Classical Classification Methods Research Articles

Conductivity Prediction Method of Solid Electrolyte Materials Based on Pearson Coefficient Method and Ensemble Learning

In order to screen solid electrolytic materials with high ionic conductivity more quickly and accurately, a conductivity prediction method for solid electrolyte materials based on logistic regression model and random forest regression model is constructed. The method first selects 20 characteristic descriptors related to ionic conductivity from material library according to four dimensions: structural stability, metal stability, electronic conductivity and oxidative decomposition stability. The enumeration method and feature selection method are used to combine different features. Then, the dimension reduction of the feature combinations is carried out by Pearson coefficient method, so as to screen the optimal feature combinations. Finally, according to the optimal feature combination and data subset, the constructed random forest ensemble learning model is utilized to predict the ionic conductivity of other solid-state electrolyte materials in the material library, in order to find the solid-state electrolyte materials that can meet the high conductivity. The results indicate that as the number of features in the combination increases, the prediction performance of the model shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the feature descriptor in the combination is 7, the maximum AUC (Accuracy) value is reached, and the optimal feature in this case contains 7 optimal feature subsets corresponding to feature descriptors, namely the standard deviation of the average adjacency number of Li atoms, the standard deviation of Li-X ion bonds, the average electronegativity of the straight path, the average width of the straight path, the average atomic volume, the average Li-Li bond, and the filling fraction of the sublattice. On the basis of the optimal feature screening, the average prediction accuracy of the logistic regression model is 87.13%, which has a high accuracy. Using the random forest regression model for prediction, the average absolute error and root mean square error obtained are only 0.237 and 0.134, and compared with classical classification methods such as KNN, SVM and Adaboost, they are smaller, which can better predict the ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte materials. This proves that the constructed method can quickly and accurately produce high ionic conductivity materials in solid electrolyte materials, which is worthy of further research and promotion.

Real-space heterogeneous reconstruction, refinement, and disentanglement of CryoEM conformational states with HetSIREN.

Single-particle analysis by Cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) provides direct access to the conformation of each macromolecule. However, the image's signal-to-noise ratio is low, and some form of classification is usually performed at the image processing level to allow structural modeling. Classical classification methods imply the existence of a discrete number of structural conformations. However, new heterogeneity algorithms introduce a novel reconstruction paradigm, where every state is represented by a lower number of particles, potentially just one, allowing the estimation of conformational landscapes representing the different structural states a biomolecule explores. In this work, we present a novel deep learning-based method called HetSIREN. HetSIREN can fully reconstruct or refine a CryoEM volume in real space based on the structural information summarized in a conformational latent space. The unique characteristics that set HetSIREN apart start with the definition of the approach as a real space-based only method, a fact that allows spatially focused analysis, but also the introduction of a novel network architecture specifically designed to make use of meta-sinusoidal activations, with proven high analytics capacities. Continuing with innovations, HetSIREN can also refine the pose parameters of the images at the same time that it conditions the network with prior information/constraints on the maps, such as Total Variation and denoising, ultimately yielding cleaner volumes with high-quality structural features. Finally, but very importantly, HetSIREN addresses one of the most confusing issues in heterogeneity analysis, as it is the fact that real structural heterogeneity estimation is entangled with pose estimation (and to a lesser extent with CTF estimation), in this way, HetSIREN introduces a novel encoding architecture able to decouple pose and CTF information from the conformational landscape, resulting in more accurate and interpretable conformational latent spaces. We present results on computer-simulated data, public data from EMPIAR, and data from experimental systems currently being studied in our laboratories. An important finding is the sensitivity of the structure and dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the storage temperature.

Feature extraction via 3-D homogeneous attribute decomposition for hyperspectral imagery classification

ABSTRACT Feature extraction is a core aspect in hyperspectral image classification, which can extract key information closely related to ground cover from complex scene, thus improving classification accuracy. Therefore, designing an effective feature extraction network is a hotspot and a challenge in the current research. In this paper, a feature extraction framework based on 3-D homogeneous attribute decomposition (3D-HAD) is proposed for HSI classification, which consists of the following key technologies. First, the principal component analysis algorithm is applied to the raw HSI to extract the principal components (PCs), and the raw HSI is clustered into many 3D superpixel blocks according to the first three PCs-based over-segmentation strategy. Then, a superpixel intrinsic attribute decomposition (SIAD) is designed to capture reflectance feature and suppress shading feature. Meanwhile, a metric entropy is introduced into the decomposition process to overcome the spectral-spatial weak assumption among pixels. Next, superpixel-guided recursive filtering is employed to preserve global details of HSI to enhance accuracy in HSI classification. Finally, the support vector machine classifier is used to obtain classification results of HSI. Experiments performed on several real hyperspectral data sets with limited training samples indicate that the proposed 3D-HAD method outperforms the classic, advance, and deep learning classification methods.

