Classical Foundations Research Articles

Sociocultural discourse of the theory of socialist realism and its reflection in village prose

In the work, in the light of the dominant ideas of modern cultural studies, the issues of reflecting the principles of socialist realist art in the artistic texts of the so-called “village prose”, in particular, in the works of V. Shukshin, are considered. Based on the analysis of the early Shukshin stories, it is shown that, contrary to established ideas, the canons of the theory and practice of the art of socialist realism did not restrict the creative freedom of the bright Soviet novelist, did not conflict with his author's will and creative task. It is demonstrated that Shukshin’s stories of the 1960s and 1970s, unlike the avant-garde trends of underground literature of those years, remained in the general mainstream of socialist realism literature, without opposing it. On the contrary, in the historical situation of the heyday and strengthening of socialism, the rustic writer continued to work in the tradition of realistic literature, on the one hand, inheriting classical foundations, on the other hand, at the creative level expanding the boundaries of ideological, thematic and moral-psychological principles of socialist realism literature.

Fractional and Unitary Electric Charges I: Classical Foundations of Quantum Effects

Numerical value of the atom’s electrical/electromotive charge emerges naturally upon expressing its definitive e-m oscillation frequency ν as an exponent of eight, 8ν  (‘octave quantum’). This simple procedure realizes, for each element, accurate values of the established quantum numbers. It is revealed that unlike others, the spin quantum number ±½ is not an ‘octave quantum’, it actually turns out an exponent of a field coupling that manifests atomic mass. Octave quanta of frequencies of atoms of the second and third (invisible unknown) elements of nature’s chemical periodicity, “blackton” Bl and “boston” Bs, (8⅓, 8⅔)  manifest observational fractional one-third 1/3  and two-third 2/3  electrical charges normally associated with ‘quarks’. Based on the concept of ‘octave quantum’ the author uses periodic arrangement of the chemical elements to present a unique account of established quantum numbers, it facilitates a deeper insight into factors responsible for unusual valences commonly encountered among transition elements. It is concluded that the ease with which the procedure reproduces established quantum numbers strongly suggests an intrinsic classical origin of observational quantum characteristics.

Preservation and Literacy Transmission of Pipa and Guzheng Duets in Pu Dong Style

The research focuses on the preservation and transmission of Pipa and Guzheng duets in the Pu Dong style. Qualitative research methods such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires were used. Fu Huaqiang and Sha Lijing are the study’s key informants, both of whom have great skill and experience in Pipa and Guzheng duets in the Pu Dong style. The following findings were obtained: These duets have played an important role in the preservation of cultural heritage by conserving age-old customs and conveying cultural information. The Pu Dong-style Pipa and Guzheng Duet, in particular, demonstrate the dedication to both maintaining traditional music and expanding the genre via creativity. These duets’ growth demonstrates their adaptability in contemporary circumstances, representing the growing tapestry of Chinese cultural expressions while keeping their classical foundations. Furthermore, the incorporation of traditional Chinese and Western musical components in works such as “Dao Chui Lian” indicates the tenacity of cultural preservation and the critical function of creative transmission in keeping traditions active and relevant. Furthermore, the Pipa and Guzheng duets play significant roles in Chinese folk festival rituals, highlighting their contributions to cultural legacy preservation and musical literacy transmission within the context of Chinese ritual culture.

A Study on Blackhole Thermodynamics

This article embarks on a journey through the evolution of our under- standing of the cosmos, tracing the path from Newtonian gravity to the profound realms of General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and culminat- ing in the intriguing domain of black hole thermodynamics. Beginning with the classical foundation of Newtonian gravity, the limitations of this framework become apparent in extreme scenarios, prompting the need for a paradigm shift. Albert Einstein’s GTR revolutionizes our grasp of grav- ity, introducing the concept of spacetime curvature. This sets the stage for the revelation of black holes—intense gravitational sinks predicted by GTR—whose exploration unveils extraordinary phenomena. As we delve into black hole thermodynamics, Jacob Bekenstein’s entropy proposal and Stephen Hawking’s groundbreaking insights on Hawking radiation come to the forefront. Bridging the macroscopic and microscopic, black hole thermodynamics poses profound questions about the nature of informa- tion and entropy in the universe.

