Classical Type Research Articles

Environmental Surveillance of Human Astroviruses in Jinan City of China, 2020-2021.

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a significant etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in children. In order to investigate the circulation of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2-year environmental surveillance was conducted in Jinan between 2020 and 2021. A total of 24 sewage samples were collected and concentrated. Real-time PCR indicated a positive rate of 83.3%, 79.2% (19/24), and 62.5% for classic, MLB, and VA types of HAstV in sewage samples, respectively, with genomic copies ranging from 6.4 × 103 to 3.7 × 107, 3.2 × 104 to 2.2 × 106, and 1.2 × 104 to 1.6 × 107l-1. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis on complete ORF2 amplicons from each sewage concentrate revealed the presence of 11 HAstV types, including HAstV-1, -2, -4, -5, MLB1, and VA1 to VA6, as well as non-human animal astroviruses. The most abundant HAstV types were HAstV-1, -4, and -5, which accounted for 70.3%, 12.6%, and 9.1% of total HAstV reads, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study were segregated into multiple transmission lineages, yet exhibited less genetic divergence among themselves than with foreign strains. These findings provide insight into the genotype diversity and genetic characterization of HAstVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight the effectiveness of utilizing NGS approaches to investigate sewage HAstVs.

Prenatal diagnosis of pontocerebellar hypoplasia with postnatal follow-up.

To describe the MR features enabling prenatal diagnosis of pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH). This was a retrospective single monocentre study. The inclusion criteria were decreased cerebellar biometry on dedicated neurosonography and available fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with PCH diagnosis later confirmed either genetically or clinically on post-natal MRI or by autopsy. The exclusion criteria were non-available MRI and sonographic features suggestive of a known genetic or other pathologic diagnosis. The collected data were biometric or morphological imaging parameters, clinical outcome, termination of pregnancy (TOP), pathological findings and genetic analysis (karyotyping, chromosomal microarray, DNA sequencing targeted or exome). PCH was classified as classic, non-classic, chromosomal, or unknown type. Forty-two fetuses were diagnosed with PCH, of which 27 were referred for decreased transverse cerebellar diameter at screening ultrasound. Neurosonography and fetal MRI were performed at a mean gestational age of 29+4 and 31+0weeks, respectively. Termination of pregnancy occurred. Pregnancy was terminated in 24 cases. Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis in 24 cases and genetic testing identified abnormalities in 29 cases (28 families, 14 chromosomal anomaly). Classic PCH is associated with pontine atrophy and small MR measurements decreasing with advancing gestation. This is the first large series of prenatally diagnosed PCHs. Our study shows the essential contribution of fetal MRI to the prenatal diagnosis of PCH. Classic PCHs are particularly severe and are associated with certain MR features.

Клавирные концерты В. Ф. Баха: между барокко и классическим стилем

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710–1784) was known by his contemporaries primarily as a virtuoso clavier player and a master of improvisation. In his quantitatively small compositional legacy, by 18th century standards, the primary position is reserved to clavier music, most notably, the large-scale genres — fantasias, concertos and sonatas. The six clavier concertos by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (the authorship of five of them having been confirmed, while the sixth was ascribed to the composer) manifest the characteristic features of his musical style — a combination of baroque and early classical stylistic features. The present article is devoted to revealing these qualities. Thus, the attributes of the baroque style include the use of the ritornello form, the principles of unfolding in the episodes, the incorporation of rhetorical figures into the thematicism, as well as the characteristic textural calls-over between the tutti and the solo sections. The principles of the classical style are disclosed in the sonata-form attributes complexifying the ritornello form, in the concise segmentation of the expositional constructions (the ritornellos), and the turn toward the classical topics. In general, the model of Bach’s concertos fits into the type of “nested sonata” model proposed by Omer Maliniak and Yoel Grinberg, holding an intermediary position between the baroque (“ritornello-style”) and the classical types. Special attention in the article is given to one of the most crucial qualities that emphasized the originality of Friedemann Bach’s style — the fantasia quality. The latter is expressed in the sudden changes of melodic and rhythmical contours and types of texture, the emergence of fantasia-like compositions in ritornellos, as well as in quotations from the music of J. S. Bach and the inventive reassessment of the derived material.

Adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism and its related surgical characteristics.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common cause of secondary hypertension. Adrenalectomy is an effective treatment for unilateral PA, particularly aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), resulting in improvements in biochemical parameters and blood pressure in the vast majority of patients. The article provides a comprehensive overview of PA, focusing on the outcomes of adrenalectomy for PA and the factors that may suggest prognostic implications. Analysis of the outcome of different PA patients undergoing adrenalectomy in terms of preoperative factors, vascular and adipose conditions, type of pathology, and somatic variants. In addition, it is recommended to use the histopathology of primary aldosteronism (HISTALDO) consensus to classify the patient's pathological type, with classical and nonclassical pathological types showing a different prognosis and possibly being associated with an unresected contralateral adrenal gland. The primary aldosteronism surgical outcome (PASO) consensus sets uniform standards for postoperative outcomes in unilateral PA, but its setting of thresholds remains controversial. Partial adrenalectomy shows similar surgical results and fewer postoperative complications than total adrenalectomy, but there is a risk of missing the true source of abnormal aldosterone secretion. Steroid profiling and functional imaging techniques offer alternative options to adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for unilateral and bilateral judgments in patients with PA. A combination of factors is needed to predict the prognosis of PA patients undergoing adrenalectomy in order to manage patient expectations of the outcome of the procedure and to closely monitor blood pressure and biochemical parameters in patients who suggest a poorer prognosis.

