Classical Procedures Research Articles

A Relationship between Classical and Bayesian Estimation Procedures through Fisher Information

The aim of this article is to investigate the association between the classical and Bayesian approaches through Fisher information. For any particular distribution, the computation of Fisher information is quite significant, as it provides the amount of information about the unknown parameter inferred from the observed data and is related to classical methods of estimation. Also, in the light of some prior knowledge, we may estimate the unknown parameter through Bayesian approach. Specifically, we want to see a relationship between information and Bayes estimation. In this article, the scale parameter of the one-parameter exponential distribution is estimated under the weighted squared error and Kullback-Leibler distance loss functions. The information acquired from both the classical and Bayesian methodologies have been connected through the risk intensity and error intensity which have been introduced in this article. The results of extensive simulation studies using these intensity measures show that the Bayes estimator performs more intensely as the amount of Fisher information increases. It is seen that the Fisher information, which is pivotal to many classical estimation methods, has a relationship with the Bayesian method depending on prior distribution, at least in this case, as the intensity measures of the Bayes estimator decrease with the increase in information. Further, to comprehend the theoretical notion of association, two real-life datasets have been included to show usefulness in practical field.

The role of membrane filtration in wastewater treatment

AbstractWater is vital for the sustainable growth of human communities. Due to the greatest population and significant economic development, demands on water and purification have significantly risen. Classical wastewater treatment procedures have made some progress over the years in purifying effluents for disposal, but they fall lacking in the way they deeply control emerging harmful substances. The potential to reuse treated wastewater for home, agricultural, and industrial needs depends on breakthroughs in purifying technologies. One of the most recent breakthroughs to be implemented effectively in reducing contaminants to desirable levels is membrane technology. Nanofiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and membrane bioreactors are examples of widely utilized membrane processes depending on features such as size or charge. Over traditional treatment, membrane technology offers various benefits. This review article discusses a number of membrane‐related topics, including membrane categorizing, application in various fields, benefits, and drawbacks. Furthermore, offers an outlook of the filtering membranes that will be used in the future. Smart membranes have gained interest because of their tunable permeability and selectivity characteristics. Technological advancements in the media that are utilized in activated growth membrane bioreactors. Modified interfacial polymerization approaches have been investigated in addition to adsorptive ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes to enhance the performance of the polyamide thin‐film composite and thin‐film nanocomposite membranes.

A novel perineal exposure method in laparoscopic abdominal perineal resection of rectal cancer: a case series study

BackgroundAbdominal perineal resection (APR) of rectal cancer, also known as Mile’s procedure, is a classic procedure for the treatment of rectal cancer. Through the improvement of surgical skills and neoadjuvant therapy, the sphincter-preserving rate in rectal cancer patients has improved, even in patients with ultralow rectal cancer who underwent APR in the past. However, APR cannot be completely replaced by low anterior resection (LAR) in reality. APR still has its indications, when the tumor affects the external sphincter, etc. Good perineal exposure in APR is difficult and can seriously affect surgical safety and the long-term prognosis.MethodsWe reviewed the records of 16 consecutive patients with rectal cancer who underwent APR at Anqing Municipal Hospital from January 2022 to April 2023, including 11 males and 5 females, with an average age of 64.8 ± 10.3 years. The perineal operation was completed with the Lone-Star® retractor-assisted (LSRA) exposure method. After incising the skin and subcutaneous tissue, a Lone-Star® retractor was placed, and the incision was retracted in surrounding directions with 8 small retractors, which facilitated the freeing of deep tissues. We dynamically adjusted the retractor according to the plane to fully expose the surgical field.ResultsAll 16 patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted APR successfully. Thirteen procedures were performed independently by a single person, and the others were completed by two persons due to intraoperative arterial hemostasis. All specimens were free of perforation and had a negative circumferential resection margin (CRM). Postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients, including urinary retention in 1 patient, pulmonary infection in 1 patient, intestinal adhesion in 1 patient and peristomal dermatitis in 1 patient, and were graded as ClavienDindo grade 3 or lower and cured. No distant metastasis or local recurrence was found for any of the patients in the postoperative follow-up.ConclusionsThe application of the LSRA exposure method might be helpful for perineal exposure during APR for rectal cancer, which could improve intraoperative safety and surgical efficiency, achieve one-person operation, and increase the comfort of operators.

