Classical History Research Articles

Clinical and Neurophysiological Characteristics of Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Presenting at the Tertiary Rheumatology Out-Patient Clinic

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most commonly-encountered entrapment neuropathy. The classic symptoms of CTS are numbness and paraesthesia in the first three fingers of the hand, which is commonly exacerbated at night. The diagnostic signs include sensory loss along the lateral aspect of the hand, motor weakness and wasting of abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Tinel’s and Phalen’s signs are elicited at the wrist. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of clinical and electrophyisologic study performed on patients that attended the rheumatology outpatient clinic of a tertiary institution. The primary patients of the unit and those that were referred to the rheumatology clinic on account of clinical features of CTS were included in the study. Excluded from the study were pregnant women and those with previous history of CTS surgery. Nerve conduction study was carried out on all patients with features of nerve compression at the wrist. Results: Sixty nine (69) patients out of 82 that presented with clinical features of CTS were diagnosed of CTS. Females constituted 84.1% (58) and males were 15 .9% (11). The most affected age group was (31-40) years. Diabetes patients had the highest presentation of CTS (42%). The classic history of CTS was reported in 33.3%, Paraethesia was observed in 46.4%, numbness in 44.9% while paraethesia and numbness together were reported in 40.6% of patients. Day pain and nocturnal pain was seen in 60.9% and only nocturnal pain was reported by 42.0%. Abductor policis brevis (APB) muscle weakness was found in 24.6% of patients while 11.65% had wasting of the muscle. Conclusion: CTS was fairly common among the rheumatology patients and diabetes patients were predominantly affected.

The Rule of Manhood: Tyranny, Gender, and Classical Republicanism in England, 1603–1660 by Jamie A. Gianoutsos

This ambitious and engaging book offers a salutary reminder of how English culture, at least as absorbed by boys with grammar-school educations, was steeped in classical history. It argues for the potentially subversive character of the dramatic stories about the origins, character, and demise of the Roman republic, in the writings of authors such as Cicero, Seneca, and Livy. Gianoutsos maintains that modern scholars have missed a crucial element of these stories that is hiding in plain sight: They involve contests about the meaning of true manhood, as men succeed or fail as law givers, warriors, and fathers. Such a gendered reading suggests that such contests were a particularly potent means of representing contrasts between corruption and virtue and tyranny and good government.A commendably broad chronological range crosses the too-frequent 1640 border. Part I, “Emasculated Kingship,” offers perceptive close readings of contemporary uses of Roman history showing James I and Charles as failed men and, consequently, tyrants. Part II, “The Masculine Republic,” discusses how republicans worked to restore “true manhood to citizens long stripped of their virtus through emasculated and emasculating tyrants,” as well as exploring rival representations of Oliver Cromwell.Gianoutsos deploys a variety of texts to explore the use of Roman history in cheap print, poetry, and popular drama, as well as in school texts and learned works. The multivalent uses of the Emperor Nero discussed in Part I are particularly illuminating. As the persecuting power intimated in Romans 13 of Paul’s New Testament Epistle to the Romans, he was used to justify absolutism. More commonly, however, Nero demonstrated the corruption of the polity through dissolute masculinity, as in Chapman’s witty conceit regarding Nero’s burying a single, amber strand of his mistress Poppea’s hair. Gianoutsos effectively links this passage to Prynne’s better-known polemics about the evils of long hair and May’s account of Nero’s monstrous and murderous relationship with his mother Julia Agrippina.1Gianoutsos shows a tendency, especially in Part II, to exaggerate the originality of her approach. Gianoutsos’ own thorough footnotes bely her claims that gender “has remained largely unstudied in accounts of the republican tradition” or neglected in “influential studies of Milton’s republican thought” (228, 231). The book, however, amply demonstrates the value of a gendered analysis focusing on manhood to a proper understanding of seventeenth-century political history and the character of classical republicanism. Some of its general arguments (such as the ways in which a gendered analysis supports positive rather than negative notions of liberty) would have benefited from extended treatment in one place, not in scattered footnotes or connected loosely to several of the detailed readings.The analysis in Part II, which covers the bulk of republican writing, loses focus. The treatment of Cromwell as a republican hero, father of the people, or corrupt tyrant (another Nero) seems a little rushed, and its “for-or-against structure” misses some of the conflicted nature of John Milton’s or Marchamont Nedham’s views of the Protector.2 Cromwell was as often compared to Moses and Gideon as to Nero or Brutus, and, given the recent stress by Nelson, Coffey and Winship on the religious origins of republicanism, Gianoutsos’ approach to analyzing how biblical exemplars of manhood were mobilized in seventeenth-century political debates might be useful in further work.3Gianoutsos focuses appropriately on the highest of politics, mostly on the failings of rulers, perfectly aware of the rich body of work on manhood as an unstable and contested concept. At the beginning and end of her book, she stresses the importance of distinctions between homo and vir; full manhood implied maturity, independence, and householder status—roles unavailable to many men as Shephard has shown, though more challenges to such exclusions than she suggests may have existed.4During the revolutionary upheavals of the 1640s, contemporaries who agreed that “the fundamental purpose of English republicanism was the realisation of manhood for its citizens” may not have agreed on how citizenship itself was defined (4). Equally, Gianoutsos is surely correct that political historians tend to ignore men in favor of women, but since gender is a relational concept, Gianoutsos should have left room for a discussion of how women featured in republican thinking, even referring to such literary scholars as Wiseman and Gillespie.5 Nonetheless, this book has immense value, both for its close readings and for the many ways in which it prompts broader reflections.