Image classification based on few-shot learning algorithms: a review

Image classification is a critical task in the field of computer vision, and its importance has significantly increased over the past few years. Machine learning and deep learning techniques have demonstrated immense potential in this field. However, traditional image classification models require a vast amount of training data, which can be challenging and expensive to obtain. To overcome this limitation, researchers are turning to few-shot learning, which aims to classify images with limited training samples. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the field of image classification using few-shot learning. First, it investigates the use of data augmentation, transfer learning, and meta-learning methods in this field. Then, it introduces several commonly used datasets and evaluation metrics in few-shot classification, compares several classical few-shot classification methods, and summarizes the experimental results obtained from public datasets. Finally, this paper analyzes the current challenges in few-shot image classification and suggests potential future directions.

A medical image classification method based on self-regularized adversarial learning.

Deep learning (DL) techniques have been extensively applied in medical image classification. The unique characteristics of medical imaging data present challenges, including small labeled datasets, severely imbalanced class distribution, and significant variations in imaging quality. Recently, generative adversarial network (GAN)-based classification methods have gained attention for their ability to enhance classification accuracy by incorporating realistic GAN-generated images as data augmentation. However, the performance of these GAN-based methods often relies on high-quality generated images, while large amounts of training data are required to train GAN models to achieve optimalperformance. In this study, we propose an adversarial learning-based classification framework to achieve better classification performance. Innovatively, GAN models are employed as supplementary regularization terms to support classification, aiming to address the challenges describedabove. The proposed classification framework, GAN-DL, consists of a feature extraction network (F-Net), a classifier, and two adversarial networks, specifically a reconstruction network (R-Net) and a discriminator network (D-Net). The F-Net extracts features from input images, and the classifier uses these features for classification tasks. R-Net and D-Net have been designed following the GAN architecture. R-Net employs the extracted feature to reconstruct the original images, while D-Net is tasked with the discrimination between the reconstructed image and the original images. An iterative adversarial learning strategy is designed to guide model training by incorporating multiple network-specific loss functions. These loss functions, serving as supplementary regularization, are automatically derived during the reconstruction process and require no additional dataannotation. To verify the model's effectiveness, we performed experiments on two datasets, including a COVID-19 dataset with 13958 chest x-ray images and an oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) dataset with 3255 positron emission tomography images. Thirteen classic DL-based classification methods were implemented on the same datasets for comparison. Performance metrics included precision, sensitivity, specificity, and -score. In addition, we conducted ablation studies to assess the effects of various factors on model performance, including the network depth of F-Net, training image size, training dataset size, and loss function design. Our method achieved superior performance than all comparative methods. On the COVID-19 dataset, our method achieved , , , and in terms of precision, sensitivity, specificity, and -score, respectively. It achieved across all these metrics on the OPSCC dataset. The study to investigate the effects of two adversarial networks highlights the crucial role of D-Net in improving model performance. Ablation studies further provide an in-depth understanding of ourmethodology. Our adversarial-based classification framework leverages GAN-based adversarial networks and an iterative adversarial learning strategy to harness supplementary regularization during training. This design significantly enhances classification accuracy and mitigates overfitting issues in medical image datasets. Moreover, its modular design not only demonstrates flexibility but also indicates its potential applicability to various clinical contexts and medical imaging applications.

Multi-view hypergraph regularized Lp norm least squares twin support vector machines for semi-supervised learning

In recent years, multi-view semi-supervised learning has gradually become a popular research direction. The classic binary classification methods in this field are multi-view Laplacian support vector machines (MvLapSVM) and multi-view Laplacian twin support vector machines (MvLapTSVM), which extend semi-supervised support vector machine to multi-view learning. Nevertheless, similar to the majority of SVM-based multi-view methods, the above methods are two-view methods that cannot fully leverage the information from all views and are constructed based on the L2 norm. Additionally, in semi-supervised graph learning, the quality of the graph often has a significant impact on the results. Therefore, we propose a novel multi-view hypergraph regularized Lp norm least squares twin support vector machines (MvHGLpLSTSVM) that can handle general multi-view data for semi-supervised learning. It extends hypergraph learning to multi-view learning and combines Lp norm to further explore the manifold structure and embedded geometric information of multi-view data. By using equality constraints, we design a simple and effective iterative algorithm. In the classification of six multi-view datasets, we compare the proposed method with some other state-of-the-art methods, and the results show that the proposed method is effective.

