womanhood, which progressively lost its sheen in successive stages.
 While the contemporary feminine polemics consistently unravel unhackneyed theories, generic in nature, we are lacking in such an orientation which targets specifics of local, regional and traditional culture. Feminists in India are no exception, and have largely adopted the theories of Feminism emanating from the discourse of the West. The Indian Vedic repository contains instances which testify the epitome of womanhood at its best. However, the Indian ethos of feminism imbedded firmly in the Vedic roots remain largely inaccessible in the contemporary feministic theory. The need for adapting ‘global feminism’ to the ‘classical Indian taste’ remains an unobserved concern.
 This paper explores the possibilities inherent in the study of classical mythic literature and their potential for stimulating ‘local theories’ of feminism in India through a study of selected feminine ideals present in the early Vedic narratives. Can study of ancient Vedic literature inspire a reawakening in Indian feminism, just as the study of classical Greek literature did for the West during Renaissance in Europe - is a question, this paper seeks to address.

Semantyka marmuru w teorii i praktyce polskiej rzeźby sakralnej w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

The article is an attempt to present the semantics of marble in the sacred Polish sculpture of Romanticism. Taking as its starting point the modern theory of art, it first emphasizes the special role of white marble in modern sculptural theory and practice, and then outlines the foundation of this judgment in the art of the classicist era, especially in the theory of J.J. Winckelmann. Together with the spread of classical tastes, the significance of this view for Polish modern sculpture is shown, in which, in accordance with Winckelmann’s taste, white marble was perceived as the noblest raw material, worthy of the images of the gods. In the Romantic era, following G. W. Hegel, marble was regarded as “spiritual” stone, the most suitable for the depiction of the sacred. This was expressed in the theory and practice of sculpture by such artists as Cyprian Norwid and Teofil Lenartowicz, who went to Rome – the capital of sacred art – to sculpt in this material. They were followed by other Polish sculptors who also went to Rome to work in marble. The article shows their struggles, which ended successfully only for T.O. Sosnowski. In his works, however, white marble from “animate” stone went on to become material suitable for making repetitive compositions in the spirit of Italian Purism. Marble evolved from being material suitable for the representation of gods to one used for commercial objects, which was perfectly illustrated by Norwid in his short story „Ad leones!”

La evolución estética de la naturaleza en la obra poética de José de Siles

José de Siles (1856-1911) fue un autor que sufrió la bohemia y su lírica formó parte de un primer Modernismo español. Este trabajo pretende acercarse a su poesía y analizar cómo se ve alterado el tema de la naturaleza en la misma a través de una evolución estética que recorre el gusto clásico, romántico y moderno. Así, veremos cómo Siles recurre al locus amoenus para describirnos su aldea, Puente Genil, e idealizar la naturaleza siguiendo el modelo poético renacentista; cómo el paisaje natural refleja estados de la subjetividad del poeta, remitiéndonos a la Naturphilosophie y a la poesía romántica; y, finalmente, cómo abandona toda idealización clásica y evasión romántica de la naturaleza para hablar de su impureza y dejarla al margen, ya que el espacio que interesará a la poesía moderna será el de la ciudad.

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Chlamysfiguren aus rotem Porphyr