Sampling origins and directions affect the minimum sampling area in forest plots

AbstractQuestionsThe minimum sampling area (minimum area) is the smallest space that reflects species composition and characteristics of a plant community. The quantitative concept of minimum area is often estimated using species–area relationships (SARs) and has become the classical foundation for managing protected areas. However, sampling designs to determine the minimum area in different forest types have not been systematically evaluated.LocationChina.MethodsWe used tree census data from three forest dynamic plots, each with a size of 25–60 ha, in different climatic zones in China to determine the minimum areas of woody plants and to analyze the effects of species richness and topographic heterogeneity on the minimum areas by changing sampling origin and direction.ResultsWe found that mainly sampling design affects the estimation of woody plant species richness and required minimum area in different forest types. The estimated size of the minimum areas required was several hectares and varied significantly with sampling origin and direction, and showed a difference of approximately 1.5–2 times in the forest plots. Topographic heterogeneity significantly affected the minimum area through changes in species composition.ConclusionsSampling origin and direction should be considered when using SARs to estimate the minimum area and species diversity in communities. Such a comprehensive approach of sampling can contribute to a better understanding of vegetation characteristics and the minimum area required for a conservation census in heterogeneous environments.

COINS TO CRYPTOS: TRACING THE THREADS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

This comprehensive article offers a historical exploration of economic thought across different epochs, tracing the evolution of key paradigms and theories. Starting with the classical foundations of laissez-faire capitalism and the invisible hand, the article progresses through the Keynesian revolution and the emergence of macroeconomic policies. It examines the integration of neoclassical and Keynesian ideas, the rise of behavioral economics challenging traditional assumptions, and the modern challenges posed by globalization and sustainability. By weaving together insights from various economic eras, this article provides a holistic understanding of economic thought's transformative journey.

Classical Foundation of Rhetorical Scholarship and its Contributions to Contemporary Rhetorics

Broadly, this article provides a three-fold synoptic sketch of rhetoric. A survey of the historical development of rhetoric that stretches as far back as the fifth century BC in Greece dominates the first part. The major issue, here, highlights the challenges and ambiguities that attend the attempt in defining the term rhetoric. Leading on from this historical survey, the second part casts light on how rhetorical practices advanced beyond the pale of Greek tradition. At the center of this part is a general description of the way rhetoric was practiced and applied in a diverse domain of academic disciplines. The last part focuses on the awareness that rhetoric should be reconstructed and theorized in a new light. Designed on qualitative methodology, especially as an attempt of library research, this paper draws on secondary sources. In addition to providing a general acquaintance, this article tries to carve out the changes that the scholarship of rhetoric has undergone, which might benefit the nascent researchers pursuing rhetorical scholarship in future.

Comparison between cement and chemically improved sandy soil by column models using low-pressure injection laboratory setup

Abstract The jet grouting method for soil improvement represents an innovative geotechnical alternative for problematic soils when the classic foundations’ designs cannot be appropriate, sustainable solutions for these soils. This study’s methodology was based on producing column models using a low-pressure injection laboratory setup designed and locally manufactured to approximate the field-equipment operation. The setup design was inspired by the works of previous researchers, where its functioning was validated by systematically performing unconfined compression tests (UCTs). Two soil improvement techniques were investigated, one by low-pressure injection of a mixture of water and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with 0.8, 1, and 1.3 W/C ratios. The other type uses silica fume (SF) as a chemical additive with 10% of the cement weight added to the water and cement mix with 1, 1.3, and 1.6 W/C ratios. The study revealed that the UCT results of SF column model samples were higher than those of OPC with an equal W/C ratio. For each binder type, the UCT sample results increase with a decrease in the W/C ratio.

ФОРТЕПИАННОЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВО Р. ХАСАНОВА В КОНТЕКСТЕ СТИЛЕВЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ МУЗЫКАЛЬНОГО ИСКУССТВА ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to a significant date — the 75th anniversary of the birth of the famous Bashkir composer Rim Khasanov, whose piano work has long remained outside the scope of musicological analysis. The composer's work in the field of piano music coincided with the time of changes in the country's musical art, reflected in a new attitude to folklore. During these years, the composer's thinking was shifting towards mastering deeper layers of folklore sources, which was facilitated by the formation of a new view of the surrounding world, leading to a special approach to the selection of means capable of adequately reflecting modern problems of being. In addition, the XXth century opened up the aesthetics of jazz to the music of Europe and Asia, as well as the inclusion of folklore material into the context of European and jazz traditions. The process of penetrating innovative compositional means in the works of Bashkir composers took place with due regard for national specifics. For the piano art of Bashkiria of the second half of the XXth century, the interest in jazz stylistics was quite natural. This interest was most clearly manifested in R. Khasanov's "Concertino for Piano and Orchestra", which for the first time synthesized Bashkir intonation vocabulary and classical foundations of form construction with specific features of jazz aesthetics. At the same time, the works of the 1970s – 80s expressed a desire to bring the musical language closer to the intonations of the human voice. This trend was reflected in the piano cycle "Temperaments" by R. Khasanov. The works created by the composer in the second half of the last century reflected the stylistic tendencies of the era and were at the forefront of the development of Bashkir piano art of those years.