Predicting Stroke Risk Based on ICD Codes Using Graph-Based Convolutional Neural Networks

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as highly efficient architectures for image and audio classification tasks, gaining widespread adoption in state-of-the-art methodologies. While CNNs excel in machine learning scenarios where the data representation exhibits a grid structure, they face challenges in generalizing to other data types. For instance, they struggle with data structured on 3D meshes (e.g., measurements from a network of meteorological stations) or data represented by graph structures (e.g., molecular graphs). To address such challenges, the scientific literature proposes novel graph-based convolutional network architectures, extending the classical convolution concept to data structures defined by graphs. In this paper, we use such a deep learning architecture to examine graphs defined using the ICD-10 codes appearing in the medical data of patients who suffered hemorrhagic stroke in Hungary in the period 2006–2012. The purpose of the analysis is to predict the risk of stroke by examining a patient’s ICD graph. Finally, we also compare the effectiveness of this method with classical machine learning classification methods. The results demonstrate that the graph-based method can predict the risk of stroke with an accuracy of over 73%, which is more than 10% higher than the classical methods.

Using artificial intelligence methods to recognize radar stations based on the radio technical parameters of signals with filtering signals from radar stations not taken into account in the training set

Currently, the tasks of radio-electronic surveillance using spacecraft are the most relevant in ensuring the defense capability of the Russian Federation. In the course of solving the problem of radio-electronic surveillance, the issue of classifying the detected signals. Classical classification methods, based on comparing the obtained data on detected stations with reference a priori-known station parameters, do not allow obtaining results with a high degree of reliability, so to solve this issue we turned to machine learning technologies. This paper describes the solution to the problem of recognizing radar stations by the radio technical parameters of signals received during radio-electronic monitoring (SEM) of the Earth, using machine learning methods, taking into account the possibility of signals from unknown radars appearing in the test sample. In the process of work, an analysis of existing machine learning methods for processing SEM information was carried out using a developed mathematical model, implemented in program code, using simulated test data. In order to probabilistically evaluate methods for recognizing types of radar stations (radars) as part of the analysis of SEM information in a complex signal-interference environment, modeling of the initial data, consisting of a set of pairs “classification object - class label” was carried out. The radar type number was chosen as the class label, and the radar signal, which can be described using three characteristics: frequency, period, and signal pulse duration, was chosen as the classification object. The mathematical model for generating the initial data includes the ability to add a normally distributed measurement error depending on the specified standard deviation (RMSD) for each of the characteristics. In addition, the possibility of using various machine learning methods to search for outliers in the test sample was considered, and a probabilistic assessment of the accuracy of their work was also carried out. As a result of the research, based on the results obtained, the two most preferred methods of radar recognition were selected, as well as the most promising method of filtering signals from unknown radars. The use of the developed algorithms makes it possible to significantly speed up the recognition of radars based on the radio technical parameters of the signal with a high degree of recognition reliability.

Residual cosine similar attention and bidirectional convolution in dual-branch network for skin lesion image classification

Skin cancer is one of the most serious threats to human health among skin lesions. Computer-aided diagnosis methods can assist patients in identifying and detecting skin lesion types early, thereby enabling corresponding treatments. In this paper, we propose a dual-branch neural network model Conformer with Residual Cosine Similarity Attention and Bidirectional Convolutional fusion strategy, named RCSABC-Conformer. The core of this network structure comprises three parts: a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) branch with Residual Cosine Similarity Attention (RCSA), a Transformer branch, and a Feature Couple Unit with Bidirectional Convolutional strategy (BC-FCU). The RCSA module calculates the cosine similarity value between the feature map generated by the convolutional operation and the feature map of the residual edge to assess whether their semantic information is similar. The semantic information of similar parts is weighted by exponential normalization to enhance the network's memory of similar features of the same type of skin lesion. The BC-FCU module interactively fuses local features and global representations of skin lesion images with different resolutions in the two branches. Specifically, when the global representations is integrated into local features, we introduce a new bidirectional convolution strategy to extract the feature map from both forward and backward directions, and then select the element with the smaller feature value from the two directions to fuse into local features. In this way, we can minimize the interference of the artifact features extracted by the Transformer branch on the CNN branch. In addition, taking advantage of the Transformer branch's capacity to construct global representations, our model can learn contextual semantic information of normal skin and lesion areas to enhance model robustness. We conducted experiments on three datasets, consisting of clinical and dermoscopic skin lesion images, as well as a hybrid of both. The experimental results show that RCSABC-Conformer outperforms both advanced and classical classification methods in terms of classification accuracy across all three datasets, without requiring an increase in the number of parameters and computational complexity. Compared with the baseline model, the classification accuracy of our proposed method improves by 2.40%, 5.39%, and 4.44% on the three datasets, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply an interactive fusion dual-branch network for multi-disease classification on different modalities of skin lesion databases. Code will be available at https://github.com/AlenLi817/RCSABC-Conformer.