The article deals with four porphyry statues wearing late antique tunica-chlamys attire in Vienna, Berlin, Ravenna and in the Louvre. By the provenance of two of them and by deals of workmanship they are all clearly linked to the porphyry workshop that the tetrarchs had installed in Egypt. Yet they differ from the main products of this workshop not only by their new costume but also in their overall shape. Whereas the tetrarchs employed local sculptors, who specialized in working hard stone for their new porphyry workshop and the result was a fascinating mixture of imperially commissioned and strong local elements, these chlamydate follow other models of more classical taste. They attest to new imperial instructions given to the workshop. This makes it important to know when this new form of imperial representation was introduced. Suggested dates differ widely this article proposes to date the statues in Ravenna and the Louvre by means of their close typological and stylistic similarities to the statue of Oikoumenios form Aphrodisias, which itself is dated by its portrait, which is the closest known parallel to early Theodosian emperor’s portraits at Aphrodisias and Constantinople. The common link between the locally-produced honorific statues from Aphrodisias, the imperial porphyry workshop in Egypt, and the statue finds in Italy would then be Constantinople, whose sculpture workshops were heavily influenced by those of Aphrodisias. There are reasons to see the statues at Vienna and Berlin as earlier and representing a development o the new iconography. All this seems to correspond with the ideas of U. Gehn and R.R. R. Smith, who posit, that the use of late antique chlamydate and togati for honorific statues developed mainly in the later 4th century and in the east. It may have evolved during and after the reign of Valens, parallel to the intensified lawgiving concerning status marking. There should e parallels to this in the emperor’s ‘Chlamys/Dienstkostüm’. - In the end, there are some remarks on the ‘hand-on-sword’ gesture of the statues.

Mouse Parabrachial Neurons Signal a Relationship between Bitter Taste and Nociceptive Stimuli.

Taste and somatosensation both mediate protective behaviors. Bitter taste guides avoidance of ingestion of toxins while pain sensations, such as noxious heat, signal adverse conditions to ward off harm. Although brain pathways for taste and somatosensation are typically studied independently, prior data suggest that they intersect, potentially reflecting their common protective role. To investigate this, we applied electrophysiologic and optogenetic techniques in anesthetized mice of both sexes to evaluate relationships between oral somatosensory and taste activity in the parabrachial nucleus (PbN), implicated for roles in gustation and pain. Spikes were recorded from taste-active PbN neurons tested with oral delivery of thermal and chemesthetic stimuli, including agonists of nocisensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels on somatosensory fibers. Gustatory neurons were also tested to follow electrical pulse stimulation of an oral somatosensory region of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), which projects to the PbN. Neurons composed classic taste groups, including sodium, electrolyte, appetitive, or bitter cells. Across groups, most neurons spiked to Vc pulse stimulation, implying that trigeminal projections reach PbN gustatory neurons. Among such cells, a subpopulation responsive to the bitter taste stimuli quinine and cycloheximide, and aversive concentrations of sodium, cofired to agonists of nocisensitive TRP channels, including capsaicin, mustard oil, and noxious heat. Such neurons populated the lateral PbN. Further, nociceptive activity in PbN bitter taste neurons was suppressed during optogenetic-assisted inhibition of the Vc, implying convergent trigeminal input contributed to such activity. Our results reveal a novel role for PbN gustatory cells in cross-system signaling related to protection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Prior data suggest that gustatory and trigeminal neural pathways intersect and overlap in the parabrachial area. However, no study has directly examined such overlap and why it may exist. Here we found that parabrachial gustatory neurons can receive afferent projections from trigeminal nuclei and fire to oral nociceptive stimuli that excite somatosensory receptors and fibers. Activation to aversive nociceptive stimuli in gustatory cells was associated with responding to behaviorally avoided bitter tastants. We were further able to show that silencing trigeminal projections inhibited nociceptive activity in parabrachial bitter taste neurons. Our results imply that in the parabrachial area, there is predictable overlap between taste and somatosensory processing related to protective coding and that classically defined taste neurons contribute to this process.