Vibration of microphone membrane: Effects of thermal stress

The aim of this work is to improve theoretical and experimental tools for modelling and characterising the global behaviour of measurement microphones in a large range of environmental conditions. In most of measurement microphones, the sensitive part is a vibrating membrane stretched and clamped on the body of the microphone. If the sensor is operated at ambient temperatures that significantly differ from atmospheric one, thermal expansion of the microphone membrane and body causes strain and stress variations in the membrane, which lead to altered vibrational behaviour when it is submitted to an acoustic wave. An analytical approach is developed here to express the thermal stress related to the fact that thermal expansions of the microphone membrane and body are different. These effects are then taken into account in a classical modelling procedure for describing the vibration of a microphone membrane in vacuo. An experiment, that relies on the electrostatic actuator technique, has been performed in a fine vacuum to characterise the first resonance mode of a commercial microphone membrane in low temperatures range, from atmospheric to cryogenic. The experimental results highlight the significant effects of the thermal stress induced by the differences between thermal expansion properties of the materials constituting the microphone. These results are consistent with the membrane vibration predicted by the analytical modelling proposed. Thus, even small differences between the thermal expansion properties of the microphone membrane and body have to be taken into account in a modelling procedure to get reliable predictions of the membrane vibration at various ambient temperatures.

Audiometric and Vestibular Function after Classic and Reverse Stapedotomy.

Background and Objectives: Besides classical stapedotomy, reverse stapedotomy has been used for many years in the management of otosclerosis. Our study aims to investigate whether reversing the surgical steps in stapedotomy impacts vestibular function and hearing improvement. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 123 patients underwent either classic or reverse stapedotomy procedures utilizing a fiber-optic argon laser. Audiological assessments, following the guidelines of the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium, were conducted, including pure tone average, air-bone (AB) gap, overclosure, and AB gap closure. Vestibular evaluation involved pre- and postoperative comparison of rotatory test parameters, including frequency, amplitude, and slow phase velocity of nystagmus. Results: The study demonstrated an overall median overclosure of 3.3 (3.3, 5.0) dB and a mean AB gap closure of 20.3 ± 8.8 dB. Postoperative median AB gap was 7.5 (7.5, 11.3) dB in the reverse stapedotomy group and 10.0 (10.0, 12.5) dB in the classic stapedotomy group. While overclosure and AB gap closure were marginally superior in the reverse stapedotomy group, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No significant disparities were observed in the frequency, slow phase velocity, or amplitude of nystagmus in the rotational test. Conclusions: Although not always possible, reverse stapedotomy proved to be a safe surgical technique regarding postoperative outcomes. Its adoption may mitigate risks associated with floating footplate, sensorineural hearing loss, and incus luxation/subluxation, while facilitating the learning curve for less experienced ear surgeons.

Meta-optimization of resources on quantum computers

The current state of quantum computing is commonly described as the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum era. Available computers contain a few dozens of qubits and can perform a few dozens of operations before the inevitable noise erases all information encoded in the calculation. Even if the technology advances fast within the next years, any use of quantum computers will be limited to short and simple tasks, serving as subroutines of more complex classical procedures. Even for these applications the resource efficiency, measured in the number of quantum computer runs, will be a key parameter. Here we suggest a general meta-optimization procedure for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that allows finding the optimal approach with limited quantum resources. This method optimizes the usage of resources of an existing method by testing its capabilities and setting the optimal resource utilization. We demonstrate this procedure on a specific example of variational quantum algorithm used to find the ground state energy of a hydrogen molecule.