Development of the Аustrian competitive process in the 18-19th centuries

By the 18th century, the first codified acts of general territorial effect a aimed at regulating the competition process appeared in Austria, in particular, the Allgemeine Konkursordnung (Competition Statute of 1781) and the Allgemeine Gerichts-und Konkursordnung (Judicial Statute of 1781).
 It is argued that in the 18th century, the Austrian legislator considered it necessary to observe the principle of the unitary nature of the competition process, which was reflected in § 6 of the Competition Statute of 1781 and § 74 of the Judicial Statute of 1781, according to those norms all cases in which the debtor acted as a party, after the opening of the competition in relation to the debtor were referred to the court, which is considering the case of competition.
 It has been established that the Judicial Statute of 1796, which was adopted for Western Galicia, introduced the necessity of non-payment of the debtor in order to open proceedings at the initiative of creditors, in particular, the opening of the competition was allowed only in case of a critical situation.
 It was revealed that the procedure of amicable liquidation, which was provided by the Austrian competitive legislation of the 19th century, is a prototype of the modern institution of a pre-trial sanitation, namely: both institutions take place before the beginning of the competitive process; there is a common goal - to restore the debtor's solvency and repay the existing debt before the start of the competitive process; certain classical means and measures of the competitive process are used; in both cases, the legislator requires the presence of such a circumstance as the profitability of the pre-trial procedure for creditors; the final result is a special type of agreement approved by the court; in order to achieve the set goal, the legislator assumes the limitation of the creditors' will.
 It is substantiated that in the 19th century in the Austrian Empire, the modern institution of the cross-border bankruptcy was born, in particular, the provisions of the Competition Statute of 1868 introduced the classical foundations of the international cooperation in the bankruptcy (insolvency) procedure based on the principle of reciprocity between national judicial institutions and foreign institutions by providing the latter with judicial assistance in the debtor’s property disposal and vice versa.

A Values-Based Approach for Development: An Islamic Perspective

Abstract Recurrent and concurrent crises call for new development paradigms, as dominant theories of economic development are not fostering equity or sustainability. We argue that part of the reason is that the conceptualization of development, and the resulting metrics driving decision-making, are narrow. Building on work that proposes adding values/ethics as a fourth pillar to development, along with economic, environmental, and social pillars, this article presents an Islamic perspective of how values-based development would differ from the dominant, contemporary forms. While rooted in a specific perspective and worldview, it has great relevance as approximately a quarter of humanity adheres to the faith. We offer a holistic, values-based approach to development, drawing on classical foundations and contemporary lessons, rooted in a different epistemic and ideological orientation. On this basis, we highlight five values that could be the foundation for re-orienting development: vicegerency, justice, excellence, tranquility, and freedom. Integrating these values in a fourth, values-based pillar of development alters the conceptualization and the metrics of development, resulting in processes driven by different objectives for individuals and societies.

The Return of the Dialectics of Nature

Abstract The resurrection of the classical Marxian ecological critique in the context of the current planetary emergency has led to the return of the concept of the dialectics of nature, associated with the work of Frederick Engels in particular. In the century following the deaths of Charles Darwin and Karl Marx, the dialectics-of-nature conception played a formative role in the development of the modern ecological critique within science, notably in Britain, and helped inspire the contemporary environmentalist movement. Nevertheless, all of this occurred outside the dominant streams of Marxian thought and practice, where a great chasm had arisen in this area. Whereas official Marxism in the Soviet Union reduced the dialectics of nature to a fixed dogma, Western Marxism rejected it altogether. In the current Anthropocene Epoch in the geological time scale – and in what is referred to here as the Capitalinian Age of the Anthropocene – a new historical-materialist synthesis constructed on classical foundations, reintegrating the dialectics of nature, so as to address the immense ecological challenges confronting humanity, is seen as objectively (and subjectively) necessary.

Stewardship purpose planning with Dutch private foundations in an international context

Abstract There is a growing interest of wealthy families in stewardship ownership planning, which stems from developments in society and an increased awareness on the wise long-term use of wealth in a modern society, following long-standing examples in the North European culture. In the common law part of the world, these developments are driven by international financial centres with a quick adaptive mind, now followed by discussions on the development of trust law more generally. In the classic European foundation legislations, pure stewardship planning is stretching the legal limits as well and most often, the most likely option is the use of the strictly regulated charitable foundation. The author describes the distinct approaches from a comparative and Dutch stewardship perspective based on a corporate foundation model, that historically allows a self-serving or purely stewardship ownership structure. These stewardship foundations are not structured with the intention to serve private interests of the family that divested their ownership and should not be regarded as an APV or similar target of anti-abuse legislation that applies to discretionary private trusts and foundations.

