Classical Encryption Techniques Research Articles

Quantum Cryptographic Protocols for Enhanced Cloud Security

Quantum cryptographic protocols offer transformative potential for enhancing cloud security by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. These protocols ensure unbreakable encryption through quantum key distribution (QKD), where security is derived from the fundamental properties of quantum particles. Unlike classical encryption, which relies on computational complexity, quantum cryptography guarantees data protection by preventing unauthorized access, as any attempt to intercept quantum keys alters their state and can be immediately detected. This paper explores the application of quantum cryptographic protocols in securing cloud environments, addressing vulnerabilities posed by classical encryption techniques in the face of growing computational power. Key protocols, such as BB84 and E91, are analyzed for their potential in securing cloud infrastructure, offering enhanced confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of data. Additionally, this study highlights the integration of quantum cryptography with modern cloud architectures, overcoming challenges such as scalability and implementation cost. By employing quantum-resistant strategies, these protocols provide a robust defense against emerging threats from quantum computing, making them an essential solution for future-proof cloud security. The findings demonstrate that quantum cryptography, combined with advanced cloud security practices, can ensure secure, scalable, and resilient cloud infrastructures capable of protecting sensitive data in an increasingly interconnected digital landscape.

A Quantum Encryption Algorithm based on the Rail Fence Mechanism to Provide Data Integrity

The rapid development of quantum computer technology poses an increasing threat to conventional encryption algorithms, and accordingly, more advanced security practices need to be developed. The current paper presents an innovative quantum cryptographic mechanism that combines classical encryption techniques with quantum principles such as superposition, entanglement, and uncertainty to enhance data security in digital communication. The proposed scheme, defined as Enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (EQKD), demonstrates superior performance in key metrics, including Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), fidelity, key distribution rate, and resilience to eavesdropping. In particular, EQKD achieves lower QBER and higher fidelity over longer distances while also enhancing key generation efficiency and increasing the probability of detecting eavesdropping attempt. These findings highlight the effectiveness of EQKD in improving the security and reliability of quantum cryptographic systems.

Cybersecurity in the Era of Quantum Computing: Preparing for Post-Quantum Threats

Quantum computing is the future of computing with promised radical increase in processing capability; however, it is a threat the existing cybersecurity paradigm. Classical encryption techniques especially the ones based on public-key cryptography are insecure against quantum algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm where typical cryptographic schemes the use of which was exemplified by the RSA and ECC will be threatened. While torrents of research have been accomplished in building and developing quantum computers, the importance of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) becomes more felt. This paper attempts to look at the threats that quantum technologies pose to current cryptographic methods and the countermeasures that are being worked on to counter them. We do so to evaluate the current status on quantum computing and its ramifications to data security, as well as the work that academic and government institutions and business enterprises have done on coming with Quantum-Resistant Cryptography. In addition, the paper gives an overview of the most promising post-quantum cryptographic techniques including lattice cryptography, hash-based signatures, and code-based cryptosystems and cryptographic protocols that are under consideration as the next generation cryptographic protocols. It also tackles the problems related to the migration to the post-quantum cryptographic systems the problem of standardisation the problem of compatibility, and the problem of growth of new algorithms. Moreover, prescriptive advice on the concept of quantum readiness and timely implementation of cyber defence plans to safeguard sensitive data and crucial infrastructure against quantum risks is provided. Finally, the paper offers suggestions for the organisations for starting to transition to the post-quantum landscape in terms of using hybrid cryptographic systems and promoting cooperation in the fight against the threats of quantum technology world-wide.

An optimized dynamic attribute-based searchable encryption scheme.

