Class Of Codes Research Articles

A retinotopic code structures the interaction between perception and memory systems.

Conventional views of brain organization suggest that regions at the top of the cortical hierarchy processes internally oriented information using an abstract amodal neural code. Despite this, recent reports have described the presence of retinotopic coding at the cortical apex, including the default mode network. What is the functional role of retinotopic coding atop the cortical hierarchy? Here we report that retinotopic coding structures interactions between internally oriented (mnemonic) and externally oriented (perceptual) brain areas. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we observed robust inverted (negative) retinotopic coding in category-selective memory areas at the cortical apex, which is functionally linked to the classic (positive) retinotopic coding in category-selective perceptual areas in high-level visual cortex. These functionally linked retinotopic populations in mnemonic and perceptual areas exhibit spatially specific opponent responses during both bottom-up perception and top-down recall, suggesting that these areas are interlocked in a mutually inhibitory dynamic. These results show that retinotopic coding structures interactions between perceptual and mnemonic neural systems, providing a scaffold for their dynamic interaction.

The Current Incidence and Future Projection of Acetabular Fractures in Korea.

As one of the most challenging fractures to orthopedic surgeons, acetabular fractures show a wide range of incidence among countries and regions with even more variance in the treatment modalities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology of acetabular fractures, and to compare the rate of subsequent total hip arthroplasty (THA) between nonoperative and operative treatments in South Korea using a medical claims database. This was a retrospective study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database. Patients admitted for acetabular fractures from January 2007 to December 2018 were identified using International Classification of Diseases-10 codes. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the cumulative incidence of THA between two groups. We also evaluated the survivorship of operative group according to the type of institutions. The incidence rate of acetabular fractures increased by 28% between 2007 and 2018. Acetabular fractures were more common in men (62%) than women (38%), and most common in the patients older than 80 years. The number of acetabular fractures was estimated to increase 1.7-fold in 2030 compared to 2018. Operative treatment accounted for 16% of cases, and nonoperative treatment for 84%. The incidence of subsequent THA was higher in the operative treatment group than in the nonoperative group (P < 0.001). The higher rate in the operative treatment group is probably related with the severity of the fracture type. The rate of subsequent THA was higher in patients who initially treated in general hospitals compared with those who were initially treated in tertiary hospitals. The incidence of acetabular fractures is increasing in South Korea, in line with global trends. Most acetabular fractures are treated conservatively, and those who receive surgery are more likely to require a subsequent THA. Patients who were operated in general hospitals had highest possibility of subsequent THA after acetabular fractures.

Pubertal gynecomastia incidence among 530,000 boys: a cross sectional population based study.

Adolescent gynecomastia, a benign proliferation of male breast tissue, can lead to psychological issues during adolescence. The prevalence varies widely (4%-69%). The incidence peaks are during neonatal, pubertal, and senescent periods. Its affect on emotional well-being necessitates understanding and occasional intervention. This study aimed to determine the incidence of gynecomastia among male adolescents aged 12-15 years. A retrospective cross-sectional study utilized the Clalit Health Care Services database (2008-2021) with a population of approximately 4.5 million. Participants aged 12-15 years were included if diagnosed with gynecomastia (International classification of diseases-9 code 611.1) and having a body mass index (BMI) measurement and no obesity diagnosis (ICD9 code 278.0). Data analysis included incidence rates and associations with ethnicity, age, BMI, and socioeconomic status. 531,686 participants included with an incidence of 1.08%. Of all participants, 478,140 had a BMI ≤ 25 with an incidence of 0.7%, and 0.25%-0.35% yearly, and 70% of gynecomastia patients were aged 13-14 years. The prevalence of gynecomastia differed between Jews (1.28%) and Arabs (0.67%), but the disparity diminished when socioeconomic status was considered. This unprecedented Population study establishes a definitive rate of true pubertal gynecomastia, revealing a lower yearly incidence as compared to previous reports. The higher observed prevalence among Jewish adolescents, may be caused due to complex interactions between different influencing factors. Understanding these dynamics can aid in formulating more targeted interventions and policy strategies to address gynecomastia's affect on adolescent well-being.