Feeding response of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) to organic acids, amino acids, sugars and some classical taste substances

Weaning from live to formulated feeds is a major challenge in the culture of marble goby Oxyeleotris marmorata. It can be solved through dietary supplementation of suitable taste substance as feeding stimulant. However, there is still no information on the suitable feeding stimulant for this species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding response of juvenile O. marmorata to 13 organic acids, 19 amino acids, 5 sugars and 2 classical taste substances in a concentration of 0.1M. The response was judged through behavioural observations to determine the potential feeding stimulant. Fifty O. marmorata were conditioned to accept agar gel pellet, and then tested with the agar gel pellets that contained each of the taste substances. Pure agar gel pellet was used as the negative control. All agar gel pellets with organic acids were fully ingested by the fish (100%). Among the 19 amino acids tested, aspartic acid attained the highest ingestion ratio (94%) which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the others. All sugars and classical taste substances were totally rejected (0%) by the fish. The taste preference of O. marmorata for organic acids seemed to be influenced by the feed pH. Strong negative linear correlation (r=−0.828; P<0.01) was detected between the ingestion ratio and pH of the agar gel pellets when the organic acids were tested at 0.01M. The ingestion ratio increased when the pH decreased, suggesting that the O. marmorata prefers acidic food. Evidently, all the organic acids and aspartic acid tested were potential feeding stimulants for O. marmorata. In developing weaning diets by using these taste substances, the dietary pH should be monitored as it may be one of the factors that influences the fish taste preference.

The last pre-romantic French translation of Lope's theatre: Linguet's «Théâtre Espagnol»

The Theâtre Espagnol by Simon-Nicolas-Henri Linguet, published in Paris in 1770, provides the French public with a wide recollection of entire plays of the seventeenth century Spanish theatre, translated into French, from Lope de Vega to Bances Candamo. It is an influential translation because of its dissemination among the Romantic theorists, as it is the last and main pre-romantic French translation of Lope de Vega’s theatre. The translation strategy of Linguet is described from three vantage points: ideology, poetics, and translation theories. Linguet's ideological interest for the Spanish leyenda negra emerges in the choice of the corpus of Lope de Vega’s plays, and can be also observed analysing some samples of Linguet’s translations. Linguet's poetics, especially his ideas about the Spanish theatre, is explained through some quotes from his own essays about the European theatre (two prologues and a commentary on Voltaire’s theatre). Throughout his life, Linguet changed his ideas concerning the Spanish theatre, in a progressiveley positive evaluation. At the same time, he changed his ideas about translation: the Theâtre Espagnol is prepared following a target-oriented approach, which tends to adapt the source-text to French classical taste; ten years later, Linguet criticises his own translations and supports a source-oriented translation strategy.

The magic water test. An affective paired comparison approach to evaluate taste sensitivity in pre-schoolers

Children in pre-school age present a limited cognitive development, a restricted vocabulary and a short attention span, which do not allow conducting classical taste sensitivity measures as developed for adults. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an age-appropriate protocol for sensitivity testing of the five basic tastes with pre-schoolers. One hundred and forty children aged 3–4years (mean age 46.3months, SD 3.4) performed a paired comparison task consisting of discriminating water from “magic water” by relying on their affect. In order to accommodate the age group, the task was gamified and did not require verbal responses. Sweet (sucrose, ranging from 0.94 to 4.32g/l), sour (citric acid monohydrate, 0.20–0.38g/l), umami (monosodium glutamate, 0.17–0.49g/l), salty (sodium chloride, 0.34–0.98g/l), and bitter (quinine hydrochloride dihydrate, 0.0014–0.0038g/l) water dilutions were tested at four levels. Subsets of about 20 children per taste participated in retest sessions. Individual sensitivity scores were derived in two manners, following the experimenter’s success criterion (water with taste is classified as magic) and the child’s criterion for “magic water” (children’s individual magic-labelling strategies). Results show that the protocol was highly engaging, that the children performed the task consistently, and that the children’s performances were not dependent on cognitive level differences, thus validating the protocol for this study. On average, the children were clearly more sensitive to sour stimuli than to sweet and bitter stimuli, suggesting that the selected dilutions were not equivalent across tastes. Different sensitivity distributions of the children were obtained across taste modalities and scoring criteria. The key elements of an age-appropriate protocol for pre-schoolers are discussed.

