Classical Class Research Articles

Surface Houghton groups

AbstractFor every $$n\ge 2$$ n ≥ 2 , the surface Houghton group$${\mathcal {B}}_n$$ B n is defined as the asymptotically rigid mapping class group of a surface with exactly n ends, all of them non-planar. The groups $${\mathcal {B}}_n$$ B n are analogous to, and in fact contain, the braided Houghton groups. These groups also arise naturally in topology: every monodromy homeomorphism of a fibered component of a depth-1 foliation of closed 3-manifold is conjugate into some $${\mathcal {B}}_n$$ B n . As countable mapping class groups of infinite type surfaces, the groups $$\mathcal {B}_n$$ B n lie somewhere between classical mapping class groups and big mapping class groups. We initiate the study of surface Houghton groups proving, among other things, that $$\mathcal {B}_n$$ B n is of type $$\text {F}_{n-1}$$ F n - 1 , but not of type $$\text {FP}_{n}$$ FP n , analogous to the braided Houghton groups.

Identification of HLA Class I Alleles in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria with Different Clone Sizes

Introduction Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a hematological disease characterized by complement-mediated hemolysis, thrombosis, and bone marrow failure. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) evolutionary divergence and mutations were widely analyzed in aplastic anemia (AA). However, there were few studies in PNH thus far. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed PNH at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) were recruited from April 2019 to April 2021 according to International PNH Interest Group standards. They were analyzed the genotypes of classical HLA class I loci (A, B, C) using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Patients were further stratified into four groups according to the clone size (Group A: <10%; Group B: 10% ≤ to ≤50%; Group C: 50% < to ≤80%; Group D: >80%) to identify the association between HLA class I alleles and PNH clone size. Result Samples from 40 patients were enrolled, including 20 classic PNH and 20 bone marrow failure (BMF)/PNH. There were 29 males and 11 females. The median age was 32 years (range, 16-70). The median PNH clone size measured by flaer-granulocyte ratio was 72% (range 1-99%). Among the 59 identified alleles in PNH, HLA-B genotypes, which were reported to be associated with severe AA, accounted for the highest percentage (46%). A*02:01, the most common one and found in all the four groups, was reported as one of the risk alleles overrepresents in AA. The alleles found in group A were significantly different from those in group B, C, and D ( P = 0.004, 0.006, and < 0.001, respectively). But there was no significant difference between B, C, and D groups ( P > 0.05). 47% of the alleles identified in group A were reported in AA, whereas only 26%, 23%, and 26% of the detected alleles in Group B, C, and D were reported in AA, respectively. The other alleles in B, C, D groups were mainly for the susceptibility of autoimmune diseases or drug-related adverse reactions. Among them, HLA-B*46:01, the most common and found in B, C and D groups, may indicate weak antigen presentation and immune ability. B*44, B*57:01, C*07:01 were unique in Group B, B*38:02 were identified in Group C and HLA-B*27 expressed most in Group D, which were mainly on cell survival, drug hypersensitivity, and complement activation. Conclusion Significantly different alleles were observed between PNH with smaller clone sizes (< 10%) and PNH with larger clone sizes (≥10%). Patients with smaller clone sizes had similar HLA class Ⅰ alleles to AA; whereas those with larger clone sizes had numerous unique alleles which may contribute to the pathogenesis of PNH. Keywords: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, human leukocyte antigens, clone size, class I allele, pathogenesis

Fifty novel HLA-DPB1 alleles identified in a UK cohort of unrelated hematopoietic cell donors and recipients.

HLA-DPB1 is the classical HLA class II genes with the least recorded variation on the IPD-IMGT/HLA Database, suggesting the full extent of its diversity is perhaps yet to be characterized. Here, a full-gene typing strategy was employed to genotype a UK cohort of 1470 HCT recipients (n = 744) and donors (n = 726). In total, 2940 full-length HLA-DPB1 sequences were generated, comprising 193 distinct alleles. Of these, 107 sequences contained novel variation, totaling 49 unique intronic HLA-DPB1 alleles, and one coding variant (HLA-DPB1*1188:01). Full-gene sequencing resulted in zygosity changes for 129 individuals by identifying two distinct intronic variants of the same coding allele. We verified the existence of nine unconfirmed alleles and extended the sequence of two existing alleles on the IPD-IMGT/HLA Database.