Classification of Certain Cyclic LCD Codes

We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for a cyclic code C of length N over a finite chain ring R (whose maximal ideal has nilpotence 2) to be an LCD code is that C = (f(x)), where f(X) is a self-reciprocal monic divisor of XN − 1 in R[X] and x = X + (XN − 1) in R[X]/(XN − 1). A similar, but slightly different, theorem was proved in 2019 by Z. Liu and J. Wang for general finite chain rings (Theorem 25 in [5]). We provide two proofs, both completely different than the proof of Liu and Wang.

Geographic Variability of Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery Centers and Costs of Hospitalization.

The cost of gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is an important component of healthcare accessibility for transgender patients. However, GAS is often prohibitively expensive, particularly as there are inconsistencies in insurance coverages. Variability in hospital costs has been documented for other types of nonplastic surgery procedures; however, this analysis has not been done for GAS. To better understand the financial barriers impairing access to equitable transgender care, this study analyzes the distribution of hospitals that perform genital GAS and the associated costs of inpatient genital GAS. This is a study of the 2016-2019 National Inpatient Sample database. Transgender patients undergoing genital GAS were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, diagnosis and procedure codes, and patients undergoing concurrent chest wall GAS were excluded. Descriptive statistics were done on patient sociodemographic variables, hospital characteristics, and hospitalization costs. χ2 test was used to assess for differences between categorical variables and Mood's median test was used to assess for differences between continuous variable medians. A total of 3590 weighted genital GAS encounters were identified. The Western region (50.8%) and Northeast (32.3%) performed the greatest proportion of GAS, compared with the Midwest (9.1%) and the South (8.0%) (P < 0.0001). The most common payment source was private insurance (62.8%), followed by public insurance (27.3%). There were significant differences in the variability of median hospital costs across regions (P < 0.0001). The South and Midwest had the greatest median cost for vaginoplasty ($19,935; interquartile range [IQR], $16,162-$23,561; P = 0.0009), while the West had the greatest median cost for phalloplasty ($26,799; IQR, $19,667-$30,826; P = 0.0152). Across both procedures, the Northeast had the lowest median cost ($11,421; IQR, $9155-$13,165 and $10,055; IQR, $9,013-$10,377, respectively). There is significant regional variability in the number of GAS procedures performed and their associated hospitalization costs. The identified disparities in insurance coverage present an area of possible future improvement to alleviate the financial burden GAS presents to gender-discordant individuals. The variability in cost suggests a need to evaluate variations in care, leading to cost standardization.

Preoperative Serum Albumin as Predictor of Outcomes After Thyroidectomy.

Albumin is considered to be a surrogate marker for inflammation and nutritional status. Levels usually decrease after surgery but little is known about the predictive value of preoperative albumin levels in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. This study aimed to investigate the 30-day incidence of postoperative outcomes in thyroidectomy patients with and without preoperative hypoalbuminemia. Retrospective cohort study. TriNetX Database. TriNetX, a federated deidentified database, was retrospectively queried to identify patients who underwent thyroidectomy. Postoperative outcomes within 30 days of thyroidectomy, based on International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes, in patients with preoperative hypoalbuminemia (≤3.4 g/dL) (cohort 1) were analyzed and compared to patients without hypoalbuminemia (cohort 2). After propensity score matching, 2398 patients were identified in each cohort. Hypoalbuminemia patients were more likely to have postoperative pneumonia (odds ratio, OR: 3.472, 95% confidence interval, CI [2.016-5.978]), acute renal failure (OR: 3.872, 95% CI [2.412-6.217]), venous thromboembolism (OR: 1.766, 95% CI[1.016-2.819]), and surgical site infection (OR: 2.353, 95% CI [1.282-4.32]). Rates of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were comparable between cohorts. Patients undergoing thyroidectomy with preoperative hypoalbuminemia have a higher prevalence of postoperative complications compared to patients without preoperative hypoalbuminemia. While not routinely assessed, preoperative evaluation of serum albumin levels may help guide expectations and optimal management of thyroidectomy patients.

