Classical Law Research Articles

Reynolds number and jet noise scaling

The Reynolds number and Mach number are classical quantities used to determine the similarity of aerodynamic flows. Existing studies on the role of Reynolds Number on jet noise show inconsistent results, casting doubt on how small a nozzle diameter can be for the classical jet noise scaling laws to hold. A systematic study was therefore undertaken to resolve this issue. The Reynolds number of jet flows was adjusted using a Mach number variation between 0.4 and 0.8, and nozzle-exit diameters of 0.25, 0.5, and two inches. When the jet noise measurements were normalized, spectral collapse was observed for the spectra across the whole Reynolds number range. It was found that the Reynolds number does not have a significant effect on jet noise, and jet noise can be scaled from even the smallest of nozzle to larger nozzles.

Каноническое право Восточной Римской империи как исторический источник отечественного уголовного права

The purpose of this work is to refute the point of view of a number of theorists about the legal "backwardness" and programmed implementation doom of domestic public (and, above all, criminal) law. In this article, the author declares and argues the thesis that domestic criminal law (Russian/Russian) was initially, from the moment of its formation, based on the traditions of classical Roman law in its most developed Byzantine form. The reception of Roman law into Russian criminal law was carried out in two directions: canon law and secular law. And if the vector of Byzantine influence on the development of secular criminal law has faded over time, then canon law continues to test it to this day. As a result, the author substantiates the conclusion that understanding the true historical roots of the formation of domestic law forms the foundation for its development at the moment and frees the reform of Russian criminal law from artificially imposed dependence on the trends of development of European public law.

Mechanical response of carbon paper gas diffusion layer under patterned compression

The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) performances are strongly impacted by the compression of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL). Despite its fibrous microstructure, this material is usually considered as a continuous medium and characterized with uniform loading. However, the GDL is subjected to a heterogeneous compression onto rib/channel patterns in the fuel cell assembly. In the present study, a complex behavior of the GDL response is experimentally revealed when the material is loaded with a rib/channel pattern, compared to uniform compression. The tests are simulated by finite element modeling using a classical strain-dependent elastic law, using parameters fitted from uniform compression experiments. It is shown that the numerical results do not reproduce the effect of pattern observed experimentally. Hypotheses to interpret these results involve mechanisms at the fiber microscale including fiber fracture, cross-link breakage and fiber rearrangement, which are exacerbated by larger material deformation caused by the heterogeneous loading.

Zum Irrtum des Erblassers im klassischen römischen Recht

Summary On error of the testator in classical Roman law. – The paper discusses the different ways in which the classical Roman jurisprudence treated the testator’s error, be it a mistake concerning the choice of words, be it a false estimation of facts misleading the testator’s voluntas. In either case, the jurists may have treated the erroneous disposition as void or reformulated it according to the testator’s intention. However, it is shown that – contrary to some voices in the literature – no general rules on dealing with errores can be recognised. Rather, the Roman jurists and emperors decided each case on its own without referring to an underlying principle. It is only in the late classical period that some tendencies of an abstract thinking regarding this topic can be discerned.

Der Eigentumserwerb durch traditio

Summary The acquisition of property by traditio, In addition, putative iusta causa traditionis and consequences for the doctrine of condictio. – The Justinian Digest contain a number of texts in which the traditio transfers ownership, although the ‘causa’ on account of which the delivery takes place, does not exist in fact. The paper attempts to show that this phenomenon cannot be explained through a broad acceptance of the putative causa traditionis, because the Roman concept of the traditio ex iusta causa differed from that of the ‘titulus-modus-doctrine’. The classical Roman law considered the iusta causa in most cases as the purpose of the delivery, for which the traditio was a means to achieve; the (non-)achievement of the intended purpose did not decide on the transfer of ownership, but only whether the recovery of the performance (condictio) was admissible. This shows the way Roman law favored the transfer of ownership.

Chirographs in Roman law: constitutive or evidential?

Summary It has recently been sustained that chirographs had only evidential value and no constitutive effect in classical Roman law. That is correct regarding their origin in Roman law, however, the nature of a chirograph was such that as evidence it was effectively constitutive. Only the remedies later created (the exceptio and later the querimonia non numeratae pecuniae) provided relief. They and the actiones utiles granted to acquirers of chirographs prove that in the course of time chirographs were considered by their users as constitutive, if not already declared so. It appears from the Murecine texts where debtors declare themselves indebted by chirographs that this situation may already have existed in the middle of the first century ad. Hence we should accept the possibility of an early shift in legal categorisation of the chirograph to a contractus litteris.