Lithium chloride induces apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer

Lithium compounds, a classic class of metal complex medicine that target GSK 3β and are widely known as mood-stabilizer, have recently been reported as potential anti-tumor drugs. The objective of this investigation was to explore the anticancer potential of lithium chloride (LiCl) and elucidate its mode of action in pancreatic cancer cells. The MTT, colony formation, and Edu assay were used to evaluate the impact of LiCl on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Various methods were employed to investigate the anti-tumor activity of LiCl and its underlying mechanisms. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis detection assays were utilized for in vitro experiments, while the orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of LiCl treatment in vivo. Furthermore, the impact of LiCl on the proliferation of patient-derived organoids was also studied. The results demonstrated that LiCl inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells, induced G2/M phase arrest, and activated apoptosis. Notably, the triggering of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by LiCl was observed, leading to the activation of the PERK/CHOP/GADD34 pathway, which subsequently promoted apoptosis in PC cells. In the future, Lithium compounds could become an essential adjunct in the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.

Jumping demands during classical ballet class.

Ballet class represents a considerable portion of professional ballet training, yet the external training load demands associated with class-and particularly the jumping demands-have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure the jumping demands of ballet class by sex and rank. Eleven female and eight male elite professional ballet dancers participated in 109 ballet classes taught by 12 different teachers. Jump counts and jump heights were measured during each class. A Poisson generalized linear mixed effects model was used to examine the differences in jump counts between sexes and ranks. Greater jump counts were observed during class in men than in women (153, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [137, 170] vs. 119, 95% CI [109, 131], p = 0.004) and in junior ranking dancers compared with senior ranking dancers (151, 95% CI [138, 165] vs. 121, 95% CI [108, 135], p = 0.006). Female junior and senior ranking dancers jumped at rates of 9.2 ± 2.6 and 8.6 ± 4.7 jumps·min-1 , respectively, while male junior and senior ranking dancers jumped at rates of 9.1 ± 2.6 and 8.7 ± 2.6 jumps·min-1 , respectively. Across all classes, 73% of jumps observed were below 50% of maximum double-legged countermovement jump height. Unlike rehearsals and performances, class offers dancers an opportunity to self-regulate load, and as such, are a useful session to manage jump load, and facilitate gradual return-to-dance pathways. Communication between health care and artistic staff is essential to facilitate load management during class.

Three evolutionary strategies for antigen processing and presentation by classical MHC class I molecules

Three evolutionary strategies for antigen processing and presentation by classical MHC class I molecules

The replica of human respiration system to improve student's interpretation skill

Visual media are tools used to deliver information to students, especially on material that cannot be sensed directly by humans. One of them is the material of the human respiratory system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvment of the replica of human respiration system in improving student’s interpretation skills. This research is an experimental study with a quasy experimental design with a sample size of 78 students. The method of collecting data on interpretation skills uses a multiplechoice test instrument with a total of 20 questions. The data were analyzed quantitatively using the independent sample t-test. The improvment of this study is determined by the following indicators: 1) classical completeness class 50%, 2) N-gain value is in the moderate category, and 3) there is a significant average difference between the control and the experimental class. The results of this study indicate that the classical completeness in the experimental class is higher than the control class. The N-gain value of the experimental class is in the medium category and the control class is in the low category. The results of the average difference test of the two groups showed a significant difference between the average learning outcomes of the experimental class and the control class. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the replica of human respiratory system is improving students' interpretation skills.