Effect of Temperature Variation on the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Harsh temperature exposure has been associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. We sought to investigate the influence of temperature change on long-term incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Korean patients. From the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) customized health information database (from 2005 to 2014), data from a total of 192,567 AMI patients was assessed according to the International Classification of Disease 10th edition code and matched with temperature reports obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration database. We analyzed data for a 10-year period on a monthly and seasonal basis. The incidence rate per 100,000 year of AMI exhibited a downward trend from 69.1 to 56.1 over the period 2005 to 2014 (P < 0.005), and the seasonal AMI incidence rate per 100,000 year was highest in spring (63.1), and winter (61.3) followed by autumn (59.5) and summer (57.1). On a monthly basis, the AMI incidence rate per 100,000 year was highest during March (64.4) and December (63.9). The highest incidence of AMI occurred during temperature differences of 8-10° in each season. Moreover, AMI incidence tended to increase as the mean temperature decreased (r = -0.233, P = 0.001), and when the mean daily temperature difference increased (r = 0.353, P < 0.001). The AMI incidence rate per 100,000 year has a decreasing trend over the 10-year period, derived from the Korean NHIS database. Modest daily temperature differences (8-10°) and the spring season are related to higher AMI incidence, indicating that daily temperature variation is more important than the mean daily temperature.

Preterm Labor and Hypertensive Disorders in Adolescent Pregnancies With Diabetes Between 2006 and 2019

Objective: We sought to evaluate the risk of preterm labor and hypertensive disorders in adolescent pregnancies with and without diabetes.Methods: We evaluated 1,843,139 adolescents (≤20 years old) with labor and delivery admissions in the national Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) in years 2006, 2009, 2012, 2016, and 2019. International classification of disease codes was used to identify diabetes and medical factors affecting pregnancy. Weighted logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between diabetes and complications.Results: Among admissions, 0.2% had type 1 diabetes (T1D), 0.2% had type 2 diabetes (T2D), and 0.7% had gestational diabetes (GDM); 10.1% of admissions were complicated by hypertensive disorders and 5.8% by preterm labor. Compared to adolescents without diabetes, those with diabetes had a higher prevalence of hypertensive disorders (T1D: 35.4%, T2D: 37.8%, GDM: 24.9%, None: 9.9%; p &lt; 0.001) and preterm labor (T1D: 21.5%, T2D: 16.8%, GDM: 6.8%, none: 5.7%; p &lt; 0.001). In adjusted models, odds of hypertensive disorders were higher in later study years (2019 vs. 2006 OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.77–1.94), among those with T1D (OR 4.32, 95% CI 3.94–4.74), with T2D (OR 4.18, 95% CI 3.79–4.61), and with GDM (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.89–2.10). Adjusted odds of preterm labor were higher among those with T1D (OR 4.53, 95% CI 4.09–5.02), with T2D (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.96–3.78), and with GDM (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08–1.28); disparities were seen by race/ethnicity, insurance, and income.Conclusions: Diabetes, which is increasing among adolescents, is a significant risk factor for preterm labor and hypertensive disorders. Though the absolute number of adolescent pregnancies is decreasing, rates of hypertensive disorders have increased. Appropriate interventions are needed to ensure healthy outcomes for adolescents who are pregnant.

ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS FOR THE FORMATION OF CODE STRUCTURES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF DATA TRANSMISSION IN INFOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Achieving the best quality indicators of transmission through the channels of modern communication systems is always of urgent importance for developers and users of information communication systems. At the same time, to ensure high transmission reliability and performance, various coding methods and methods of converting the transmitted data can be used. Accordingly, each of the proposed data processing methods has its advantages and disadvantages, which determines their attractiveness or application limitations for the data being transmitted. In this paper, the analysis of algorithms for forming signal code structures of traditional interference-resistant positional codes, codes with an even number of units, and a nine-element Hamming code is carried out. Classical positional coding is inferior in such important data transmission parameters as information capacity and entropy. However, in some cases, for example, when the results of data transfer quality parameters calculations are significantly influenced by the language of the transmitted textual information or the volume of the analyzed text (the influence is more likely to be noticeable in individual cases, and not in general), then an important value acquires the possibility of applying a certain/adapted type of encoding of the transmitted data. The article conducts theoretical research and calculates the main qualitative parameters of the studied code constructions for various initial conditions. A comparative analysis and assessment of the influence of the studied parameters on the quality of data transmission was carried out. Conducted theoretical studies show that, under certain conditions, positional coding provides a significant gain in the main quality indicators of data processing and can be successfully applied for coding and transmission of digital data through the channels of modern information transmission systems. In order to practically confirm the reliability of the obtained results, relevant studies should be conducted, for example, with simulation on a software model of a virtual transmission system with different coding principles on modern computer systems.

Lightweight Malicious Code Classification Method Based on Improved SqueezeNet

Lightweight Malicious Code Classification Method Based on Improved SqueezeNet

Transcompiler CNN-GMN Based Cross Language Clone Detection and Algorithm Recognition

Abstract: Software replication stemming from code reutilization introduces complexities in software maintenance. While deep learning-driven clone detection tools abound, they predominantly cater to singular programming languages. Concurrently, the task of identifying algorithms within program code remains challenging due to the absence of metadata, rendering the selection process intricate. This research seeks to establish synergies between these disparate domains by advancing innovative methodologies. The study delves into the unexplored domain of harnessing data augmentation, particularly leveraging transcompiler-based techniques, to enhance the discernment of code clones across different programming languages. Drawing upon the insights derived from transcompilers, this investigation applies data augmentation through source-to-source translation, exemplified by the Transcoder. This method extends the applicability of single-language models, such as the Graph Matching Network (GMN), to encompass cross-language detection. Concurrently, a program code classification model is introduced, leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to discern algorithms based on structural features (SFs). These SFs are extracted from program codes and subsequently transformed into a one-hot binary matrix. The CNN model undergoes meticulous fine-tuning, optimizing its structural configurations and hyperparameters for superior algorithm classification. This research signifies an integration of disparate realms, intertwining cross-language clone detection and algorithm identification within a unified framework. The exploration of data augmentation for cross-language clone detection and the employment of CNN-GMNs for algorithm identification converge to furnish significant contributions to both domains. These insights, thus, hold promise for advancing the fields of software engineering and programming education

On the impact of multiple source code representations on software engineering tasks — An empirical study

Efficiently representing source code is crucial for various software engineering tasks such as code classification and clone detection. Existing approaches primarily use Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), and only a few focus on semantic graphs such as Control Flow Graph (CFG) and Program Dependency Graph (PDG), which contain information about source code that AST does not. Even though some works tried to utilize multiple representations, they do not provide any insights about the costs and benefits of using multiple representations. The primary goal of this paper is to discuss the implications of utilizing multiple source code representations, specifically AST, CFG, and PDG. We modify an AST path-based approach to accept multiple representations as input to an attention-based model. We do this to measure the impact of additional representations (such as CFG and PDG) over AST. We evaluate our approach on three tasks: Method Naming, Program Classification, and Clone Detection. Our approach increases the performance on these tasks by 11% (F1), 15.7% (Accuracy), and 9.3% (F1), respectively, over the baseline. In addition to the effect on performance, we discuss timing overheads incurred with multiple representations. We envision that this work can provide a base for researchers to explore and experiment with a variety of source code representations for software engineering tasks.

Implementation of Responsibility Accounting with Budget as a Cost Control Tool at PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi

This study explores the application of responsibility accounting with budgets as a cost control tool at PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi. As a labor service provider company, PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi has a strategic role in supporting Indonesia's economic growth. By describing conditions before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, this study identifies economic growth opportunities and company demands to take advantage of the technological era 4.0. The literature review presents the concept of responsibility accounting, characteristics, requirements, and the role of budget as a cost control tool. A conceptual framework was conceived as a theoretical foundation for the study. Previous research noted that the implementation of budget accounting accountability at PT. HearLIFE Indonesia still needs improvement. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach at PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi. Data is obtained from interviews, observations and analysis of company documents. The results of data analysis show that PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi has met the requirements of liability accounting, including a clear organizational structure, cost segregation, classification of account codes, and cost reporting systems. The budgeting process at PT. Varia Usaha Fabrikasi involves the participation of each department, and its implementation includes effective monitoring and control. Analysis of cost variance in 2020-2022 shows both favorable and unfavorable results, gives a comprehensive picture of budget realization. This research contributes to the understanding of responsibility accounting practices and the application of budgets as a cost control tool in the context of labor service provider companies. These findings are expected to provide insight into similar companies and researchers in the field of management accounting.

Radiologic imaging utilization in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

Background and objectives: Acute pancreatitis is a major cause of hospitalizations in the United States. Imaging is often unwarranted in early, uncomplicated pancreatitis however can prove to be useful in specific clinical scenarios. This study aimed to investigate whether our institution overutilizes abdominal imaging in diagnosis of pancreatitis. Methods: Patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to our institution between 2015 and 2020 were identified using the International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes. A total of 669 patients met the criteria for acute pancreatitis according to the revised Atlanta Classification. The data was presented using frequencies and percentages and patients with abdominal imaging were compared to those without. Mann Whitney U test and chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables respectively. Univariable and multivariable regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with the performance of abdominal imaging. Results: Our results found that 495 patients (74%) had an abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scan, while 363 patients (52%) had an abdominal ultrasound. More than half of the patients who already met 2 out of 3 clinical and laboratory criteria of the revised Atlanta classification still underwent abdominal imaging, even though it was not necessary. However, we found no significant difference in outcomes between patients who underwent imaging and those who did not, including the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and inpatient death. Conclusion: A significant number of patients admitted for acute pancreatitis undergo abdominal imaging even after fulfilling clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria.

Colombian Ocular Inflammatory Diseases Epidemiology Study (COIDES): Optic Neuritis Incidence Between 2015-2020

ABSTRACT Purpose To estimate the incidence of Optic Neuritis (ON) in Colombia using data from the national health registry between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. Methods A population-based study was conducted using the Integrated Social Protection Information System from the Colombian Ministry of Health and the International Classification of Diseases-10 code for ON to estimate the incidence of ON from 2015 to 2020. We also evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the epidemiology of the disease in 2020. Finally, a standardized morbidity rate map was created to assess a country’s ON geographic distribution. Results From 2015 to 2019, 2,463 new cases of ON were reported. The overall 5-year incidence rate was 1.56 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year, 66% of the patients were females. The peak of presentation in males was the quinquennium of 50–54 years, and in females, it was 45–49 years. In 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in the incidence of ON by approximately 0.15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The regions with a high number of cases and an increasing risk of new cases were Bogotá, Antioquia, and Valle del Cauca. Conclusions The incidence of ON in Colombia is lower compared to countries in the northern hemisphere, with women under 50 years being predominantly affected. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic corresponded with a reduction in identifying new ON cases. This underscores governments’ need to implement effective diagnostic strategies in the future.

Pinnwall: Heterogeneous Electrode Models from Integrating Machine Learning and Atomistic Simulation

Electrochemical energy storage always involves the capacitive process. The prevailing electrode model used to study such polarizable electrode-electrolyte systems is the Siepmann-Sprik model, which has been recently extended to study the metallicity in the electrode model by including the Thomas-Fermi screening length. Nevertheless, a further extension to heterogeneous electrode models is required. Here, we address this challenge by integrating the atomistic machine learning code (PiNN) [1] for generating the base charge [2] and response kernel [3] and the classical molecular dynamics code (MetalWalls). This leads to the development of the PiNNwall [4] interface. Apart from the cases of chemically doped graphene and graphene oxide electrodes as shown in this study, the PiNNwall interface also allows us to probe polarized oxide surfaces in which both the proton charge and the electronic charge can coexist. Therefore, this work opens the door for modelling heterogeneous and complex electrode materials often found in energy storage systems.[1] Shao, Y.; Hellström, M.; Mitev, P. D.; Knijff, L.; Zhang, C. PiNN: A python library for building atomic neural networks of molecules and materials. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2020, 60, 1184.[2] Knijff, L.; Zhang, C. Machine learning inference of molecular dipole moment in liquid water. Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol. 2021, 2, 03LT03.[3] Shao, Y.; Andersson, L.; Knijff, L.; Zhang, C. Finite-field coupling via learning the charge response kernel. Electron. Struct. 2022, 4, 014012.[4] Dufils, T., Knijff, L., Shao, Y. and Zhang, C. PiNNwall: heterogeneous electrode models from integrating machine learning and atomistic simulation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.15307. 2023.*This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 949012). We also acknowledge the support from the Centre for Interdisciplinary Mathematics (CIM) and the AI4Research initiative at Uppsala University.