Moving in Together?Synoikismosand Polis Formation at Sagalassos and in Southwest Anatolia

Topics such as polis formation and synoikismos have a rich background in classical studies, history, and archaeology. Such studies have mainly focused on the attestations of synoikismos events in literary sources and inscriptions. The archaeological side of such processes has not always been given equal weight. This paper presents a more encompassing view on patterns of synoikismos and polis formation by incorporating and assessing archaeological evidence in a model of push-pull interactions between local communities and the Hellenistic kingdoms in southwest Anatolia. This model will be applied on a case study of the origin of polis at Sagalassos and its relation with the nearby settlement at Düzen Tepe during its formative years in the Early to Middle Hellenistic period (3rd–2nd centuries b.c.). It will then situate this case in its wider context of settlement patterns and community formation in southwest Anatolia, focusing on the ancient regions of Pisidia, Lycia, and Pamphylia. The paper suggests that interactions between local communities and overarching central administrations offered suitable stimuli that resulted in local communities starting to participate in wider dynamics of economic and political importance. This ultimately resulted in observed patterns of polis formation and a potential synoikismos.

Christian Monastic Life in Early Islam. By Bradly Bowman. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021. pp. 248, ill B/N. $105.00 hardcover.

Christian Monastic Life in Early Islam. By Bradly Bowman. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021. pp. 248, ill B/N. $105.00 hardcover. - Volume 91 Issue 1

Doran H. Ross: Generosity. Intellect. Passion.

Doran H. Ross: Generosity. Intellect. Passion.

Mexico's Unique Role in Governing the Global Economy

“It is also silly to make the pretense that the Mexicans (even though their representative in July was, I understand, a graduate of the London School of Economics) and the Brazilians would discuss ‘at the expert level’…. Their function is to sign in the place of the signature,” wrote British Treasury official Wilfried Eady in a January 1944 memorandum on the Bretton Woods negotiations. Christy Thornton’s Revolution in Development: Mexico and the Governance of the Global Economy is essentially written to prove him wrong. Moreover, it aims at dismissing the abundant literature that is constructed around similar such documents. Revolution in Development is an outstanding work of diplomatic history, based on an amazing number of original sources. It is not easy to capture the reader’s attention in such an effective way as Thornton does and to keep it alive while accompanying us throughout Mexico’s history during the twentieth century. Quite astonishingly, for someone who teaches in a sociology department, social history does not surface in this book. Nor does classic political history play a significant role, except for a swift mention of the socialist parties and their supporters in the early Cold War years. But this should not come as a surprise because what Thornton wants to show us is how Mexico could access the button room and influence the governance of the global economy, notwithstanding its role as an outsider in the glimmering world of economic diplomacy.