Smooth least absolute deviation estimators for outlier-proof identification

The paper proposes to identify the parameters of linear dynamic models based on the original implementation of least absolute deviation estimators. It is known that the object estimation procedures synthesized in the sense of the least sum of absolute prediction errors are particularly resistant to occasional outliers and gaps in the analyzed system data series, while the classical least squares procedure unfortunately becomes of little use for reliably identifying systems in the presence of destructive measurement errors. Bearing in mind that the classic task of minimizing the quality functional of absolute deviations encounters fundamental analytical problems, it is proposed to use a dedicated iterative estimator for off-line evaluation of the parameters of the analyzed process. In addition, a simplified recursive version of the absolute deviation estimation procedure was developed, which allows for practical on-line tracking of the evolution of variable parameters of non-stationary systems. Importantly, a novel refinement of the discussed absolute deviation estimators was proposed to effectively overcome some inconvenient numerical effects. We also present an interesting comparison of the improved (by non-linear modification) iterative absolute-deviation estimator with the classical Gauss-Newton gradient algorithm, which leads to constructive conclusions. Finally, using computer simulations, the operation of the developed iterative and recursive estimators minimizing the absolute deviation is illustrated. The work ends with an indication of directions for further research.

Regulations regarding writ procedure in the common law system

In this article, the author offers an analysis of the legislative framework of the writ procedure in the common law system, based on the example of the civil procedural regulations in the United States of America and those in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The author outlines the main characteristics and procedural aspects of the examination of cases in the writ procedure in the common law system, highlighting the differences in the regulations adopted in the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Moldova. In the analysis presented in this article, the author emphasizes the basic characteristics of the writ procedure – the absence of a legal litigation and the indisputability of the creditor’s claims, the importance of holding by the parties of the documents – the only type of evidence admissible in the writ procedure. At the same time, the author highlights the importance of the existence of the writ procedure – a simplified judicial procedure, which offers to the litigant parties the possibility to obtain resolution of non-litigant cases in a much faster and more efficient way, compared to the duration of the classic judicial procedure.

Latarjet procedure: biomechanical evaluation of 2-screw coracoid fixation

Coracoid nonunion is a relevant complication following the Latarjet procedure and is influenced by multiple factors, including the method of graft fixation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize the biomechanical properties of various two-screw fixation constructs used for coracoid graft fixation in the Latarjet procedure. Forty model scapulae (Sawbones Inc., Vashon, WA, USA) were used for this study. A 15% anterior inferior glenoid bone defect was created. The coracoid was osteotomized at the juncture of the vertical and horizontal aspects, transferred to the anterior-inferior edge of the glenoid, and fixed with either two 3.5mm fully threaded cannulated cortical screws, two 3.5mm fully threaded solid cortical screws, two 3.5mm partially threaded cannulated screws, or two 4.5mm partially threaded malleolar screws (MS). Biomechanical testing was performed with an Instron material testing machine (Instron Corp., Norwood, MA, USA) by applying loads to the lateral aspect of the transferred coracoid graft. The constructs were preconditioned with nondestructive cyclical loading (0N-20N) to determine construct stiffness. After 100 cycles of dynamic loading, the construct was loaded to failure to determine ultimate failure load, yield displacement, and mode of failure. All failures were associated with plastic deformation of the screws and coracoid graft fracture. There was a significantly lower initial stiffness for partially threaded cannulated screws compared to MS (186±49.3N/mm vs. 280±65.5N/mm, P=.01) but no significant differences among the other constructs. There was no difference in ultimate failure load (P=.18) or yield displacement (P=.05) among constructs. Two screw coracoid fixation of the coracoid in a simulated classic Latarjet procedure with 3.5mm fully threaded cortical and cannulated screws is comparable to 4.5mm MS in strength, stiffness, and displacement at failure. On the other hand, partially threaded 3.5mm cannulated screws provide inferior fixation stiffness and could potentially affect clinical outcomes.

The Use of Generative Adversarial Network and Graph Convolution Network for Neuroimaging-Based Diagnostic Classification.