A Classification Algorithm Inspired by the Chromatographic Separation Mechanism Dedicated to the Classification of Variable-length and Multi-class Vectors

Nowadays, one of the critical problems related to data mining is the processing of large data sets. This article presents an algorithm that may apply to the issues associated with classifying large-volume data sets. The motivation behind defining this type of algorithm was that the methods used to process this data type are subject to several significant limitations. The first considerable limitation of using classical classification methods is ensuring a constant data size. The second type of constraint is related to the data dimension. The last limitation in using classic classification algorithms is associated with the situation in which a given input vector may contain data belonging to many classes simultaneously, in which case we are talking about so-called multi-class vectors. The presented algorithm is inspired by the method of chromatographic separation of chemical substances. This method is widely and successfully used in analytical chemistry. As we know, in the case of chromatographic separation, we are dealing with a similar class of problems that occur when processing large data sets, firstly: the molecules of a chemical substance have a different number of molecules - i.e., they have different lengths, which corresponds to the situation that occurs when processing large data sets. In this work, a classification algorithm inspired by the mechanism of resolution chromatography is presented. The article presents the results of calculations for sample data sets. It discusses issues related to the properties of the defined algorithm, which concern the algorithm training process and the classification of single-class and multi-class data.

Привлечение дополнительных знаний о предметной области в задачах машинного обучения

The study deals with the concideration of a range of issues related to the involving additional knowledge about subject domain when solving machine learning problems. The techniques for accounting such knowlwdge based on the modification of classical methods of classification, clustering, associative rule discovery are described. It is concluded that the analysis of bachgroung knowledge is able to increase reliability and accuracy of classical machine learning methods, although their modification, taking into account additional constraints, sometimes turns out to be a rather time-consuming procedure. In addition, different types of machine learning problems require different types of additional constraints to increase the reliability and accuracy of their results. This provides certaint difficulties in solving complex problems that require gradual involvement of various types of additional constraints.

Hyperspectral image classification based on local feature decoupling and hybrid attention SpectralFormer network

ABSTRACT Classification of hyperspectral image (HSI) is an essential step in various remote sensing tasks. Currently, transformer-based models have made significant contributions to HSI classification due to their remarkable ability to model the relation among long-range sequence data. However, HSI data exhibit strong nonlinear coupling and strong correlation, leading to a decrease in the classification performance of transformer-based models. The SpectralFormer network has achieved excellent performance in HSI classification, but its cross-layer adaptive fusion mechanism cannot effectively highlight critical information, affecting the representation ability of spectral-spatial features. To address the above issues, this paper proposes an HSI classification method based on local feature decoupling and SpectralFormer with a hybrid attention module (HAMSF) network. Specifically, this paper first uses the histogram of oriented gradient algorithm to preprocess HSI coupled data and achieve preliminary nonlinear decoupling of HSI data. Secondly, the hybrid attention module is embedded in a cross-layer adaptive fusion mechanism, generating refined neighbouring information before each information fusion to improve the spectral-spatial feature representation ability. Finally, the processed data are input into the HAMSF network for the final decoupling and classification of HSI. The experiment is carried out on three benchmark hyperspectral datasets, and the experimental results confirm that the proposed method has better classification performance compared to several transformer-based and classical HSI classification methods.