A new variability pattern in GRS 1915+105 with NICER and Insight-HXMT observations

ABSTRACT We explore the timing and spectral properties of GRS 1915+105 based on X-ray observations of NICER and Insight-HXMT during the long outburst from 2017 to 2021. We find a new class of variability in the rising stage of the outburst that differs from the formerly reported patterns of light curves. This new variability pattern, which we name class ψ, is characterized by several periodic mini pulses superposed on another longer periodic pulse. The periods are ∼130 and ∼10 s for the main pulses and mini pulses, respectively, based on the analysis of power spectrum density and step-wise filter correlation (SFC), where the SFC method has an advantage in finding the superimposed periodic components. The mini pulses become weak or disappear when the luminosity increases and the light curves change into the classical class κ. The class ψ shows a softer spectrum with lower count rates compared to the class κ during the main pulse. The new class ψ shows peculiar timing and spectral properties compared to those of classic class κ, which can help us to explore the class transition mechanism in GRS 1915+105.

Associations between HLA class II alleles and IgE sensitization to allergens in the Qatar Biobank cohort.

Allergic disorders are the consequence of IgE sensitization to allergens. Population studies have shown that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are associated with increased or decreased risk of developing allergy. We aimed to characterize the relationship between HLA class II allelic diversity and IgE sensitization in an understudied Arab population. We explored associations between IgE sensitization to 7 allergen mixes and mesquite (comprising 41 food or aeroallergens) and 45 common classical HLA class II alleles in a well-defined cohort of 797 individuals representing the general adult population of Qatari nationals and long-term residents. To do so, we performed HLA calling from whole genome sequencing data at 2-field resolution using 2 independent algorithms. We then applied 3 different regression models to assess either each allergen mix independently, in the context of IgE sensitization to other allergens tested, or polysensitization. More than half (n= 447) of the study participants showed IgE sensitization to at least 1 allergen, most of them (n= 400) to aeroallergens (Phadiatop). We identified statistically significant negative and positive associations with 24 HLA class II alleles. These have been reported to confer risk or protection from variety of diseases; however, only a few have previously been associated with allergy in other populations. Our study reveals several new risk and protective genetic markers for allergen-specific IgE sensitization. This is a first and essential step toward a better understanding of theorigins of allergic diseases in this understudied population.

Kindergarten Children’s Learning of Computational Thinking With the “Sorting Like a Computer” Learning Unit

ABSTRACT Computational thinking (CT) activities are increasingly being integrated into early childhood schools. We focus on studying children’s learning using an “unplugged” (non-computational) learning unit that considers a teacher’s knowledge and classroom space and affords seamless adaptation into the classroom given the objects used in the unit and activities that are reminiscent of classic class activities and games. The gap in research that we address is the focus on unplugged activities, which are less common. A learning unit with card games was developed, focusing on two fundamental sorting algorithms: Linear Sort and Category Sort. Sixteen kindergarten children participated in the study. Their CT skills were assessed using a pretest-intervention-posttest single group research design. An increase in CT skills was observed from an intermediate to a sophisticated level; the number of attempts to completion decreased and the average number of attributes the children could sort with increased. Two children’s interactions with the activities were analyzed in depth and compared. It was found that two concepts related to algorithms had to be learned separately and sequentially: multiple repeating actions and a stopping rule for repeating actions. With advanced challenges that involved multiple attributes and more than one sorting algorithm, children needed significant support.

The minor chicken class I gene BF1 is deleted between short imperfect direct repeats in the B14 and typical B15 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes

The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also known as the BF-BL region of the B locus) is notably small and simple with few genes, most of which are involved in antigen processing and presentation. There are two classical class I genes, of which only BF2 is well and systemically expressed as the major ligand for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The other class I gene, BF1, is believed to be primarily a natural killer (NK) cell ligand. Among most standard chicken MHC haplotypes examined in detail, BF1 is expressed tenfold less than BF2 at the RNA level due to defects in the promoter or in a splice site. However, in the B14 and typical B15 haplotypes, BF1 RNA was not detected, and here, we show that a deletion between imperfect 32 nucleotide direct repeats has removed the BF1 gene entirely. The phenotypic effects of not having a BF1 gene (particularly on resistance to infectious pathogens) have not been systematically explored, but such deletions between short direct repeats are also found in some BF1 promoters and in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of some BG genes found in the BG region of the B locus. Despite the opposite transcriptional orientation of homologous genes in the chicken MHC, which might prevent the loss of key genes from a minimal essential MHC, it appears that small direct repeats can still lead to deletion.

HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from convalescent COVID-19 patients suppress virus replication despite HLA class Ia down-regulation.

Pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell responses restricted by the nonpolymorphic nonclassical class Ib molecule human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) are rarely reported in viral infections. The natural HLA-E ligand is a signal peptide derived from classical class Ia HLA molecules that interact with the NKG2/CD94 receptors to regulate natural killer cell functions, but pathogen-derived peptides can also be presented by HLA-E. Here, we describe five peptides from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that elicited HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent patients with coronavirus disease 2019. These T cell responses were identified in the blood at frequencies similar to those reported for classical HLA-Ia-restricted anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cells. HLA-E peptide-specific CD8+ T cell clones, which expressed diverse T cell receptors, suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection markedly down-regulated classical HLA class I expression in Calu-3 cells and primary reconstituted human airway epithelial cells, whereas HLA-E expression was not affected, enabling T cell recognition. Thus, HLA-E-restricted T cells could contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection alongside classical T cells.

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS V PADA MATERI PERISTIWA SEPUTAR PROKLAMASI KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA MELALUI MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) DI SDN KEPATIHAN 1 TULUNGAGUNG

Learning should be tailored to the characteristics of students and create a pleasant learning atmosphere in order to enhance students' interest and learning outcomes. This classroom action research aims to improve learning in the fifth grade and test the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' learning outcomes. The study involved 27 students from the fifth grade of SDN Kepatihan 1, Tulungagung Regency, as research subjects. The instruments used were observation and tests. The collected data were analyzed using the classical achievement formula and class average scores. The research results showed that the implementation of the PBL model in the first cycle demonstrated student engagement of 77.7% during the implementation, while in the second cycle, it increased to 91.6%. The students' learning outcomes in the subject of Social Sciences, particularly the topic of events surrounding the proclamation of Indonesian independence, in the first cycle showed a classical achievement of 44.5% with an average score of 69.6, whereas in the second cycle, it increased to 85% with an average score of 84.5. Therefore, it can be concluded that the PBL model is capable of improving students' learning outcomes in the subject of Social Sciences, specifically the topic of events surrounding the proclamation of Indonesian independence, in the fifth grade. In this study, educators are expected to optimize the use of the PBL learning model by developing appropriate teaching materials and assessments based on students' characteristics.

HLA class I signal peptide polymorphism determines the level of CD94/NKG2-HLA-E-mediated regulation of effector cell responses.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E binds epitopes derived from HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C and HLA-G signal peptides (SPs) and serves as a ligand for CD94/NKG2A and CD94/NKG2C receptors expressed on natural killer and T cell subsets. We show that among 16 common classical HLA class I SP variants, only 6 can be efficiently processed to generate epitopes that enable CD94/NKG2 engagement, which we term 'functional SPs'. The single functional HLA-B SP, known as HLA-B/-21M, induced high HLA-E expression, but conferred the lowest receptor recognition. Consequently, HLA-B/-21M SP competes with other SPs for providing epitope to HLA-E and reduces overall recognition of target cells by CD94/NKG2A, calling for reassessment of previous disease models involving HLA-B/-21M. Genetic population data indicate a positive correlation between frequencies of functional SPs in humans and corresponding cytomegalovirus mimics, suggesting a means for viral escape from host responses. The systematic, quantitative approach described herein will facilitate development of prediction algorithms for accurately measuring the impact of CD94/NKG2-HLA-E interactions in disease resistance/susceptibility.