Lagrangian dispersion and averaging behind a two-dimensional gaseous detonation front

Two-dimensional numerical simulations with the particle tracking method were conducted to analyse the dispersion behind the detonation front and its mean structure. The mixtures were 2H $_2$ –O $_2$ –7Ar and 2H $_2$ –O $_2$ of increased irregularity in ambient conditions. The detonation could be described as a two-scale phenomenon, especially for the unstable case. The first scale is related to the main heat release zone, and the second where some classical laws of turbulence remain relevant. The dispersion of the particles was promoted by the fluctuations of the leading shock and its curvature, the presence of the reaction front, and to a lesser extent transverse waves, jets and vortex motion. Indeed, the dispersion and the relative dispersion could be scaled using the reduced activation energy and the $\chi$ parameter, respectively, suggesting that the main mechanism driving the dispersion came from the one-dimensional leading shock fluctuations and heat release. The dispersion within the induction time scale was closely related to the cellular structure, particles accumulating along the trajectory of the triple points. Then, after a transient where the fading transverse waves and the vortical motions coming from jets and slip lines were present, the relative dispersion relaxed towards a Richardson–Obukhov regime, especially for the unstable case. Two new Lagrangian Favre average procedures for the gaseous detonation in the instantaneous shock frame were proposed and the mean profiles were compared with those from Eulerian procedure. The characteristic lengths for the detonation were similar, meaning that the Eulerian procedure gave the mean structure with a reasonable accuracy.

LEGAL COMPETENCE OF THE EDUCATIONAL MANAGER AND ITS FORMATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MAGISTRATE

The article examines the urgent need for new approaches to the professional training of managers of educational institutions in terms of legal competence, which is emphasized by the current legislation and normative documents of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Ukraine. The advantages of using the situational approach are highlighted, which is organically connected with the activity in the process of pedagogical formation of the legal competence of the future manager in the conditions of the master's degree. The author emphasizes that not only on the basis of the study of classical law disciplines, but also on the basis of new approaches to teaching (for example, situational-activity), it is possible to successfully form the legal competence of future managers of education.
 In this way, the legal competence of the manager of the second (master's) level of higher education in the specialty 073 Management "Educational Institution Management" obtained at the university should become the basis for the activities of domestic education managers, which will enable our educational institutions to reach new heights of relations with society. With the help of not only classical educational disciplines in law, but also new approaches to teaching (for example, situational-activity: case study, which is connected with activity), the possibility of active and purposeful formation of legal competence of future managers of Ukrainian education can be ensured. It should be clearly oriented to the requirements of the newest domestic market of all, without exception, educational services, precisely to the legal aspects of the professional competences of education managers, who will possess certain abilities and skills regarding their practical application in daily life, while working in managerial positions in educational institutions.

Auxetic response of additive manufactured cubic chiral lattices at large plastic strains

Auxetic lattices exhibit a negative Poisson’s ratio and excellent energy absorption capability. Here, we investigate the compressive performance of auxetic cubic chiral structures. By utilising finite element analysis (FEA) verified by interrupted mechanical testing and x-ray computed tomography, the auxeticity and failure mechanisms at the large strain deformation have been evaluated. The FEA results show that the initial elastic–plastic response agrees with the prediction of the classic scaling laws of bending-dominated lattices. At increasing plastic deformation, the energy absorption and auxeticity are dependent on relative density, i.e., the slenderness ratio, of the constitutive struts. In the plastic regime, the auxeticity decreases with relative density. Ductile fracture precedes densification in relative densities above 1.2%, thus dictating a new scaling law for the variation of the maximum energy absorbed with density. The numerical model predicts the scaling of mechanical properties, fracture strains, and energy absorption of the constitutive unit cell and finite-sized specimens in the relative density ranging from 0.3% to6.5%. However, to accurately model the failure mechanism, geometrical imperfections should be included. The scaling laws derived from this work may aid the design of next generation auxetic lattices with tailored mechanical properties.

Ten cases of continuum in language

Continuum is a one-dimensional pattern with a concise form and the significance of universality. “Prototype Theory” considers the members with the most common characteristics as the core members of one category, and all members of that category share some similar family features. Furthermore, quantum logic revised the classical logic law of “excluded middle” to the law of “included middle”, which provides us with a new perspective in the linguistic study. Based on the above theories and ideas, this paper lists ten cases of continuum in language: 1) the continuum of language similarity; 2) the continuum of word and non-word in Chinese; 3) the continuum of animacy of words in language; 4) the continuum of communicative pressure; 5) the continuum of sentential focus; 6) the vowel-consonant continuum; 7) the continuum of phonation types; 8) the continuum of nasality of sounds; 9) the continuum of r-suffixation; 10) the continuum of words with neutral tone. Continuum is the renewal of academic concepts and research methods, which is of great significance to the synchronic and diachronic study of language.