Tamil Classical Foundations in Ezhuthachan Ramayana

Morality has been talked about at various levels as a part of culture, a weapon of the dominant society and a life guide to the way of life that guides human society. The adhyatma ramayanam-kilippattu, written in Malayalam, is taken as the site of the book, which is written in Malayalam, in view of the impact of the ethics spoken on the Tamil cultural plane. The source of the Ramayana is the adhyatma Ramayana in Sanskrit. Similarly, Sanskrit is the source of the Ramayanas that arose in Tamil. Therefore, considering that the influence of the original language is inevitable that it is inevitable that it will be included in the copies that follow it, it is here that the book of Etiquette is primarily meant to carry out the search for Sanskrit ethics. Similarly, thirukkural is primarily concerned with the search for Dravidian morality. This article is designed to show that whatever is beneficial to many is done as a modern moral, although various ethical ideas are spoken of at various levels.

GENRE AND STYLE SPECIALIZATION OF SOLO SINGING IN M. V. LYSENKO'S MUSICAL WORKS

The aim of the research is to reveal the factors and regularities of genre and style specialization of M. V. Lysenko’s chamber vocal pieces of. The methodological basis of the paper is the theoretical principles of analytical methods of working with vocal pieces as a group of genres of vocal music in its inherent immanent nature: it is a synthetic formation (synthesis of the Word and the Music), where verbal text and certain principles of its musicalisation (generalization, detailed elaboration or their combination) are of primary importance. Hence, all the structural components of solo singing (vocal melodies, instrumental part) should be considered in terms of musical embodiment of the poetic original (architectonics of vocal melodies and instrumental themes), and include the aspect of the relationship of authorial systems (Composer – Poet). The scientific novelty of the research is presentation of the laws of genre and style specialization of Ukrainian solo singing, which in the creative experience of M. V. Lysenko are a classical basis of genre differentiation of chamber vocal works: the songs in the folk spirit, romantic songs, romances, monodramatic solo singing/ monologue. Conclusions. Such a phenomenon as Ukrainian solo singing is justifiably considered to be the symbolic embodiment of the Ukrainian mentality (episteme of “philosophy of the heart” / cordocentrism and reflectivity of worldview). Therefore, it is not surprising that as a genre form of chamber vocal lyrics the solo singing occupies a prominent place in the creative heritage of M. V. Lysenko, the founder of the Ukrainian national school of composition. It was he who worked out the internal genre and style differentiation of solo singing in its classical foundations. According to this, the very concept of "solo singing" claims to denote such a wholeness as "chamber vocal lyrics" with its genre and style variants, each of which is focused on certain principles of musical poetic relations. The latter, in fact, determine the technique of vocalization of the verbal text with a focus on the embodiment of the poetic code in accordance with the genre specifics. This determines the differentiation of architectural principles of vocalization of the poetic original (a measure of reproduction of declamatory specifics of musical expression) and intonation texture specialization of instrumental themes, which also always has a differentiated expression in the system of music-poetry relations. Subsequently, the classical foundations of genre and style specialization of solo singing laid by M. V. Lysenko became genre invariants and entered the works of modernists (for example, solo songs by Nestor Nyzhankivsky and Vasyl Barvinsky) as ways of modelling the genre form of chamber vocal lyrics without loss of connection with invariant structures.

Soeters Joseph. Sociology and military studies classical and current foundations. Moscow: VCIOM, 2021. (electronic edition). reviewed by I.F. Kononov.

Soeters Joseph. Sociology and military studies classical and current foundations. Moscow: VCIOM, 2021. (electronic edition). reviewed by I.F. Kononov.

Suthers J. Sociology and Military Research. Classical and Modern Foundations. Moscow: VTsIOM, 2021. Reviewed by A.M. Belyaev.

Suthers J. Sociology and Military Research. Classical and Modern Foundations. Moscow: VTsIOM, 2021. Reviewed by A.M. Belyaev.