강독 수업과 연계한 판소리계 소설 교재 제작 및 활용 방안 연구

In the classical novel reading class, which is a major subject of Korean language and literature department and Korean language education department, pansori novels are frequently dealt with. At this time, it is necessary to set the standard of what to select as a reading class textbook among various annotated versions and check the use of textbooks for effective operation of the reading class. These days, annotated versions of classical novels are largely divided into modern translations for general readers and original texts for professional researchers. In the case of the reading class, students begin to read classical novels as general readers at the introduction stage, but ultimately they are aimed at having the ability to decipher original texts as major students. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize modern translations and original texts hierarchically. To do this, first of all, it should be clarified that the essence of the reading of the original text pursued by the reading class is the oral recitation in the community unit, and that the function of oral recitation is in expressing and deepening the emotional response of the audience to classical novels. Next, the class process should be hierarchized so that students who are still unfamiliar with oral recitation can get used to reading aloud by using the familiar silent reading method. At the beginning of the reading class, it is necessary to use the modern translation versions to focus on the contents through the silent reading, but it is necessary to gradually induce the students to experience the rich auditory elements contained in the original text and to increase the utilization of the original text. At the first stage of silent reading, focusing on imagining the emotion and atmosphere of the characters rather than acquiring detailed information is more important so that the result of silent reading can be the basis for coordinating the voice according to the emotional meaning of the scenes in the next stage of oral reading. Finally, the purpose of each step should be reflected in the production of textbooks. The modern translation versions that will be used in the silent reading stage should be able to stimulate the reader’s imagination and emotional responses by containing various image materials and presenting appropriate additional information in the quotations of poems. Based on this, it is necessary for students to reflect on their reading and to activate mutual criticism by making the textbook in the form of an audio file to be used in the oral reading stage of original texts.

Intracellular trafficking of HLA-E and its regulation.

Interest in MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses has been aroused by the discovery of their efficacy in controlling simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in a vaccine model. The development of vaccines and immunotherapies utilizing human MHC-E (HLA-E)-restricted CD8+ T cell response requires an understanding of the pathway(s) of HLA-E transport and antigen presentation, which have not been clearly defined previously. We show here that, unlike classical HLA class I, which rapidly exits the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after synthesis, HLA-E is largely retained because of a limited supply of high-affinity peptides, with further fine-tuning by its cytoplasmic tail. Once at the cell surface, HLA-E is unstable and is rapidly internalized. The cytoplasmic tail plays a crucial role in facilitating HLA-E internalization, which results in its enrichment in late and recycling endosomes. Our data reveal distinctive transport patterns and delicate regulatory mechanisms of HLA-E, which help to explain its unusual immunological functions.

Effects of HLA single chain trimer design on peptide presentation and stability.

MHC class I "single-chain trimer" molecules, coupling MHC heavy chain, β2-microglobulin, and a specific peptide into a single polypeptide chain, are widely used in research. To more fully understand caveats associated with this design that may affect its use for basic and translational studies, we evaluated a set of engineered single-chain trimers with combinations of stabilizing mutations across eight different classical and non-classical human class I alleles with 44 different peptides, including a novel human/murine chimeric design. While, overall, single-chain trimers accurately recapitulate native molecules, care was needed in selecting designs for studying peptides longer or shorter than 9-mers, as single-chain trimer design could affect peptide conformation. In the process, we observed that predictions of peptide binding were often discordant with experiment and that yields and stabilities varied widely with construct design. We also developed novel reagents to improve the crystallizability of these proteins and confirmed novel modes of peptide presentation.