A Time–Frequency Residual Convolution Neural Network for the Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings

A time–frequency residual convolution neural network (TFRCNN) was proposed to identify various rolling bearing fault types more efficiently. Three novel points about TFRCNN are presented as follows: First, by constructing a double-branch convolution network in the time domain and the frequency domain, the respective features in the time domain and the frequency domain were extracted to ensure the rich and complete feature representation of raw data sources. Second, specific residual structures were designed to prevent learning degradation of the deep network, and global average pooling was adopted to improve the network’s sparsity. Third, TFRCNN was better than the other models in terms of prediction accuracy, robustness, generalization ability, and convergence. The experimental results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy rate of TFRCNN, trained using mixing load data, reached 98.88 to 99.92% after optimizing the initial learning rate and choosing the optimizer and loss function. It was verified that TFRCNN can adaptively learn to extract deep fault features, accurately identify bearing fault conditions, and overcome the limitations of classical shallow feature extraction and classification methods, as well as common convolution neural networks. Hence, this investigation revealed TFRCNN’s potential for bearing fault diagnosis in practical engineering applications.

3DMASC: Accessible, explainable 3D point clouds classification. Application to bi-spectral topo-bathymetric lidar data

Three-dimensional data have become increasingly present in earth observation over the last decades. However, many 3D surveys are still underexploited due to the lack of accessible and explainable automatic classification methods, for example, new topo-bathymetric lidar data. In this work, we introduce explainable machine learning for 3D data classification using Multiple Attributes, Scales, and Clouds under 3DMASC, a new workflow. This workflow introduces multi-cloud classification through dual-cloud features, encrypting local spectral and geometrical ratios and differences. 3DMASC uses classical multi-scale descriptors adapted to all types of 3D point clouds and new ones based on their spatial variations. In this paper, we present the performances of 3DMASC for multi-class classification of topo-bathymetric lidar data in coastal and fluvial environments. We show how multivariate and embedded feature selection allows the building of optimized predictor sets of reduced complexity, and we identify features particularly relevant for coastal and riverine scene descriptions. Our results show the importance of dual-cloud features, lidar return-based attributes averaged over specific scales, and of statistics of dimensionality-based and spectral features. Additionally, they indicate that small to medium spherical neighbourhood diameters (<7 m) are sufficient to build effective classifiers, namely when combined with distance-to-ground or distance-to-water-surface features. Without using optional RGB information, and with a maximum of 37 descriptors, we obtain classification accuracies between 91 % for complex multi-class tasks and 98 % for lower-level processing using models trained on less than 2000 samples per class. Comparisons with classical point cloud classification methods show that 3DMASC features have a significantly improved descriptive power. Our contributions are made available through a plugin in the CloudCompare software, allowing non-specialist users to create classifiers for any type of 3D data characterized by 1 or 2 point clouds (airborne or terrestrial lidar, structure from motion), and two labelled topo-bathymetric lidar datasets, available on https://opentopography.org/.

Research of methods based on neural networks for the analysis of the tonality of the corps of the texts

The object of the study is methods based on neural networks for analyzing the tonality of a corpus of texts. To achieve the goal set in the work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: study the theoretical material for learning deep neural networks and their features in relation to natural language processing; study the documentation of the Tensorflow library; develop models of convolutional and recurrent neural networks; to develop the implementation of linear and non-linear classification methods on bag of words and Word2Vec models; to compare the accuracy and other quality indicators of implemented neural network models with classical methods. Tensorboard is used for learning visualization. The work shows the superiority of classifiers based on deep neural networks over classical classification methods, even if the Word2Vec model is used for vector representations of words. The model of recurrent neural network with LSTM blocks has the highest accuracy for this corpus of texts.

Comparison of Automatic Classification Methods for Identification of Ice Surfaces from Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle-Borne RGB Imagery

This article describes a comparison of the pixel-based classification methods used to distinguish ice from other land cover types. The article focuses on processing RGB imagery, as these are very easy to obtained. The imagery was taken using UAVs and has a very high spatial resolution. Classical classification methods (ISODATA and Maximum Likelihood) and more modern approaches (support vector machines, random forests, deep learning) have been compared for image data classifications. Input datasets were created from two distinct areas: The Pond Skříň and the Baroch Nature Reserve. The images were classified into two classes: ice and all other land cover types. The accuracy of each classification was verified using a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, with reference values obtained via manual surface identification. Deep learning and Maximum Likelihood were the best classifiers, with a classification accuracy of over 92% in the first area of interest. On average, the support vector machine was the best classifier for both areas of interest. A comparison of the selected methods, which were applied to highly detailed RGB images obtained with UAVs, demonstrates the potential of their utilization compared to imagery obtained using satellites or aerial technologies for remote sensing.

A histopathological image classification method for cholangiocarcinoma based on spatial-channel feature fusion convolution neural network.