Trends in lumbar interbody fusion: A study of American Board of Orthopedic Surgery (ABOS) candidate data

Background: There has been an increase in posterior-based interbody fusions over the past two decades. Our objective was to evaluate trends in interbody fusion use among the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery (ABOS) Part II candidates. Methods: The ABOS database from 2003 to 2012 was queried for common procedural terminology (CPT) codes indicating lumbar interbody fusion (22,558 anterior lumbar interbody fusion [ALIF] and 22,630 and 22,633 posterior lumbar interbody fusion [PLIF] or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion [TLIF]). Trends in the use of interbody fusion technique, associated complications, and geographical variation were evaluated. We also queried utilization of the anterior and posterior interbody fusions by the International Classification of Diseases-9 code. Results: 6841 interbody fusion cases were identified (2329 ALIF and 4512 PLIF/TLIF). There was a significantly higher use of PLIF/TLIF than ALIF over the study period (P &lt; 0.001). As compared to patients in the Midwest, those in the Northwest had significantly higher odds of undergoing PLIF/TLIF (odds ratio [OR]: 4.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.61–6.35, P &lt;0.001), and those in the Southwest had significantly lower odds of PLIF/TLIF (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69–0.95, P = 0.01). The overall complication rate was 22.2% (n = 1,519). Vascular-related complications were significantly higher among patients undergoing ALIF (31 vs. 1, P &lt;0.001), while those undergoing TLIF/PLIF were more likely to experience unspecified medical complications. On multivariate analysis, patients undergoing PLIF/TLIF had lower odds of experiencing a complication (P = 0.03, OR 0.87, CI 95%). Conclusion: Over the 10-year study period, there has been a significantly increased rate of posterior interbody fusion among candidates taking part II ABOS examination.

Diabetes Mellitus and Poor Glycemic Control Are Associated With a Higher Risk of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: An Analysis of a Large Nationwide Database.

A large-scale retrospective case-control study. Examine diabetes as a risk factor for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) development and evaluate the impact of diabetes duration, glycemic control, and associated complications on this risk. Diabetes mellitus, a multiorgan disorder impacting various connective tissues, induces histological changes in spinal structures, particularly the ligamentum flavum. While clinical studies suggest a higher incidence of LSS in diabetic patients, substantial epidemiological research on the likelihood of LSS diagnosis in individuals with diabetes is scarce. Using nationwide data, a total of 49,576 patients diagnosed with LSS based on International Classification of Diseases-10 codes were matched with controls of the same number based on age and sex. Employing a multivariable logistic regression model, the study assessed for the association between spinal stenosis and diabetes, while adjusting for confounders. We found a higher likelihood of LSS diagnosis in diabetic patients [odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% CI: 1.36 - 1.43, P <0.001]. Those with hemoglobin A1c ≥7% and ≥1 diabetes-related complication also had an elevated likelihood (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08-1.31, P =0.001). Prolonged diabetes exposure increased the risk. Diabetes diagnosis reduced median survival by around 4.5 years for both stenosis and nonstenosis patients; spinal stenosis diagnosis alone minimally impacted survival. Relative to individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at the age of 65 or older, the OR for developing LSS were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.18-1.27, P <0.001) when DM was diagnosed at 50 to 65 years old and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.56-1.79, P <0.001) for those under 50 years old. Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with DM and spinal stenosis (hazard ratio: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.29-1.44, P <0.001) and those with DM without stenosis (hazard ratio: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.41-1.57, P <0.001) compared with controls. Diabetic patients with prolonged disease, poor glycemic control, and diabetes-related complications face an elevated risk of developing LSS. Recognizing the reciprocal adverse relationship between these conditions is crucial in clinical practice and designing public health measures for managing both conditions. 4.