«Итальянская тема» в английской усадебной архитектуре эпохи королевы Виктории

The article is devoted to the country house architecture of the Victorian era. The Victorian time is marked by the great variety of stylistic tendencies typical of the historicism period. Particularly significant is the turning to the national sources in search of the national style. There is another aspect of our research that has not been studied yet. It is the destiny of classical tradition at the epoch of historicism. Did it come to the end? Trying to answer this question, we tended to study the country house architecture of the Early Victorian period. We find that at this time the tendencies of the Georgian era, with their interest for classical heritage, were still rather strong. The greatest architect who built houses in classical taste for aristocratic estates was Ch. Barry. It was not only the aristocracy who often preferred the classical style, but there were some modest country estates also built in this manner. Classical heritage continued to play an important role in the architectural practice of the Victorian era.

Taste preferences and feeding behavior in nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in three geographically distant populations

Taste preferences of classical taste substances (10% each sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sucrose; and 5% citric acid), and 21 free amino acids (L-isomers, 0.1–0.001 M) and feeding behavior of the nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius belonging to the populations of the Moskva River (Caspian Sea basin), Lake Mashinnoe (White Sea, Kandalaksha Gulf), and Bol’shaya River (Western Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea) are determined. It is proven that the spectra of taste preferences are similar in different stickleback populations. For sticklebacks in all three populations, citric, aspartic, and glutamic acids are mostly palatable. The maximum number of palatable amino acids (16) is found in sticklebacks from the Moskva River. Sticklebacks from the White and Okhotsk seas prefer the lower number of amino acids, 10 and 4, respectively. Deterrent amino acids are not found. The gustatory amino acid spectra of sticklebacks from different populations are positively correlated (p < 0.05). Sticklebacks from the Sea of Okhotsk relatively rare taste the offered food objects again (agar–agar pellets with the studied taste substances). Such behavior is more common in sticklebacks from the White Sea, and those from the Moskva River have an intermediary position. The manipulation activity in the compared fish is associated with the hydrology of the water bodies. In ninespined sticklebacks from all three populations, the actions performed upon intra-oral testing of a food object follow two alternative behavioral stereotypes. The stereotypes of swallowing and of rejection of food differ slightly between the populations and depend on the palatability of the offered object.

Taste preferences and taste thresholds to classical taste substances in the carnivorous fish, kutum Rutilus frisii kutum (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The objective of this study was to compare the taste preferences in the closely related sympatric fish species with different feeding patterns. For this purpose, palatability for four classical taste substances was evaluated for carnivorous kutum Rutilus frisii kutum and the results were compared with the taste preferences of the omnivorous roach Rutilus rutilus which had been studied earlier. In addition, the threshold concentration and the dose–response relationship of the most palatable tastants were evaluated and the ability of kutum to differentiate food with tastants in different concentrations was estimated. It was found that citric acid significantly increases the agar gel pellet consumption within the range of concentrations from 0.01M to 0.52M; the pellets with a concentration of 0.026M were the most palatable. The pellet consumption is significantly different if the concentration of citric acid in the pellets differs more than two times. The absolute threshold concentration is 0.01M, or 2.74μg of citric acid per pellet. Sucrose and NaCl have deterrent taste at the highest concentrations tested (0.29 and 1.73M, respectively). Both substances are palatable at 10 times lower concentrations and become indifferent after further gradual decrease in their concentration. CaCl2 decreases the pellets consumption at 0.9M but is an indifferent tastant at lower concentrations (0.45, 0.09 and 0.045M). The number of rejections and repeated grasps of a food pellet is fewness and is not related to the pellet's palatability, while the retention time of pellet in the oral cavity positively and highly correlates with the pellet's palatability. Kutum have opposite taste preferences for most substances tested in comparison with the roach. It indicates that the taste preferences mediated by the oral taste receptors are different in closely related sympatric fish displayed diet divergences.