Classicisms in the Black Atlantic ed. by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar and Heidi Morse

Reviewed by: Classicisms in the Black Atlantic ed. by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar and Heidi Morse Ronald Charles Classicisms in the Black Atlantic. Edited by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar, and Heidi Morse. Classical Presences. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp xiv + 338. Hardback, $150. ISBN 0198814127 This volume is a groundbreaking study of how Classical texts, tropes, figures, art, myths and history have been received, used, deployed and interpreted within the Black Atlantic. The book aims to show how artists and intellectuals in the Black Atlantic have excavated the classical texts, images, narratives and practices in order to imagine new possibilities. The essays emphasize the outcomes of slavery's aftermaths by way of various geographical (dis)location and cultural connections. The volume is divided into three parts: 1) Wakes, 2) Journeys and 3) Tales. The editors grace the book with a programmatic Introduction in which they lay out the aims and contours of the project. Paul Gilroy's famous work on the Black Atlantic provides the broad conceptual framework for these analyses of the reception of the classics in the diasporic world. Part I : Wakes The first chapter is by Emily Greenwood, "Middle Passages: Mediating Classics and Radical Philology in Marlene NourbeSe Philip and Derek Walcott." This chapter explores the use of classical texts and figures as mediating elements in the historical and representational space the Middle Passage plays in the work of Marlene NourbeSe Philip and Derek Walcott. The Middle Passage remains a site of memory or, as the author identifies it, "a zone of translation based on the physical transportation and translation of bodies" (31). Both NourbeSe and Walcott use classical texts as tools of resistance and radical rewriting. Greenwood shows how the notion of critical memory is used in a creative way in Walcott's works, pointing [End Page 356] out his recurring evocation of bones as poetic touchstone. NourbeSe's goal, Greenwood highlights, is to dismember the Classics, that is, to challenge certain Eurocentric readings of the classical texts and to make them serve her own purpose of remembering the fate and the story of her Black ancestors. Playing with languages and with texts, she engages in reading the classical texts, such as the Aeneid, subversively: "While Philip may not find common cause with Derek Walcott, both poets are engaged in a profound philological project because they ceaselessly address the question of how to love a conflicted language that bears the traces of a colonial history, as well as the question of how to express Caribbean experience within this language" (54). The second chapter in this section of the book, "Nero, the mustard!: The Ironies of Classical Slave Names in the British Caribbean," was authored by Margaret Williamson. The author demonstrates how slaveholders took names (place names, literary and classical names) from a wide classical stock of names and imposed them on to the Black slaves. The point was to ridicule the slaves, and to differentiate "slaves as a group from free whites by means of nomenclature and to assert the primacy of European culture" (63). Williamson also shows how this naming of slaves participated in the overall violence exercised against the slave's body and psyche. The classical names were also used for animals (domestic pets and working animals), thus obliterating in the minds of the slaveholders the difference between slaves and animals. As the author states, "Those who named their slaves Homer, Virgil, Pindar or Sappho were not offering any commentary on those individuals' poetic prowess. Rather, they were boasting of their own fluency in the language of power" (78). The third chapter is a fascinating contribution by Dan-el Padilla Peralta, "Athens and Sparta of the New World: The Classical Passions of Santo Domingo." He shows how classical tropes, figures and myths have been at the core of Santo Domingo's claims to racial purity and ethnic identity throughout its history. This particular way of presenting the DR, as the Athens of the New World, is placed within a clear racialized anti-Haitianism propagated by the Dominican Republic's dominant classes. This racist attitude, or this deep-seated desire to be seen by others as a...

Theorizing Medieval Visual Art by Means of Information and Communication Sciences

For about thirty years now, transdisciplinarity revitalised the history of art almost completely: cultural and visuall studies, and among them French Visual Anthropology has brought cultural history within iconographic and stylistic analysis. The aim of this paper is to offer some thoughts about innovation in the approach of Art History with a particular reflexion on if et how it is possible to bring about visual arts theory and cultural history through the prism of information and communication sciences, by experimenting this way of analysing on late Middle Ages occidentale images. This communication intends to fit in the thematic section studying medieval and early modern art from an interdisciplinary theorisation and methodology of research. It dwells on the break-through offered by the works of Hans Belting and Jean-Claude Schmidt, but also reflecting on artefacts issues about power (Freedberg), performativity (Bartholeyns and Golsenne) and agency (Gell). First, we will see an artistic image can be understood as an audio-visual socio-cultural “dispositive”, instead of just apprehend them as stylised representations. There is indeed a completing and cumulative aspect in the semantic links between liturgy, architecture, and iconography. The image builds itself as transitive dispositif of cultural and informational contents (Jeanneret, 2008), that can be experimented as a cognitive semiotic system (Régimbeau, 2007). Then, we will question multimodality and agency for ancient images, based on information reception theory from the “spect-actor”, rather than comparative and attributive approach of artefacts producers, like in classic art history. The goal here is to investigate uses and purposes, rather than functions. We can see that the receiver of an image establishes a complex individual relationship with it, which stratification can be decoded through rational relations, symbolic investments and cathartic emotional responses that are all often operating in this precise time period of the Middle Ages. This can put into perspective networks, communication and information circulations and see producers, patterns, and ideas as transcultural and transmissive carriers (Mucchielli, Corbalan et Ferrandez, 2004; Proulx, 2015).