Functional connectivity (FC) obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been integrated with machine learning algorithms to deliver consistent and reliable brain disease classification outcomes. However, in classical learning procedures, custom-built specialized feature selection techniques are typically used to filter out uninformative features from FC patterns to generalize efficiently on the datasets. The ability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and other deep learning models to extract informative features from data with grid structure (such as images) has led to the surge in popularity of these techniques. However, the designs of many existing CNN models still fail to exploit the relationships between entities of graph-structure data (such as networks). Therefore, graph convolution network (GCN) has been suggested as a means for uncovering the intricate structure of brain network data, which has the potential to substantially improve classification accuracy. Furthermore, overfitting in classifiers can be largely attributed to the limited number of available training samples. Recently, the generative adversarial network (GAN) has been widely used in the medical field for its generative aspect that can generate synthesis images to cope with the problems of data scarcity and patient privacy. In our previous work, GCN and GAN have been designed to investigate FC patterns to perform diagnosis tasks, and their effectiveness has been tested on the ABIDE-I dataset. In this paper, the models will be further applied to FC data derived from more public datasets (ADHD, ABIDE-II, and ADNI) and our in-house dataset (PTSD) to justify their generalization on all types of data. The results of a number of experiments show the powerful characteristic of GAN to mimic FC data to achieve high performance in disease prediction. When employing GAN for data augmentation, the diagnostic accuracy across ADHD-200, ABIDE-II, and ADNI datasets surpasses that of other machine learning models, including results achieved with BrainNetCNN. Specifically, in ADHD, the accuracy increased from 67.74% to 73.96% with GAN, in ABIDE-II from 70.36% to 77.40%, and in ADNI, reaching 52.84% and 88.56% for multiclass and binary classification, respectively. GCN also obtains decent results, with the best accuracy in ADHD datasets at 71.38% for multinomial and 75% for binary classification, respectively, and the second-best accuracy in the ABIDE-II dataset (72.28% and 75.16%, respectively). Both GAN and GCN achieved the highest accuracy for the PTSD dataset, reaching 97.76%. However, there are still some limitations that can be improved. Both methods have many opportunities for the prediction and diagnosis of diseases.

Optimized wireless communication for 6G signal processing using memory‐augmented deep unfolding network

SummaryIn this manuscript, optimized wireless communication for 6G signals processing using memory‐augmented deep unfolding network (WC‐6G‐SP‐MADUN) is proposed. The aim of this work is to give a memory‐augmented deep unfolding network approach with a focus on belief propagation decoding of error correction codes and multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) wireless systems. In contrast, compares and tabulates the performance of memory‐augmented deep unfolding methodologies with classic principled procedures, which could potentially enable 6G. Here, the wireless communication for 6G signal processing methods was used for a variety of receiver functions, including self‐interference cancelation, signal estimation and detection using memory‐augmented deep unfolding Network (MADUN), and advanced error correction by clouded leopard optimization algorithm (CLOA). Furthermore, outline the general framework of memory‐augmented deep unfolding method for any kind of signal processing application and talk about cutting edge research paths that will make it possible to build communication networks in the future. The proposed approach is implemented in MATLAB; the performance is analyzed with performance metrics such as reliability, complexity, SNR gain, convergence rate, hardware efficiency, and quantization bit width. The proposed approach attains higher SNR gain 17.96%, 24.75%, and 30.09%; lower complexity 17.92%, 23.41%, and 30.13%; and higher convergence 18.01%, 25.41%, and 31.39% when analyzed with existing techniques such as redefined wireless communication for 6G: signal processing meets deep learning and deep unfolding (RWC‐6G‐SP‐DU), lower complication deep unfolded neural network receiver for MIMO under probability data association detector (LC‐DUNN‐MIMO‐PDAD), and deep learning in physical layer communications: evolution with prospects on 5G and 6G networks (DL‐PLC‐6G), respectively.

Sexy ways: approaches to studying plant sex chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes have evolved in many plant species with separate sexes. Current plant research is shifting from examining the structure of sex chromosomes to exploring their functional aspects. New studies are progressively unveiling the specific genetic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for shaping distinct sexes in plants. While the fundamental methods of molecular biology and genomics are generally employed for the analysis of sex chromosomes, it is often necessary to modify classical procedures not only to simplify and expedite analyses but sometimes to make them possible at all. In this review, we demonstrate how, at the level of structural and functional genetics, cytogenetics, and bioinformatics, it is essential to adapt established procedures for sex chromosome analysis.