Behavior and gustatory reception of air-breathing catfishes (Clariidae)

Taste preferences to classical taste substances and L-isomers of free amino acids and feeding behavior are analyzed in clariids Clarias gariepinus, C. macrocephalus, and C. batrachus and the hybrid between C. macrocephalus (female) and C. gariepinus (male). It is found that citric acid (0.26 M) is palatable for all studied clariids, and the presence of this acid in agar-agar pellets considerably increases their consumption by fish. The stimulating effect of citric acid on C. gariepinus and C. macrocephalus is greater than the effect of water extracts of organisms consumed by these species or of artificial foods. Sucrose (0.29 M) is palatable for both species. The palatability of sodium chloride (1.73 M) and calcium chloride (0.9 M) is the same for C. gariepinus and the hybrid but different for C. macrocephalus (p < 0.05), indicating the patroclinous type of taste preference inheritance. Of the 21 free amino acids (0.1–0.001 M), 17 are palatable for C. gariepinus (methionine, alanine, glutamine, cysteine, histidine, etc.) and four are indifferent (arginine, leucine, isoleucine, and tryptophan). No amino acid is found to be deterrent for the studied fishes. All studied fishes typically consume or reject pellets after a single intraoral testing; repeated grasping of pellets is extremely rare. The total time clariids spend on intraoral testing and consumption or rejection of one pellet is at most 3–5 s. Clariids captured in their natural environments (C. macrocephalus and C. batrachus) require considerably more time for acclimation to aquarium conditions than clariids taken from the aquaculture (C. gariepinus and the hybrid): at least one month and several days, respectively. The stress response to handling in wild fish includes the release of large amounts of skin mucus.

Revival of classical taste and ruins aesthetics of Hubert Robert in 18th century French art

18세기 프랑스 사회에서 폐허(ruines)는 지적 탐구의 대상이었다. 새로운 고대 유적의 발견과 계몽주의 사상의 영향으로 그리스 로마 문명에 대한 관심이 고조된 프랑스 사회는 폐허가 지닌 역사적 가치에 주목했다. 이들은 고대 문명에 대한 기록을 담은 문헌 자료처럼 폐허 상태의 건축물 또한 과거에 대한 지식을 간직하고 있다고 생각했다. 18세기 지식인들에게 폐허는 인류가 살아온 시간의 흔적이자 역사의 증거물이었다. 폐허의 공간에는 인류 역사가 투영되어 있으며 이곳은 지난 간 옛 문명의 영광을 현재 세대에게 상기시켜 주는 곳이었다. 하지만 폐허는 인류가 시도한 모든 노력들이 결국은 사라질 수밖에 없는 운명이라는 것을 보여주는 허망함의 상징이기도 했다. 계몽주의 철학가 디드로는 1767년 살롱전에 출품된 위베르 로베르 작품에 대한 평론에서 그의 폐허를 소재로 한 그림은 다가올 시간에 대한 두려움을 느끼게 한다고 기술했다. 디드로는 위베르 로베르의 폐허에서 숭고의 개념을 발견했고 그의 작품 속에 구현된 폐허를 ‘숭고한 폐허(les sublimes ruines)’라고 규정했다. 디드로는 인간이 가늠할 수 없고 통제할 수 없는 시간의 지속성과 영원함이 위베르 로베르의 폐허 속에 담겨 있다고 보았다. 디드로가 언급한 것처럼 과거에 대한 기억과 미래에 대한 전망을 동시에 전달하는 폐허는 18세기 프랑스 사회에서 공간의 개념이 아닌 시간의 개념으로 인식되었다. 그리고 폐허가 대변하는 시간은 어느 특정 시대의 회상에 한정된 것이 아니었다. 페허는 과거, 현재, 미래의 구별이 필요하지 않는 보편적인 역사의 시간 속에 존재하는 공간이었으며 또한 구체성을 기반으로 하지 않는 상상의 영역이기도 했다. 이러한 의미에서 위베르 로베르의 작품에 등장하는 폐허는 고고학적 유적의 사실적 재현만은 아니었다. 그의 폐허에는 상상과 알레고리가 가미되었고 디드로는 이것을 ‘폐허의 시학(Poetique des ruines)’이라고 칭송했다. 17세기 프랑스 아카데미의 이론가 펠리비앙의 이론을 적용하자면 위베르 로베르의 그림은 회화의 장르에서 최고의 단계에 위치하는 알레고리를 담은 역사화로 분류될 수 있다. 18세기 프랑스 화단에서 폐허의 미학을 가장 잘 구현한 작가는 위베르 로베르였다. 1767년 이후 파리 살롱전에 출품된 그의 작품은 모두 대중적 성공을 거두었고 그의 이러한 대중적 성공은 18세기 중반 이후 프랑스 사회에서 유행했던 고전 취향(le gout antique)의 확산과 역사화에 대한 사회적 관심의 증대에 기반을 둔 것이었다. 그의 그림 속 폐허 상태로 묘사된 고대 로마의 건축물과 유적들은 역사의 위대함과 쇠락을 동시에 증언하며 고전 시대에 대한 회상을 불러일으켰다. 특히 그가 로마 체류 기간 동안 접한 파니니(Panini)와 피라네지(Piranese) 등의 이탈리아 베두타(veduta) 화풍은 그의 그림에 건축물과 자연의 조화로운 결합과 시적인 상상력을 가미해 주었다. 이것은 당대 지식 사회에서 추구하던 고전 작품의 재해석과 이를 통한 정신적인 미술의 구현이라는 새로운 시도와도 부합하는 것이었다. 따라서 18세기 중후반 위베르 로베르의 작품에 대한 프랑스 미술계의 반응과 수용 방식은 당대 철학적 사고의 확산과 역사에 대한 재인식을 기반으로 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다.