Seeing through noise in power laws.

Despite widespread claims of power laws across the natural and social sciences, evidence in data is often equivocal. Modern data and statistical methods reject even classic power laws such as Pareto's law of wealth and the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquake magnitudes. We show that the maximum-likelihood estimators and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistics in widespread use are unexpectedly sensitive to ubiquitous errors in data such as measurement noise, quantization noise, heaping and censorship of small values. This sensitivity causes spurious rejection of power laws and biases parameter estimates even in arbitrarily large samples, which explains inconsistencies between theory and data. We show that logarithmic binning by powers of λ > 1 attenuates these errors in a manner analogous to noise averaging in normal statistics and that λ thereby tunes a trade-off between accuracy and precision in estimation. Binning also removes potentially misleading within-scale information while preserving information about the shape of a distribution over powers of λ, and we show that some amount of binning can improve sensitivity and specificity of K-S tests without any cost, while more extreme binning tunes a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. We therefore advocate logarithmic binning as a simple essential step in power-law inference.

Numerical study of Cattaneo‐Christov heat transfer in MHD Carreau‐Yasuda hybrid nanofluid subjected to Buoyancy force

AbstractHybrid nanofluids (HNFs) have potentials applications in automotive industry, heating and cooling systems, biomedical and other fields due to their ability to introduce higher thermal conductivity than standard nanofluids. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the thermal transport performance (in the presence of buoyancy force) of two sets of HNFs. The hybrid nanoparticles which is the combination of titanium carbide and aluminium oxide, and the combination of titanium carbide‐copper oxide are taken into account. Both types of hybrid nanoparticles are dispersed in as a subjective fluid over a vertical nonlinear stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. This will be the first study on the MXene base material , making it possible for MXene‐based materials to enter the fluid dynamics field. Further, MXene material as heat transporting material is studied less and much more is needed for explore its various aspect. The specific combination of , and is considered because of their promising thermophysical and thermal transport properties. Moreover, considered combination of nanoparticles and the base fluid form a mixture which has thermal relaxation characteristics due to which its deviates from classical Fourier law of heat conduction. Therefore, instead of conventional Fourier's law of heat conduction, the non‐Fourier law of heat conduction is used to formulate the energy equation. It is first time that fhe finite element of method (FEM) is used for such a coupled and nonlinear complex problems of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The numerical and graphical impacts of magnetic fields, Grashof number, permeable parameter, and thermal relaxation time parameter on velocity, and heat transport are investigated by applying FEM on formulated boundary value problems. In each studied system, increasing the Hartmann number causes an increase the skin friction coefficient and a decrease in the Nusselt number. Moreover, by increasing the thermal relaxation parameter, the temperature of the fluid decreases significantly. The velocity of the modified nanofluids is directly proportional to the Grashof number. The thermal boundary layer thickness (TBLT) and momentum boundary layer thickness (MBLT) of Carreau‐Yasuda (CY)‐HNF (Set II) is greater than CY hybrid nanofluid (CY‐HNF) (Set I) and CY‐Nanofluid (NF), respectively. We believe that the current research work provides new insights to improve the heat transport of nanofluid using appropriate combination of hybrid nanoparticles for practical application.

Physical foundations of vehicle stability when moving uphill and at longitudinal roll back