Sino-Tibetan Style of Buddhist Sculpture: Articulation of the Attribution Problem

This article is devoted to the concept of “style” and the possibility of its application in the attribution of works of Buddhist metal sculpture. This aspect, which, as a rule, is peripheral for classical Oriental studies, Buddhology, and history, where it is interpreted quite freely, is one of the key ones for art history and museum attribution activities. The author notes the terminological and factual diversity of the designation of the “Sino-Tibetan style” in the circle of researchers of the art of Buddhism. The author poses the question of what exactly the concept of “Sino-Tibetan style” means and whether it is an indication of the body of technical and plastic features of sculptures, or just a designation of the geography of the origin of Buddhist sculptures of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made in the western provinces of China. The author refers to three sculptures which are the most controversial ones from the point of view of attribution (Maitreya Buddha from the private collection of A. V. Glazyrin (Ekaterinburg), Shakyamuni Buddha, and Begtse from the collection of the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore), which have several similar stylistic features, and which could presumably be attributed to the “Sino-Tibetan style” of the eighteenth century. Also, the article presents the results of the study of the metal composition of these sculptures using an X-ray fluorescence analyser (spectrometer). Based on the data obtained on the content of substances in the alloy and considering the general artistic and stylistic features of metal images, the author makes a conclusion as to when the attribution designation “Tibeto-Chinese style” is the most accurate one and when it can be applied to Buddhist gilded sculptures created on the territory of China (Manchu Qin dynasty) between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Creation of a Myth: Rethinking the Cultural Heritage Sites of the Crimea in the Late 18th and 19th Centuries

This paper analyses the myths which appeared around some local archaeological and architectonic sites after the Crimea’s incorporation into Russia in 1783. The author refers to legends of the flood developing around the mediaeval “cave towns”, the remnants of the temple of Tauric Diana, the imprints of St Andrew’s feet, the turbe at the mediaeval town of Chufut-Kale, and Maria Potocka as a captive of the Crimean khan’s harem. The author demonstrates the multidirectional intellectual interactions of various social groups such as local populations, migrants, and learned travellers representing different cultures and countries. It has been shown that the greatest role for the mythologisation of the sites was played by Russian and foreign travelogues which interpreted particular monuments as tourist attractions and drew their readers’ attention to them. By that moment, the real history of the sites had already been forgotten. Moreover, educated travellers knew some plots of classical history which allegedly happened in the peninsula, and therefore tried to “find” their traces amidst Crimean landscapes. The travellers also perceived Crimean Tatar legends and transformed them in a new manner. The locals, in their own turn, understood the tales produced by foreign intellectuals as parts of their own local history. A particular phenomenon comprises the attempts of the Christian migrants to the Crimea to find “support” among the monuments which they interpreted as very old Christian shrines related to the events known from the books. As a result, there appeared incorrect interpretations of the sites, which, because of their romantic and fascinating nature, became imprinted in public mind. This process contributed to the turning of some cultural heritage sites into tourist attractions and therefore made an impact on the establishment of the Crimea as a tourist centre.

When doom is invincible and not easily perceptible: A case of diffuse nodular disease

A 47-year-old -lady without known co-morbidity had presented with a one-month history of respiratory distress and headache. Someone incidentally started her with antitubercular drugs and steroids outside our hospital. Her routine CT scan of brain was unremarkable. She had a partial response to the same, but she presented to us with an increased headache after a month. We found her to have diffuse nodular pulmonary involvement with bilateral pleural effusion. The pleural fluid diagnostic evaluation revealed adenocarcinoma of the lung. The MRI of the brain revealed multiple nodular involvements consistent with the rare intracranial miliary metastasis. Our case underscores the importance of careful history taking and evaluation of patients with respiratory distress along with headaches (our patient lacked a classical history of miliary tuberculosis). We may overlook the silent brain metastasis on routine CT scans of the brain and cause an important delay in diagnostic evaluation and intervention in life-threatening diseases, like our case.