Cloud computing liberates enterprises and organizations from expensive data centers and complex IT infrastructures by offering the on-demand availability of vast storage and computing power over the internet. Among the many service models in practice, the public cloud for its operation cost saving, flexibility, and better customer support popularity in individuals and organizations. Nonetheless, this shift in the trusted domain from the concerned users to the third-party service providers pops up many privacy and security concerns. These concerns hindrance the wide adaptation for many of its potential applications. Furthermore, classical encryption techniques render the encrypted data useless for many of its valuable operations. The combined concept of attribute-based encryption (ABE) and searchable encryption (SE), commonly known as attribute-based keyword searching (ABKS), emerges as a promising technology for these concerns. However, most of the contemporary ABE-based keyword searching schemes incorporate costly pairing and computationally heavy secret sharing mechanisms for its realization. Our proposed scheme avoids the expensive bilinear pairing operation during the searching operation and costly Lagrange interpolation for secret reconstruction. Besides, our proposed scheme enables the updation of access control policy without entirely re-encrypting the ciphertext. The security of our scheme in the selective-set model is proved under the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellmen (DBDH) assumption and collision-free. Finally, the experimental results and performance evaluation demonstrate its communication and overall efficiency.

A Primer on Underwater Quantum Key Distribution

The growing importance of underwater networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure underwater communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of quantum computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging UCs. Currently, underwater cryptosystems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum robust but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. Post-quantum public-key (PQPK) protocols promise to overcome the key distribution problem. The security of PQPK protocols, however, only relies on the assumed computational complexity of some underlying mathematical problems. Moreover, the use of resource-hungry PQPK algorithms in resource-constrained environments such as UNs can require nontrivial hardware/software optimization efforts. An alternative approach is underwater quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises unconditional security built upon the physical principles of quantum mechanics (QM). This tutorial provides a basic introduction to free-space underwater QKD (UQKD). At first, the basic concepts of QKD are presented, based on a fully worked out QKD example. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis of UQKD is carried out. The paper subsequently provides a theoretical analysis of the QKD performance through free-space underwater channels and its dependence on the key optical parameters of the system and seawater. Finally, open challenges, points of strength, and perspectives of UQKD are identified and discussed.

ERN Cryptosystem for the Security of Textual Data based on Modified Classical Encryption Techniques

Objectives: To develop an algorithm based on classical encryption techniques that cannot be cryptanalyzed easily. Methods: We have proposed a new hybrid approach for the encryption and decryption of data. In this technique, some bits from the plain text, after converting it into binary form, are deleted and permuted in another place and placed back in the text. Findings: We examine the encryption and decryption times of various plaintexts of different sizes. Here, we compare the proposed ERN (Ekta Ritu and Niram) Cryptosystem with the algorithm based on 2’s complement method based on time complexity and efficiency. Novelty: A table displaying the encryption and decryption times of several input files of various sizes for the proposed algorithm and the already existing algorithm is given, with a relevant graph, proves the novelty of the cryptosystem. The experimental results show that the ERN cryptosystem has better performance and efficiency than the algorithm based on 2’s complement method. Keywords: Cryptography; Data Security; Substitution; Transposition; Cipher Text

Security Threats and Artificial Intelligence Based Countermeasures for Internet of Things Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a technology capable of connecting heterogeneous nodes/objects, such as people, devices, infrastructure, and makes our daily lives simpler, safer, and fruitful. Being part of a large network of heterogeneous devices, these nodes are typically resource-constrained and became the weakest link to the cyber attacker. Classical encryption techniques have been employed to ensure the data security of the IoT network. However, high-level encryption techniques cannot be employed in IoT devices due to the limitation of resources. In addition, node security is still a challenge for network engineers. Thus, we need to explore a complete solution for IoT networks that can ensure nodes and data security. The rule-based approaches and shallow and deep machine learning algorithms- branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI)- can be employed as countermeasures along with the existing network security protocols. This paper presented a comprehensive layer-wise survey on IoT security threats, and the AI-based security models to impede security threats. Finally, open challenges and future research directions are addressed for the safeguard of the IoT network.

Modeling optimized decoy state protocol for enhanced quantum key distribution

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proved superior over classical encryption techniques due to its unconditional security. Yet it remains vulnerable due to imperfect real system implementations. It is observed that decoy state method overcome the photon number splitting attack and additionally improves performance of QKD. This paper investigates a model for Decoy state QKD protocol, which ensures enhanced secret key rates and secure distance. Typically a two-state (vacuum + very weak coherent state) decoy QKD protocol with global lower bound equation for privacy amplification is analyzed. The model is tested with sets of experimental parameters and verified for its optimum performance. It is observed that global lower bound equation for privacy amplification improves secret key rates significantly.