Lattice Boltzmann–Carleman quantum algorithm and circuit for fluid flows at moderate Reynolds number

We present a quantum computing algorithm for fluid flows based on the Carleman-linearization of the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. First, we demonstrate the convergence of the classical Carleman procedure at moderate Reynolds numbers, namely, for Kolmogorov-like flows. Then we proceed to formulate the corresponding quantum algorithm, including the quantum circuit layout, and analyze its computational viability. We show that, at least for moderate Reynolds numbers between 10 and 100, the Carleman–LB procedure can be successfully truncated at second order, which is a very encouraging result. We also show that the quantum circuit implementing the single time-step collision operator has a fixed depth, regardless of the number of lattice sites. However, such depth is of the order of ten thousands quantum gates, meaning that quantum advantage over classical computing is not attainable today, but could be achieved in the near or mid-term future. The same goal for the multi-step version remains, however, an open topic for future research.

Ejaculation sparing of classic and minimally invasive surgical treatments of LUTS/BPH.

The surgical landscape for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) has evolved with the introduction of Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapies (MISTs), recognizing the impact of sexual function on patients' well-being, and prioritizing ejaculation-sparing approaches. This systematic review explored ejaculation sparing after classic endoscopic procedures and MISTs (iTind, Rezūm, Urolift, Aquablation, and TPLA) and a literature search yielded 41 studies. While all procedures demonstrated efficacy in improving LUTS/BPH symptoms (IPSS, QoL, Qmax), a subset of studies evaluated ejaculatory function. Positive outcomes were noted, challenging the historical association of BPH surgeries with ejaculatory dysfunction. Variations in study design, patient cohorts, and limited long-term data present challenges. Notably, the lack of baseline specificity, use of alpha-blockers, and non-specific sexual function assessments underscore potential biases. Despite limitations, the review tentatively concluded that MISTs, including iTind, Rezūm, Urolift, Aquablation, and TPLA, appear comparable in sparing ejaculation. Long-term studies are essential to validate sustainability, and comparative research should assess trade-offs between MISTs and traditional surgeries. Incorporating patient-reported outcomes and quality of life assessments will enhance future investigations, refining MISTs as standard therapeutic options for LUTS/BPH.

Iterative‐recursive estimation of parameters of regression models with resistance to outliers on practical examples

AbstractHere, identification of processes and systems in the sense of the least sum of absolute values is taken into consideration. The respective absolute value estimators are recognised as exceptionally insensitive to large measurement faults or other defects in the processed data, whereas the classical least squares procedure appears to be completely impractical for processing the data contaminated with such parasitic distortions. Since the absolute value quality index cannot be minimised analytically, an iterative solution is used to find optimal estimates of the parameters of the underlying regression model. In addition, an approximate recursive estimator is proposed and implemented for on‐line evaluation of system parameters. The convergence (basic property) of the iterative estimator is show to be proven and some aspects related to the absolute value criterion are explained. This allows for the formulation of practical conclusions and indication of directions for further research. In addition, the effectiveness of the described iterative‐recursive estimation procedures is practically verified by appropriate numerical experiments.

Premalignant cystic neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreatic head-Is the Kausch-Whipple resection an adequate treatment?

Currently, the most frequently used surgical treatment for symptomatic, benign, premalignant cystic and neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreatic head is the Whipple procedure or pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). However, when performed for treatment of benign tumors, PD is amultiorgan resection involving loss of pancreatic and extrapancreatic tissue and functions. PD for benign neoplasm is associated with the risk of considerable early postoperative complications and an in-hospital mortality of up to 5%. Following the Whipple procedure anew onset of diabetes mellitus is observed in 14-20% and new exocrine insufficiency in 25-45%, leading to metabolic dysfunction and impairment of quality of life persisting after resection of benign tumors. Symptomatic neoplasms are indication for surgery. Patients with asymptomatic pancreatic tumors are treated according to the criteria of surveillance protocols. The goal of surgical treatment for asymptomatic patients is, according to the guideline criteria, interruption of the surveillance program before the development of an advanced stage cancer associated with the neoplasm. Tumor enucleation and duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection, either total or partial, are parenchyma-sparing resections for benign neoplasms of the pancreatic head. The first choice for small tumors is enucleation; however, enucleation is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic fistula B + C following pancreatic main duct injury. Duodenum-preserving total or partial pancreatic head resection has the advantage of low postoperative surgery-related complications, amortality of < 0.5% and maintenance of the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions. Parenchyma-sparing pancreatic head resections should replace classical Whipple procedures for neoplasms of the pancreatic head.