Taste preferences and feeding behavior of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus of populations of basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

The absence of population specificity of taste spectra in fish was confirmed. It was found that the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus of populations of the North (Norway), Baltic (Latvia), and Okhotsk (Kamchatka Peninsula) seas has similar taste preferences to classical taste substances (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sucrose—10%; citric acid—5%) and to 21 free amino acids (L-isomers, 0.1–0.001 M). For fish of all populations, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acids, and alanine have the most attractive taste; cysteine, asparagine, and histidine have slightly less attractive taste. In Baltic Sea and Sea of Okhotsk sticklebacks, relatively not numerous amino acids that cause a significant decrease in pellet consumption—phenylalanine, tryptophane, leucine, and tyrosine—coincide (in the North Sea stickleback, substances with deterrent taste were not revealed). In sticklebacks of different populations, no differences in manifestation of feeding behavior were found, and correlations between different elements of fish response to pellets are similar or close the same. It was shown that intraoral sensory testing of food objects in three-spined stickleback can proceed along two alternative behavioral stereotypes similar in fish of the studied populations. The dependence of stereotypes of intraoral testing on taste qualities of the food object was revealed for the first time.

Bitter triggers acetylcholine release from polymodal urethral chemosensory cells and bladder reflexes.

Chemosensory cells in the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract ("brush cells") use the canonical taste transduction cascade to detect potentially hazardous content and trigger local protective and aversive respiratory reflexes on stimulation. So far, the urogenital tract has been considered to lack this cell type. Here we report the presence of a previously unidentified cholinergic, polymodal chemosensory cell in the mammalian urethra, the potential portal of entry for bacteria and harmful substances into the urogenital system, but not in further centrally located parts of the urinary tract, such as the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. Urethral brush cells express bitter and umami taste receptors and downstream components of the taste transduction cascade; respond to stimulation with bitter (denatonium), umami (monosodium glutamate), and uropathogenic Escherichia coli; and release acetylcholine to communicate with other cells. They are approached by sensory nerve fibers expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and intraurethral application of denatonium reflexively increases activity of the bladder detrusor muscle in anesthetized rats. We propose a concept of urinary bladder control involving a previously unidentified cholinergic chemosensory cell monitoring the chemical composition of the urethral luminal microenvironment for potential hazardous content.

Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology

Acetylcholine, a major regulator of airway function, is not solely produced by neurons but also by a variety of non-neurons cells including various airway epithelial cells utilizing a molecular machinery of acetylcholine synthesis and release that differs from that of neurons. While canonical neuronal cholinergic signaling pathways, for example, nerve driven bronchoconstriction, are still valid, new pathways of cholinergic communication have emerged which center around innate immunity. These include cholinergic luminal signaling via the airway lining fluid to reach receptors at the apical side of epithelial cells and on macrophages patrolling on the surface, and preneuronal cholinergic signaling where sensory neurons are the target of ACh released from a recently identified chemosensory cell that monitors the airway lining fluid for the presence of potentially hazardous compounds utilizing the classical taste transduction cascade.

MUSIC EDUCATION AND TASTE FORMING OF CLASSICAL MUSIC STYLE: CASE STUDY IN CULTURAL INSTITUTIONKARTA PUSTAKA YOGYAKARTA INDONESIA

Karta Pustaka is one of the cultural institutions in Yogyakarta, which has a classical music concert program. The purpose of this study is to describe the history of Karta Pustaka and organizing classical music concerts, the concert format, and its role in supporting classical music education in Yogyakarta. The method used in this study is qualitative research with historical and musicological approach.The data are collected by using interviews, documents and observations. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptions technicians. The results showed that Karta Pustaka as cultural institution has become a classical musicmedia which has a supporting role in classical music education in Yogyakarta. The classical music concert program and classical music workshop held by Karta Pustaka information and knowledge for the students and people of musical art in Yogyakarta. In addition Karta Pustaka also acts as a forming media and the development of consumer’s classical music tastes and styles in Yogyakarta.

The umami taste receptor ligand, monosodium glutamate, induces the peristaltic reflex in rat colon by activation of T1R1/T1R3 taste receptors

The peristaltic reflex is initiated by release of the sensory transmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) following distension of mechanical stimulation of the mucosa. Chemical stimulation of the mucosa by intraluminal nutrients also likely influences the peristaltic reflex although little is known of this process. A growing literature has demonstrated the presence of classical taste receptor components in enteroendocrine cells of the gut although it is unclear if they are involved. AIM: to determine if the classical umami receptor ligand, monosodium glutamate (MSG), induces peristalsis and to identify the mechanism. METHODS: Flat sheet preparations of rat colon were pinned in a 3-chambered organ bath in which ascending contraction and descending relaxation were measured in the orad and caudad compartments respectively. MSG alone and in the presence of inosine-5’ monophosphate (IMP) was added to the central sensory chamber; release of the CGRP was measured in this chamber by radioimmunoassay. Potentiation of the MSG response by IMP is well known to verify that a response is mediated by the T1R1/T1R3 umami taste receptor rather than an alternative amino acid-sensing receptor. RESULTS: Addition of MSG (10 mM) to the central compartment initiated the peristaltic reflex: ascending contraction orad and descending relaxation caudad. Concomitant with the initiation of peristalsis, MSG caused an increase (87±13 % increase above basal) in the release of CGRP from the mucosa in the central sensory compartment. The peristaltic response and the increase in CGRP release elicited by MSG were potentiated by the addition of IMP (1uM) indicative of activation of T1R1/T1R3 umami taste receptors, likely to be located on enteroendocrine cells. CONCLUSION: Luminal monosodium glutamate initiates a peristaltic reflex by interacting with T1R1/T1R3 receptors. Activation of these receptors leads ultimately to release of CGRP from enteric sensory neurons previously shown to mediate the colonic peristaltic reflex.