Characterization of a novel therapeutic antibody targeting peptide/HLA-E

Abstract T-cell receptor mimic antibodies (TCRm) have become an attractive therapeutic modality group as they allow for the targeting of intracellular proteins presented by HLA, which may allow for a large potential of new targets. However, the polymorphic nature of classical HLA class I and findings of HLA downregulation in cancer cells might limit the use of these agents for cancer treatment. An alternative approach would be to target peptides presented by HLA-E, a highly monomorphic molecule often found upregulated in cancer cells. Thus, we aimed to generate a TCRm against HLA-E presenting the leader sequence peptide from HLA-G since both HLAs are often expressed in multiple cancer types. An antibody was identified from a naïve human phage library and further affinity matured using yeast display. The final clone, ABX-001, had an affinity constant (K D) of 7.9nM. Specificity studies using both peptide-loaded cells and tumor cell lines showed that ABX-001 only bound when both HLA-E and HLA-G were present. Extensive profiling was done on immune cells to also confirm that they did not bind ABX-001. Finally, ABX-001 was assessed for its ability to direct killing of target-positive tumor cell lines. We observed that cytotoxicity in CD8 +T cells was enhanced with the addition of an ABX-001-CD3 T cell engager. We also observed that ABX-001 can act as a checkpoint inhibitor by blocking the interaction of HLA-E with NKG2A in cytotoxicity experiments using NK cells. These data indicate that we can effectively target peptide/HLA-E and highlights its potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment.

Targeting the NKG2A axis with a TCR mimic antibody containing an active Fc domain promotes anti-tumor immunity

Abstract The NKG2A axis is an emerging immune checkpoint. Blocking antibodies to the NKG2A receptor in combination with cancer vaccines and PD-(L)1 antibodies have been found to enhance anti-tumor immunity in murine models and cancer patients. The ligand for the NKG2A receptor is the non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) class Ib molecule, Qa-1 bin mice (HLA-E in humans), loaded with leader peptides from classical MHC class Ia molecules to form Qa-1 b/Qdm peptide complexes. Here, we explore the therapeutic value of targeting the NKG2A ligand, not done previously, using our recently described single-domain T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) antibody, EXX-1. Two syngeneic murine tumor models (A20 and CT26) were used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of EXX-1 and its mode(s) of action. The initial study done showed EXX-1 Fc active (mIgG2a) displayed optimal tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival time in mice compared to a modified form of EXX-1 containing an inactive Fc domain. These findings suggested that in addition to blocking the NKG2A pathway, EXX-1 Fc active antibody likely induces tumor cell death via antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Moreover, mice treated with EXX-1 antibody as single agent therapy showed significantly better survival outcomes compared to the cohort of mice treated with blocking antibody to the NKG2A receptor. This implies that there might be potential benefits of targeting the NKG2a ligand over the NKG2A receptor though this will require further investigation. Additionally, combination therapy using EXX-1 Fc active and PD-(L)1 blocking antibodies revealed markedly improved rates of tumor-free mice compared to mice receiving treatment with EXX-1 Fc active or anti-PD-(L)1 antibody alone.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Team Games Turnament (TGT) dengan Menggunakan Media Flashcard terhadap Kemampuan Kognitif dan Motivasi Belajar Biologi Siswa Kelas VII

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Team Games Tournament (TGT) learning model using Flashcard media on the cognitive abilities and motivation to learn Biology in class VII students at SMP Negeri 2 Praya Timur, Central Lombok Regency. This type of research is a quasy-experimental, with a research design using a post-test, Non-equivalent Control Group Design which is carried out in three meetings. The population in the study were all students of class VII SMP Negeri 2 Praya Timur. The research sample is class VII2 as the experimental class and class VII1 as the control class. Cognitive ability data was obtained using a test (post-test) which was carried out at the end of the learning process. The results showed that the average value of the classical class in the experiment (VII2) was 91,6%, and the completeness of the control class was 75%. Testing the cognitive ability hypothesis in this study uses the Polled Variance formula. On the results of cognitive abilities obtained a tcount of 3,000 and then consulted with a ttable of 2,0105 with dk = 48 at a significant level of 5%. Because tcount > ttable, it can be concluded that the Team Games Tournament learning model using Flashcard media has an effect on the Biological cognitive abilities of class VII students of SMP Negeri 2 Praya Timur. As for motivational data, a tcount of 34.46 was obtained with the same ttable. Because tcount > ttable, it can be concluded that the Team Games Tournament learning model using Flashcard media has an effect on motivation to study Biology in class VII of SMP Negeri 2 Praya Timur.