Deep eutectic solvent-based shaking-assisted extraction for determination of bioactive compounds from Norway spruce roots.

Polyphenolic compounds play an essential role in plant growth, reproduction, and defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stresses. Extracting these compounds is the initial step in assessing phytochemical changes, where the choice of extraction method significantly influences the extracted analytes. However, due to environmental factors, analyzing numerous samples is necessary for statistically significant results, often leading to the use of harmful organic solvents for extraction. Therefore, in this study, a novel DES-based shaking-assisted extraction procedure for the separation of polyphenolic compounds from plant samples followed by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis was developed. The DES was prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and fructose (Fru) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at various molar ratios with the addition of 30% water to reduce viscosity. Several experimental variables affecting extraction efficiency were studied and optimized using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) and confirmed by response surface design (RS). Nearly the same experimental conditions were obtained using both optimization methods and were set as follows: 30mg of sample, 300mg of ChCl:Fru 1:2 DES containing 30%w/w of water, 500rpm shaking speed, 30min extraction time, 10°C extraction temperature. The results were compared with those obtained using conventional solvents, such as ethanol, methanol and water, whereby the DES-based shaking-assisted extraction method showed a higher efficiency than the classical procedures. The greenness of the developed method was compared with the greenness of existing procedures for the extraction of polyphenolic substances from solid plant samples using the complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) approach, while the results for the developed method were better or comparable to the existing ones. In addition, the practicability of the developed procedure was evaluated by application of the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) metric. The developed procedure was applied to the determination of spruce root samples with satisfactory results and has the potential for use in the analysis of similar plant samples.

Classical multidimensional scaling on metric measure spaces

Abstract We study a generalization of the classical multidimensional scaling procedure (cMDS) which is applicable in the setting of metric measure spaces. Metric measure spaces can be seen as natural ‘continuous limits’ of finite data sets. Given a metric measure space ${\mathcal{X}} = (X,d_{X},\mu _{X})$, the generalized cMDS procedure involves studying an operator which may have infinite rank, a possibility which leads to studying its traceability. We establish that several continuous exemplar metric measure spaces such as spheres and tori (both with their respective geodesic metrics) induce traceable cMDS operators, a fact which allows us to obtain the complete characterization of the metrics induced by their resulting cMDS embeddings. To complement this, we also exhibit a metric measure space whose associated cMDS operator is not traceable. Finally, we establish the stability of the generalized cMDS method with respect to the Gromov–Wasserstein distance.

Origin, occurrence, pharmaceutical, analytical, and various pharmacological studies on Swarna bhasma (~incinerated gold ash): A synoptic review

Swarna (~gold) is categorized under the Sara loha varga (~noble metals) and is said to be superior to all other metals. Almost all ancient Ayurveda classics have indicated the therapeutic utilities of Swarna. However, compiled information on various aspects of this metal is not available, considering which, an attempt has been made to screen and compile information from available literature. The data have been compiled from different Ayurveda classical texts. Research articles published on Swarna bhasma (~incinerated gold ash) have also been referred for information. This precious metal is advocated to be used in therapeutics after converting it into fine powders through processing specified classical pharmaceutical procedures. The published information reiterated the therapeutic applications of Swarna bhasma referred in the classical literature. Swarna bhasma exhibited anticataleptic, antidepressant, antianxiety, antioxidant, antiarthritic, and antiangiogenic properties. It has shown significant effects on memory enhancing and improving learning abilities too.

Efficient alternatives for Bayesian hypothesis tests in psychology.

Bayesian hypothesis testing procedures have gained increased acceptance in recent years. A key advantage that Bayesian tests have over classical testing procedures is their potential to quantify information in support of true null hypotheses. Ironically, default implementations of Bayesian tests prevent the accumulation of strong evidence in favor of true null hypotheses because associated default alternative hypotheses assign a high probability to data that are most consistent with a null effect. We propose the use of "nonlocal" alternative hypotheses to resolve this paradox. The resulting class of Bayesian hypothesis tests permits more rapid accumulation of evidence in favor of both true null hypotheses and alternative hypotheses that are compatible with standardized effect sizes of most interest in psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).