Tolkien and the Classical World ed. by Hamish Williams, and: Tolkien and the Classics ed. by Roberto Arduini

Reviewed by: Tolkien and the Classical World ed. by Hamish Williams, and: Tolkien and the Classics ed. by Roberto Arduini Victor Parker Tolkien and the Classical World, edited by Hamish Williams. Zurich: Walking Tree Publishers, 2021. Cormarë series no. 45. xxvi, 414 pp. $32.00 (softcover). ISBN 978-3-905703-45-0. Tolkien and the Classics, edited by Roberto Arduini, Giampaolo Canzonieri, and Claudio A. Testi. Zurich: Walking Tree Publishers, 2019. Cormarë series no. 42. xix, 245 pp. $24.30 (softcover). ISBN 978-3-905703-42-9. Investigation of Tolkien's quarrying of medieval literature for his own works has been proceeding apace with good results for some time now. Tolkien and the Classical World focuses on the less developed study of Tolkien's use of classical (i.e., Greek and Roman) literature.1 Unfortunately, two methodological problems stand in the way. The first has to do with classical literature's pervasive influence during the medieval period. When Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings describes the siege of a great, walled city ruled by an aging man who does not himself fight and therefore relies on his son(s) to defend it, of course one thinks of Troy. But did Tolkien have in mind the Iliad itself or Roman retellings (e.g., that in Vergil's Aeneid) or medieval retellings (e.g., the Geste Historial of the Destruction of Troy on which he worked when compiling the glossary for Kenneth Sisam's Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose)? Or all of them at once or some combination thereof?2 Second, even when there is no direct link between a potential classical and a medieval source, either is often just as likely to have been an inspiration as the other. In The Lord of the Rings the Stewards of Gondor maintain a network of beacons. So did the kings of classical Persia ([Aristotle], De mundo, 398a), but then again so did the kings of medieval Norway (Snorri, Heimskringla, 4, 21); and Tolkien could have been thinking of either (or both).3 Before turning to commentary on specific essays, let me first characterize the volume as a whole. After a spirited introduction by Hamish Williams, it is divided into five sections: "Classical Lives and Histories" (Tolkien as a classical scholar as well as the influence on Tolkien of interpretations of classical history in regard to Númenor); "Ancient Epic and Myth" (focusing on Homer, Vergil, and the myth of Orpheus); "In Dialogue with Greek Philosophers" (Plato and [End Page 205] Aristotle); "Around the Borders of the Classical World" (largely the interactions of the Germanic world with the classical); and "Shorter Remarks and Observations" (one essay on pastoralism and one on music). Apart from the last catch-all these divisions are logical and hang together well. A useful Afterword closes the collection; there is also an index. Each individual essay at least shows that Tolkien could have drawn on the classical sources discussed, whether directly or indirectly; and all the essays are conducive to further discussion. In this way already the authors collectively provide a useful companion to Tom Shippey's studies on Tolkien's use of medieval literature, though there is still some distance to go before scholarship on Tolkien's use of classical sources reaches the level found there or in the volume edited by Jane Chance, Tolkien the Medievalist. That said, the essays in the volume here under review are much stronger when they discuss the classical sources directly (see, e.g., Peter Astrup Sundt's essay on Orpheus and Michael Kleu's on Plato and Atlantis) than when they rely on generalizations and summary analyses drawn from recent secondary scholarship which Tolkien himself could not possibly have known. It is, however, a different matter entirely when, for instance, Philip Burton discusses scholarship which Tolkien almost certainly worked with professionally (275). More work probably needs to be done on what sorts of secondary books on the Classical world Tolkien is likely to have read before this approach becomes fruitful. Finally, some of the essays content themselves with merely pointing to the presence of possible classical sources of inspiration, whereas the stronger ones attempt to demonstrate direct use.4 Under this...