The Hamilton Compression of Highly Symmetric Graphs

We say that a Hamilton cycle C=(x1,…,xn)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$C=(x_1,\\ldots ,x_n)$$\\end{document} in a graph G is k-symmetric, if the mapping xi↦xi+n/k\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x_i\\mapsto x_{i+n/k}$$\\end{document} for all i=1,…,n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$i=1,\\ldots ,n$$\\end{document}, where indices are considered modulo n, is an automorphism of G. In other words, if we lay out the vertices x1,…,xn\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x_1,\\ldots ,x_n$$\\end{document} equidistantly on a circle and draw the edges of G as straight lines, then the drawing of G has k-fold rotational symmetry, i.e., all information about the graph is compressed into a 360∘/k\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$360^\\circ /k$$\\end{document} wedge of the drawing. The maximum k for which there exists a k-symmetric Hamilton cycle in G is referred to as the Hamilton compression of G. We investigate the Hamilton compression of four different families of vertex-transitive graphs, namely hypercubes, Johnson graphs, permutahedra and Cayley graphs of abelian groups. In several cases, we determine their Hamilton compression exactly, and in other cases, we provide close lower and upper bounds. The constructed cycles have a much higher compression than several classical Gray codes known from the literature. Our constructions also yield Gray codes for bitstrings, combinations and permutations that have few tracks and/or that are balanced.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Pregnancy-Related End-Stage Kidney Disease

The incidence of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury is increasing and is associated with significant maternal morbidity including progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Little is known about characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients who develop pregnancy-related ESKD. To examine the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with pregnancy-related ESKD and to investigate associations between pre-ESKD nephrology care and outcomes. This was a cohort study of 183 640 reproductive-aged women with incident ESKD between January 1, 2000, and November 20, 2020, from the US Renal Data System and maternal data from births captured in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publicly available natality data. Data were analyzed from December 2022 to June 2023. Pregnancy-related primary cause of ESKD, per International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes reported at ESKD onset by the primary nephrologist on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services form 2728. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risk models were constructed to examine time to (1) mortality, (2) access to kidney transplant (joining the waiting list or receiving a live donor transplant), and (3) receipt of transplant after joining the waitlist. A total of 341 patients with a pregnancy-related primary cause of ESKD were identified (mean [SD] age 30.2 [7.3]). Compared with the general US birthing population, Black patients were overrepresented among those with pregnancy-related ESKD (109 patients [31.9%] vs 585 268 patients [16.2%]). In adjusted analyses, patients with pregnancy-related ESKD had similar or lower hazards of mortality compared with those with glomerulonephritis or cystic kidney disease (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.76-1.19), diabetes or hypertension (aHR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.39-0.61), or other or unknown primary causes of ESKD (aHR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48-0.75). Despite this, patients with pregnancy-related ESKD had significantly lower access to kidney transplant compared with those with other causes of ESKD, including (1) glomerulonephritis or cystic kidney disease (adjusted subhazard ratio [aSHR], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.43-0.66), (2) diabetes or hypertension (aSHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98), and (3) other or unkown cause (aSHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-0.99). Those with pregnancy-related ESKD were less likely to have nephrology care or have a graft or arteriovenous fistula placed before ESKD onset (nephrology care: adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.40-0.56; graft or arteriovenous fistula placed: aRR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17-0.57). In this study, those with pregnancy-related ESKD had reduced access to transplant and nephrology care, which could exacerbate existing disparities in a disproportionately Black population. Increased access to care could improve quality of life and health outcomes among these young adults with high potential for long-term survival.