Design of a High Secure Authentication System Based on Fuzzy Fusion of Iris and Face and Incorporating 2D Baker and Henon Maps

The emergent concerns of identity theft problems and terrorism make the design of applicable accurate verification systems more crucial. No single biometric identifier could perfectly own all desired security properties. Moreover, the transmitted or stored biometric templates raise the opportunity of compromising user's privacy and identity breaching. This paper offers new scheme based on score level fuzzy fusion at decision level fusion to effectively combine face and iris identifiers. The proposed system allows an efficient identification procedure and introduces a new template locking approach based on chaos cryptography to protect the biometric data. In this study, CASIA and Faces94 databases are used to examine and appraise the robustness of the proposed schemes. The proposed template protection scheme offers new different uncorrelated secure forms of the base original templates in imperative and much speedy ciphering methodology. Furthermore, it could be rescinded at different points of probable attacks from sensed level to the final code and the matcher. It presents remarkably good key sensitivity and more robustness against different malicious attacks compared to classical encryption techniques. Furthermore, being noninvasive to the recognition process, simulation results on authentication rates introduces FAR and FRR of 0.0345%, and 0.001% respectively which illustrated a significant enhancement of the proposed fuzzy fusion over each unimodal system and existing multimodal fusion methods.

An Innovative FlipCryp Algorithm for Secured Storage in Cyber Physical System

Objectives: The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is an integral part of modern society as most smart infrastructures are controlled by these systems. Two critically important aspects of these systems are safety and security. Confidentiality and privacy of the stored data in CPS have become a major challenge in these systems. In this paper we introduce an innovative cryptographic algorithm- FlipCryp which overcomes these challenges. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The existing encryption algorithms are well suited for text data. Since CPS contain the high volume of real-time data, classical encryption techniques are not appropriate, because most of real time data are served via the network, the encryption and decryption techniques have to take minimal time to achieve acceptable end-to-end delay. Findings: FlipCryp is an innovative idea of encryption and decryption which uses two keys for the process- the Flip key and the Cryp Key. Applications/ Improvement: The CPS systems have a human in loop, so privacy is a major concern. The proposed FlipCryp algorithm is well suited for real-time data of critical and smart infrastructures which provide high confidentiality and privacy.

Analysis of classical encryption techniques in cloud computing

Cloud computing has become a significant computing model in the IT industry. In this emerging model, computing resources such as software, hardware, networking, and storage can be accessed anywhere in the world on a pay-per-use basis. However, storing sensitive data on un-trusted servers is a challenging issue for this model. To guarantee confidentiality and proper access control of outsourced sensitive data, classical encryption techniques are used. However, such access control schemes are not feasible in cloud computing because of their lack of flexibility, scalability, and fine-grained access control. Instead, Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) techniques are used in the cloud. This paper extensively surveys all ABE schemes and creates a comparison table for the key criteria for these schemes in cloud applications.

Enhancing the Security of Caesar Cipher Substitution Method using a Randomized Approach for more Secure Communication

Caesar cipher is an ancient, elementary method of encrypting plain text message to protect it from adversaries. However, with the advent of powerful computers there is a need for increasing the complexity of such algorithms. In this paper, we contribute in the area of classical cryptography by providing a modified approach and expanded version for Caesar cipher using knowledge of mathematics and computer science. To increase the strength of this classical encryption technique we use the concepts of affine ciphers, transposition ciphers and randomized substitution techniques to create a cipher text which is nearly impossible to decode. We also increase the domain of characters which Caesar cipher Algorithm can encrypt by including all ASCII and extended ASCII characters in addition to alphabets. A complex key generation technique which generates two keys from a single key is used to provide enhanced security. We aim to propose a modified version of Caesar cipher substitution technique which can overcome all the limitations faced by classical Caesar Cipher.

Application of Classical Encryption Techniques for Securing Data- A Threaded Approach

Application of Classical Encryption Techniques for Securing Data- A Threaded Approach