Double-scale supervised inversion with a data-driven forward model for low-frequency impedance recovery

Low-frequency information is important in reducing the nonuniqueness of absolute impedance inversion and for quantitative seismic interpretation. In traditional model-driven impedance inversion methods, the low-frequency impedance background is from an initial model and is almost unchanged during the inversion process. Moreover, the inversion results are limited by the quality of the modeled seismic data and the extracted wavelet. To alleviate these issues, we have investigated a double-scale supervised impedance inversion method based on the gated recurrent encoder-decoder network (GREDN). We first train the decoder network of GREDN called the forward operator, which can map impedance to seismic data. We then implement the well-trained decoder as a constraint to train the encoder network of GREDN called the inverse operator. Besides matching the output of the encoder with broadband pseudowell impedance labels, data generated by inputting the encoder output into the known decoder match the observed narrowband seismic data. The broadband impedance information and the already-trained decoder largely limit the solution space of the encoder. Finally, after training, only the derived optimal encoder is applied to unseen seismic traces to yield broadband impedance volumes. Our approach is fully data driven and does not involve the initial model, seismic wavelet, and model-driven operator. Tests on the Marmousi model illustrate that our double-scale supervised impedance inversion method can effectively recover low-frequency components of the impedance model, and we determine that low frequencies of the predicted impedance originate from well logs. Furthermore, we apply the strategy of combining the double-scale supervised impedance inversion method with a model-driven impedance inversion method to process field seismic data. Tests on a field data set indicate that the predicted impedance results not only reveal a classic tectonic sedimentation history but also match the corresponding results measured at the locations of two wells.

Unity lost. Negotiating the ancient roots of Pedagogy in Sweden, 1865–1971

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to investigate attempts to safeguard classical humanism in secondary schools by appealing to a cultural-historical link with Antiquity, voiced in the face of educational reforms in Sweden between 1865 and 1971.Design/methodology/approachBy focusing on the content of the pedagogical journal Pedagogisk Tidskrift, the article highlights a number of examples of how an ancient historical lineage was evoked and how historical knowledge was mobilized and contested in various ways.FindingsThe article argues that the enduring negotiation over the educational need to maintain a strong link with the ancient past was strained due to increasing scholarly specialization and thus entangled in competing views on reform and what was deemed “traditional” or “modern”.Originality/valueFrom a larger perspective, the conflict over the role of Antiquity in Swedish secondary schools reveals a trajectory for the history of education as part of and later apart from a general history of the humanities. Classical history originally served as a common past from which Swedish culture and education developed, but later lost this integrating function within the burgeoning discipline of Pedagogy. The findings demonstrate the value of bringing the newly (re)formed history of humanities and history of education closer together.

Symbolism in the Russian visual art in the era of Art Nouveau: analytical overview in the light of latest research

The subject of this article is the works of the Russian artists of the late XIX – early XX centuries in the context of problematic of symbolism and Art Nouveau, as well as the scientific foundation that has developed as yet in studying this topic. Research methodology is based on the conceptual synthesis of classical art history approaches towards the analysis of artistic material with the theoretical interdisciplinary methods of humanities, such as iconology and hermeneutics, as well as the contextual-associative method developed by the author. The goal of this article consists in determination of the peculiarities of symbolism in Russia due to the transformation of the attitude towards the spiritual problematic of art of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, which is relevant for the modern art history. The author is firs in the Russian art history to conduct a comprehensive analytical overview of the development stages of symbolism in the Russian visual art based on the years-long work with the archival materials, scientific publications (that cover over a century), and works of the Art Nouveau authors stored in the museum funds, many of which after 1917  appeared to be on the periphery of attention of art historians due to ideological reasons. The revealed individual characteristics of symbolism as a holistic artistic phenomenon, created on the level of modern humanistic knowledge, determine the novelty of this work and can valuable in further study of symbolism and Art Nouveau. Broadening of representations on the Russian art of the late XIX – early XX centuries, allow returning the heritage of the symbolist artists into the context of art, which is of undeniable importance from the perspective of restoration of natural logic of the development of the history of art in Russia, making this publication valuable in various fields of study of art and culture.