Problem. The determination of the stages of stability for vehicles as technical systems when moving uphill on an inclined section of the road and their possible longitudinal roll back is considered. The considered stages ensure the safe operation of vehicles in various conditions and with various combinations of the values of the parameters that are included in the proposed equations characterizing the stability of the vehicle. Goal. The purpose of the paper is to improve the method of researching the physical foundations of the stability of vehicles when moving uphill on an inclined plane, the formation of mathematical models, which allows to significantly improve the mathematical support of the methods of calculating the stability of two-axle vehicles (cars, trucks, tractors, special and specialized vehicles, etc.) Methodology. The approaches adopted in the work to achieve the set goal are based on the classical laws of the mechanics of free-standing or moving objects, namely: the principle of possible movements, where calculated dynamic and mathematical models with their solutions are able to preserve the given conditions and parameters, and characterize the state of stability of the vehicle in case of its longitudinal roll back. Results. It was established and confirmed by a numerical examples that the longitudinal stability of a vehicle moving uphill depends on the longitudinal road slope, the vehicle design, the elasticity of the road surface, the critical overturning angle of the vehicle and its weight parameters. Originality. The proposed mathematical model of the longitudinal stability of the vehicle when moving uphill showed that its solution significantly depends on the values of the geometric parameters of the uphill and the vehicle, and also depends on the position of the center of gravity of the vehicle relative to the surface of the road surface. Practical value. The obtained equations for determining the values of the stability parameters of the vehicle when moving uphill on an inclined road section make it possible to specify the parameters for ensuring the logistics of vehicles in the conditions of their operation on uphill.

Unexpected coexisting solid solutions in the quasi-binaryAg(II)F2/Cu(II)F2 phase diagram.

High-temperature solid-state reaction between orthorhombic AgF2 and monoclinic CuF2 (y = 0.15, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) in a fluorine atmosphere resulted in coexisting solid solutions of Cu-poor orthorhombic and Cu-rich monoclinic phases with stoichiometry Ag1-xCuxF2. Based on X-ray powder diffraction analyses, the mutual solubility in the orthorhombic phase (AgF2:Cu) appears to be at an upper limit of Cu concentration of 30 mol % (Ag0.7Cu0.3F2), while the monoclinic phase (CuF2:Ag) can form a nearly stoichiometric Cu: Ag = 1: 1 solid solution (Cu0.56Ag0.44F2), preserving the CuF2 crystal structure. Experimental data and DFT calculations showed that AgF2:Cu and CuF2:Ag solid solutions deviate from the classical Vegard's law. Magnetic measurements of Ag1-xCuxF2 showed that the Néel temperature (TN) decreases with increasing Cu content in both phases. Likewise, theoretical DFT+U calculations for Ag1-xCuxF2 showed that the progressive substitution of Ag by Cu decreases the magnetic interaction strength |J2D| in both structures. Electrical conductivity measurements of Ag0.85Cu0.15F2 showed a ca. 2-fold increase in specific ionic conductivity (3.71·10-13 ± 2.6·10-15 S/cm) as compared to pure AgF2 (1.85·10-13 ± 1.2·10-15 S/cm), indicating the formation of a vacancy- or F adatom-free metal difluoride sample.

Relational contract theory, the relevance of actual performance in contractual interpretation and its application to employment contracts in the United Kingdom and Australia

This article articulates a theory of relational contract, as an alternative to traditional freedom of contract philosophy. The law has moved away from freedom of contract to some extent, and it can be criticised on the basis of its unrealistic assumptions and detachment from the typical reality of parties’ contracting. Relational contract theory is a possible suitable alternative theoretical framework. It may be useful in relation to contract interpretation. Specifically, it can be utilised to support a broader approach to contract interpretation, with the court focussing on the entirety of the parties’ relations, including the written terms and also subsequent performance. It enjoys some support in the United Kingdom and in other common law jurisdictions. It can support the view taken by two justices of the High Court of Australia in a recent contract interpretation decision involving employment contracts. The article favours the approach taken by these justices, rather than that of the majority, whose judgment reflects classic contract law sentiments at odds with the general direction of contract law in comparative jurisdictions.

Non-Fourier Heat Conduction of Nano-Films under Ultra-Fast Laser.

The ultra-fast laser heating process of nano-films is characterized by an ultra-short duration and ultra-small space size, in which the classical Fourier law based on the hypothesis of local equilibrium is no longer applicable. Based on the Cattaneo-Vernotte (CV) model and the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model, the two-dimensional analytical solutions of heat conduction in nano-films under ultra-fast laser are obtained using the integral transformation method. The results show that there is a thermal wave phenomenon inside the film, which becomes increasingly evident as the elapse of the lag time of the temperature gradient. Moreover, the wave amplitude in the vertical direction is much larger than that in the horizontal direction of the nano-film. By comparing the numerical result of the two models, it is found that the temperature distribution inside the nano-film based on the DPL model is gentler than that of the CV model. Additionally, the temperature distribution in the two-dimensional solution is lower than that in the one-dimensional solution under the same Knudsen number. In the comparison results of the CV model, the maximum peak difference in the thermal wave reaches 75.08 K when the Knudsen number is 1.0. This demonstrates that the horizontal energy carried by the laser source significantly impacts the temperature distribution within the film.