Inverse effect and receptor dynamics – Coffee, Opium and Wine's secondary pharmacology

A homeopathic widespread belief is that the inversion of effect of the drugs in homeopathic medical practice is due to dilution or very low doses, but there are many homeopathic incoherencies. For example the first conception of the similia principle was obtained through planned, small sample, clinical experiments with ponderal/pharmacological doses in healthy and diseased subjects1. Furthermore the classical foundations of the similia principle in Organon2, the primary and secondary actions of drugs, were thought to be connected with opposite, time-dependent reactions of the body to high doses and the inversion of effect was seen in temporal sequence after a strong dose and not after changes of doses, so the idea that dilutions are responsible for inversion of effects is not suitable to the classical theory. And lastly homeopathic provings or pathogenetic trials have frequently mixed, unregarded to the doses, occasional toxicological symptoms and symptoms obtained through diluted substances3, reinforcing the idea that, on healthy subjects, in several cases many substances produce the same symptoms in pharmacological or infinitesimal doses. So at least the dose-dependent inversion of effect is not generalized in a great part of the collected symptoms. Biological foundations to similia principle have to be searched in other directions4, as in different sensitivity to drugs between health and disease, or in different time-dependent effect of drugs on specific, but different, cell sensitivity set point. In the vision described here both these possibilities represent the same phenomenon of altered cell sensitivity. It is aim of this article to show that the original hahnemannian idea to explain homeopathic similia principle starting from a pharmacological and biological point of view with ponderal doses, seems correct, rationally comprehensible and based on modern knowledges. The three pharmacologic examples that best illustrate this reasoning, coffe, opium and wine, will be discussed.

Relationships between ergodic indicators of dispersal intensity, IUCN Red List values, and selected environmental variables in connection with European birds whose foraging and flying behavior is associated to roads and highways

Displaying an appropriate dispersal intensity (DI) in response to environmental fluctuations may determine if a given species goes extinct or not. Thus, developing indicators of the DI necessary to harness a given ecological niche breadth is urgent due to the changing latitudinal boundaries between the Earth’s great climate belts because of global warming. So, a better assessment of extinction risk should require DI as a complementary indicator. However, the IUCN Red List, indirectly linked to niche assessments, does not take into account DI, and its values are expressed on an ordinal scale. In contrast, there is a theoretical consensus about the link between DI and extinction risk, as well as about the continuous nature of species extinction, which therefore should be measured on a ratio scale. This paper proposes solutions to the above-mentioned issues. Assuming the trait of ergodicity, successfully applied in several publications in ecology so far, measurements of the average values of recent indicators of DI of birds at the species level as well as at the plot level were performed starting from 52 samplings of roadkill events, in eight European countries. DI values were correlated with the respective values of extinction risk reported by the IUCN Red List. Collaterally, a comparative study between DI and two key environmental variables (traffic intensity, and average temperature over land areas) was performed. Inverse and significant correlations between DI and the ordinal scale of IUCN Red List values were obtained, indicating that higher DI values seem to reduce extinction probability. Our results also show that birds seem able to display rapid adaptive behaviors to the increase of traffic intensity. It was found that DI peaks of European birds are associated with deviations of only half a degree Celsius above the general background of temperature over land areas. This set of results, based on a new theoretical framework (Organic Biophysics of Ecosystems –OBEC–; see references and explanatory notes in the main text), is in favor of the appropriateness to rescue the classical foundations of ecosystem ecology based on interdisciplinary links between ecology and physics to promote a better management of the Anthropocene challenges, all of them typified by interdisciplinary traits that require holistic approaches.

FEATURES OF CALCULATION OF ON-BOARD HEAT EXCHANGERS

Aspects of designing an onboard heat exchangers for the cooling system of the ship's power plant are considered. Such heat exchangers must be designed in accordance with the classical foundations of the theory and calculation of heat exchangers. At the same time, the key design points are considered by well-known sources in a separate setting related to the peculiarities of their consideration as specific elements of the theory. In this regard, they are not united by a single system necessary for their use in specific design problems. Accordingly, the paper highlights, concretizes and refines the parameters of the formulas used in the computational problem. In particular, the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient from the seawater side is performed according to the formula that gives the average value of the coefficient for the vessel. The heat transfer coefficients from the side of the coolant of the inner loop are calculated according to the well-known formulas recommended for calculating heat transfer in channels of any shape. Attention is drawn to the fact that heat transfer from the hold side goes to the finned wall. In this regard, the heat transfer coefficients determined by the indicated formulas should be considered convective. The transition to the given values of the heat transfer coefficients should be carried out considering the efficiency of the finned heat exchange surface, which considers the uneven temperature of various sections of the heat exchange surface. The calculation of heat transfer was carried out considering possible surface contamination. The procedure for performing the calculation steps is proposed, as a result of which the dimensions and heat engineering parameters of the heat exchanger can be determined. It was found that the use of the considered proposals leads to results close to those recommended by authoritative sources. The above proposals do not contradict the experience of creating and designing such structures. The recommendations can be used for educational and practical purposes by those who design heat exchangers of similar designs.