張錯《連枝草》現代題畫詩對中國古典水墨畫的文本關涉

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
 題畫詩是中國古典詩傳統之一，然則在現代詩的創作場域中卻尚待開展。現代詩人觀中國古典水墨畫而爲現代詩，本身即涉及詩和畫之間媒體形式的互文關係轉换，特别是中國古典水墨畫自成一再現體系，現代詩人如何出入圖像進行辯證，實爲重要課題。學者張錯既有《風格定器物》之論著，詩人張錯亦有《連枝草》之詩畫創作，兩者交相輻湊，實深化出“在現代情境中古典水墨畫之美與美感經驗如何發生？並且透過現代詩話語予以體現？”此一問題意識。本文即透過“觀中遊：動態觀視”“天工與畫工：生成意識”論述進程，研究張錯現代詩與中國古典水墨畫間的互文現象。從中可見張錯在題畫過程中，一方面爲畫作投置主體，透過畫中山水空間的層次組合，建構主體感官與山水自然的互動關係，突破繪畫本身形式上的静態限制，以詩話語釋放繪畫潛存之動能；另一方面則運用畫法入詩，整合中國古典水墨繪畫傳統進行繪畫山水與人物的再現，使文本産生藝術品評的功能，並揉入自身審美品味，進而使繪畫與詩美學得以共進。
 Inscribing poetry on paintings is a tradition in classical Chinese poetic history, but it has been under-developed in the field of modern poetry. Classical Chinese painting, which involves a process of translation of language into the symbolic system, is viewed by modern poets as modern poetry. Notably, Chinese painting itself is a representation system；this therefore has given rise to an important issue concerning how modern poets enter and exit the images as a dialectic discourse. As a scholar, Dominic Cheung authored a monograph, Authenticating Art by Styles; as a poet, he created the poems and the painting in Clovers-Selected Poems. These two works are deeply intertwined and arouse the awareness of two questions: 1) how does the “experience” of the beauty and aesthetics of classical landscape painting take place in modern contexts? 2) how can it be embodied through modern poetic language？
 Through the two discourses on “Viewing in Tours: Dynamic Viewing” and “Work of Nature and Work of Painting: Generating Consciousness,” this paper examines the phenomenon of the intertextuality between modern poetry and classical Chinese painting. It can be seen that in the process of inscribing a poem on the painting, the layout and the composition of the landscape in the painting establish an interaction between the subject and nature, which breaks the limits of the static state of painting itself and releases the potential agency within the painting through poetic language. On the other hand, the integration of traditional Chinese ink painting techniques in representing the landscape and character shall enable the text to feature a function of aesthetic valuation and to further enhance the aesthetic appeal of the painting and the poem.

Regeneration in the phylogenetic empire: an interview with Peter Currie.

Regeneration in the phylogenetic empire: an interview with Peter Currie.

Reflections on the “Dominant” Methods in Culture

It is a well-known fact that cultural processes that paralleled development of states have always been perceived differently. Ukraine is not an exception to this rule. Therefore, there exist various visions and interpretations of art issues happening in our country. Different readings of the same facts, contrasting interpretations of events and their consequences is a normal process. In author’s opinion, based on this conclusion, the version of one’s own vision of the problem should be documented, preferably in a scientifically convincing way. The current division of scientists to several groups regarding the perception or non-perception of the problems of development of Ukrainian culture in general and its creative art during the prewar and postwar period in particular, caused a confrontation of views, when the same facts received fundamentally different interpretations. Considering the fact that the debate is led by educated people who published their research works and monographs, gave public lectures, there is a general need to present one particular version of perception of art life of the 1920s–1980s period. The present-day artificial division of art history into cultural studies and classical art history is in fact an act of speculation by a certain group of scientists. Lack of knowledge in the art history leads to declaring that studying the history of Ukrainian art of the 1920s–1980s is optional. This period is labeled the age of totalitarianism and according to the group of scientists does not require a thorough study. On our humble opinion, this is a profound mistake. The problem proves to be much more dangerous than a simple lack of understanding of the social and cultural components of certain historical periods.

Optimal Medical Therapy as First-Line Therapy for Chronic Coronary Syndromes: Lessons from COURAGE, BARI 2D, FAME 2, and ISCHEMIA.

The chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) include patients with a classic history of angina pectoris in the presence of either risk factors for or known atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Randomized, controlled trials conducted in the optimal medical therapy (OMT) era have convincingly demonstrated that adherence to the outdated paradigm focused on treatment of obstructive coronary disease with initial revascularization fails to reduce death or myocardial infarction and inconsistently reduces angina symptoms. Rather, OMT reduces events and improves symptoms and should be considered first-line treatment for patients with CCS.

CLIL and e-learning environments: The role of Google My Maps and students’ written performance in Classical History

CLIL and e-learning environments: The role of Google My Maps and students’ written performance in Classical History