Universal Velocity Statistics in Decaying Turbulence.

In turbulent flows, kinetic energy is transferred from large spatial scales to small ones, where it is converted to heat by viscosity. For strong turbulence, i.e., high Reynolds numbers, Kolmogorov conjectured in 1941 that this energy transfer is dominated by inertial forces at intermediate spatial scales. Since Kolmogorov's conjecture, the velocity difference statistics in this so-called inertial range have been expected to follow universal power laws for which theoretical predictions have been refined over the years. Here we present experimental results over an unprecedented range of Reynolds numbers in a well-controlled wind tunnel flow produced in the Max Planck Variable Density Turbulence Tunnel. We find that the measured second-order velocity difference statistics become independent of the Reynolds number, suggesting a universal behavior of decaying turbulence. However, we do not observe power laws even at the highest Reynolds number, i.e., at turbulence levels otherwise only attainable in atmospheric flows. Our results point to a Reynolds number-independent logarithmic correction to the classical power law for decaying turbulence that calls for theoretical understanding.

SIMULATION OF NITROGEN BALANCE UNDER SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE CONDITIONS AT THEHRI MUKTSAR PUNJAB, USING THE DNDC MODEL V. 9.5

Aim of the study: The aim of the study is DNDC model simulation for nitrogen balance in rice-wheat cropping system. Material and methods: The DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model is a computer simulation model for the biogeochemistry of carbon and nitrogen in agro ecosystems that takes a process-oriented approach. The DNDC model version 9.5 (http:// www.dndc.sr.unh.edu) was selected for estimating nitrogen balance. The model consists of two modules. The first component simulates moisture, soil temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, which are determined by ecological parameters such as soil, climate, anthropogenic activities, and vegetation. It consists of sub-models for plant growth, decomposition, and soil climate. The second module predicts the emission of gasses from plant-soil systems such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxide (NO), dinitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The model includes empirical equations developed from laboratory studies and is based on the classical laws of chemistry, physics, and biology. The empirical equations included parameterizing specific biochemical or geochemical reactions. The entire model bridges the primary ecological drivers with the biogeochemical cycles of C and N (see: Figures 1 and 2). Results and conclusions: This study used the DNDC model to estimate nitrogen balance in the study area. A calibrated and validated DNDC model was used to simulate NO3-N loss in runoff and leachate from a rice–wheat cropping system from 2018 to 2020. The total nitrogen balance estimated by the DNDC model was negative (–99.44 kg N ha–1 yr–1) and positive (69.1 kg N ha–1 yr–1) for rice and wheat cropping systems, respectively, in the study area.

Is Ifá Divination Girded by Logic? A Case for Ezumezu Logic

Several criteria for what constitutes African philosophy have been offered by different African and non-African scholars. For Jonathan Chimakonam (Ezumezu: A System of Logic for African Philosophy and Studies. Cham: Switzerland, 2019), a philosophy is either African, Western, or Asian because of the logic that fortifies it. Chimakonam, following this conviction, foregrounds Ezumezu logic as a prototypical African logic which mediates thought, theory, and method within the African sphere, yet is also applicable in non-African contexts. To interrogate its stance as a prototypical African logic, this study examines Ezumezu logic apart from its Igbo inspiration, via the traditional Yorùbá ritual archive. We embark on a foray into the Ifá divination procedure for this exploration. Through critical analysis and hermeneutics, this study finds that in most cases, Ifá divination, through employing ìbò in its procedures, conforms to the classical laws of thought. However, when further reflection is given to the method through which the truths and insights of O ̣̀rúnmìlà are sought during divination, one may easily discern the presence of a trivalent logic therein. This understanding is demonstrated side by side with Chimakonam’s description of the ways in which his logic functions. Hence, this article submits that the logic criterion for African philosophy is apt and that, when it is applied to an African ritual archive in Ifá divination, there is no doubt that Chimakonam’s attempt to prove the originality of the African way of thought, theory, and method is well articulated.

Design of optimal-robust control of step motors with partially unknown parameters and disturbances

The paper describes the design of a novel control law for step motor under participially unknown parameters and bounded external disturbances. The unknown parameters and disturbances are related to the motor torque, the rotor moment of inertia, the viscous friction, the resistance and the load torque. The design of a novel control law is based on feedback linearization and linear robust control. The gain of a linear control law is calculated by solving the linear matrix inequality and some optimization problems. The simulations illustrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme in comparison with classical PID-controller and adaptive control law.