Histopathological image analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. This time-consuming and complex process is currently performed manually by pathologists. To reduce the burden on pathologists, this paper proposes a histopathological image classification method for cholangiocarcinoma based on spatial-channel feature fusion convolutional neural networks. Specifically, the proposed model consists of a spatial branch and a channel branch. In the spatial branch, residual structural blocks are used to extract deep spatial features. In the channel branch, a multi-scale feature extraction module and some multi-level feature extraction modules are designed to extract channel features in order to increase the representational ability of the model. The experimental results of the Multidimensional Choledoch Database show that the proposed method performs better than other classical CNN classification methods.

A two-dimensional video based quantification method and clinical application research of motion disorders

The increasing prevalence of the aging population, and inadequate and uneven distribution of medical resources, have led to a growing demand for telemedicine services. Gait disturbance is a primary symptom of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study proposed a novel approach for the quantitative assessment and analysis of gait disturbance from two-dimensional (2D) videos captured using smartphones. The approach used a convolutional pose machine to extract human body joints and a gait phase segmentation algorithm based on node motion characteristics to identify the gait phase. Moreover, it extracted features of the upper and lower limbs. A height ratio-based spatial feature extraction method was proposed that effectively captures spatial information. The proposed method underwent validation via error analysis, correction compensation, and accuracy verification using the motion capture system. Specifically, the proposed method achieved an extracted step length error of less than 3 cm. The proposed method underwent clinical validation, recruiting 64 patients with Parkinson's disease and 46 healthy controls of the same age group. Various gait indicators were statistically analyzed using three classic classification methods, with the random forest method achieving a classification accuracy of 91%. This method provides an objective, convenient, and intelligent solution for telemedicine focused on movement disorders in neurological diseases.

Evaluation of celiac artery and common hepatic artery variations by CT-angiography and new classification model.

Knowledge of anatomical variations is important in all interventional procedures. This study aims to evaluate the variations and prevalence of celiac trunk (CeT) and its branches. The computerized tomography-angiography (CT-A) findings of 941 adult patients were evaluated retrospectively. Variations of the CeT and common hepatic artery (CHA) were evaluated according to the number of branches and their origin. Findings were compared with classical classification methods. A new classification model has been defined. Normal (complete) trifurcation was detected in 856 (90.9%) of them, where left gastric artery (LGA), splenic artery (SpA) and CHA branches were derived from the CeT. Among 856 complete trifurcation cases, 773 (90.3%) had non-classical trifurcation patterns. The rate of classic trifurcation was 8.8%, while non-classic trifurcation was 82.1% in all cases. In one case (0.1%), LGA and left hepatic artery together and right hepatic artery and SpA together appeared as a double bifurcation. Complete celiacomesenteric trunk was observed only in 4 (0.42%) cases. In seven cases (0.7%), LGA, SpA and CHA were coming out of abdominal aorta (AAo) independently. CHA normal anatomy (Michels Type I) was detected in 618 (65.5%) patients. We found that 49 (5.2%) of our cases were ambiguous according to the Michels Classification. We have described five different variations of hepatic arteries directly arising from the AAo. Preoperative recognition of anatomical variations of CeT, superior mesenteric artery and CHA is of primary importance in both surgical and radiological procedures. With careful evaluation of CT-angiographies, it is possible to detect rare variations.

A study on the classification of Chinese folk instruments based on deep learning

Due to the Internet's tremendous expansion in recent years, digital music has seen explosive growth. It is becoming increasingly important to provide fast and accurate music retrieval for users, and music information retrieval has gradually become a research hotspot. Among them, the classification of musical instruments is one of the hot research directions. As an important part of the world's musical instruments, the Chinese folk musical instrument tradition has great research value, but there is less research in this direction. Traditional music classification methods can be roughly divided into two steps: manual feature extraction and traditional machine learning. But traditional music classification has several shortcomings, as follows. Firstly, manual extraction of music features has a high error rate and it is very difficult to ensure the accuracy of the features, and the labor cost is high; secondly, traditional machine learning still has problems with multiple classifications and training on large scale data. Therefore, in this paper, based on previous research, the original data features are extracted from the Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC), which is a feature that can represent musical timbre, and deep learning is proposed to be used to classify traditional Chinese folk instruments. This paper finds that the results of identifying and classifying Chinese folk musical instruments using different classical classification methods are compared when the training set and test set data are the same. According to the experimental results, the use of KNN has the best performance among these classification methods.