Acute type A intramural hematoma: The less-deadly acute aortic syndrome?

ObjectiveTo evaluate the short- and midterm outcomes of surgically managed acute type A intramural hematoma (IMH) versus classic acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). MethodsFrom 1996 to February 2023, a total of 106 patients with acute type A IMH and 795 patients with classic ATAAD presented for open aortic repair at our institution. Data were obtained from the local Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ Data Warehouse and medical chart review. ResultsCompared with the classic ATAAD group, the IMH group was older (65 vs 59 years, P < .001) and more likely to be female (45% vs 32%, P = .005), with fewer comorbidities such as severe aortic insufficiency (5.0% vs 25%, P < .001), acute stroke (2.8% vs 8.3%, P = .05), acute renal failure (5.7% vs 13%, P = .04), and malperfusion syndrome (8.5% vs 26%, P < .001) but more cardiac tamponade (18% vs 11%, P = .03). The IMH group had less aortic root replacement (15% vs 33%, P < .001), zone 2 arch replacements (9.4% vs 18%, P = .02), and shorter crossclamp times (120 minutes vs 150 minutes, P < .001). The operative mortality was significantly lower in the IMH group (0.9% vs 8.8%, P = .005) and a multivariable regression model showed IMH to be protective, odds ratio of 0.11, P = .03. The 10-year survival was similar between the 2 groups (65% vs 61%, P = .35). The hazard ratio of IMH for midterm mortality after surgery was 0.73, P = .12. ConclusionsAcute type A IMH could be treated with emergency open aortic repair with excellent short- and midterm outcomes.

ВИДИ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЙНІ ОЗНАКИ ДЕРИВАТИВНИХ КОНТРАКТІВ

The article reveals the importance of derivative contracts in the economic system. It was established that the prerequisites for the formation of exchange trading in derivative contracts had a long evolution and development. The views of domestic and international scientists regarding the use of derivative contracts in international practice are considered. It was established that exchange trading in derivative contracts, with its inherent modern features, has been actively taking place on international commodity and stock exchanges for the past two centuries. During this time, a large number of various derivative contracts arose on demand and to meet the needs of participants in market relations. The available classification features of derivative contracts are determined and their systematization and refinement are given. Classification groups of derivative contracts based on various classification features are considered. It was found that scientific and legislative sources contain a large number of classification features for derivative contracts, which contributes to the formation of their functional purpose in stock trading. The available classification features in international and domestic sources are summarized, namely according to: types of basic assets; economic purpose; sphere of circulation; method of execution; method of use; innovative purpose. Based on the generalization of foreign and domestic scientific sources, we have systematized the classification features of derivative contracts, and also taking into account the dynamic development of international exchange trading, we have clarified and proposed a classification feature – "by innovative purpose". In this case, derivative contracts can be divided into: traditional and innovative instruments. Traditional types include classic types of derivative contracts, while innovative types include hybrid types of derivative contracts and new types of underlying assets, such as cryptocurrencies.

Typology of temperaments "Priority": Sustainable development of the organization due to the increase in the personnel work efficiency

The paper is devoted to the matters of application of the temperaments tipologies in the personnel management of organization. The existing tipologies use the special properties of nervous system, which are just the secondary signs of the characteristics of nervous system, really defining the temperament type, as the bases (signs) for allocation of temperament types. The purpose of this research is to develope the typology of temperaments, using structural interrelations among the elements of the nervous system, which define the properties of the system from the position of the system theory, for allocation of the temperament types. As the result the authors created the typology of temperaments according to the priority in dichotomies of the nervous system components (typology of temperaments "Priority") allowing to allocate 4 classical types of temperament, and 2 optional expanded types of temperament (including 8 types) as well and also 16 complete types of temperament. The authors' belongs to the area of personnel management, psychology of individual distinctions and neurophysiology. The results obtained by the authors can be used in professional selection, professional orientation, personnel selection, team building, managerial decision-making on personnel, psychological counseling, etc., thus contributing to the improvement of personnel management methods of the organization.

Assessment measures developed to improve quality of route transport Polotsk and Novopolotsk

The paper considers options for reducing environmental losses in Polotsk and Novopolotsk through the development of trolleybus and tram systems – various types of urban electric transport. In order to reduce the costs of creating transport (including charging) infrastructure, as well as operating costs, the effectiveness of such systems has been determined when using not only classic types of transport, but also hybrid buses, electric buses, duo-buses. Approaches and methods have been developed to improve the quality of passenger service without deteriorating the environmental situation – this will become possible thanks to the development of tram and trolleybus traffic in Polotsk and Novopolotsk. Variants of scenarios for the use of various types of urban eclectic transport in the cities under study are presented, which will reduce investment in vehicles and the cost of creating an operational base at the expense of existing production facilities, for example, a tram fleet. The proposals outlined in the paper are aimed at improving the environmental situation in these cities by reducing the volume of emissions of harmful substances by buses, especially on the central streets

Generalized kekulenes and clarenes as novel families of cycloarenes: structures, stability, and spectroscopic properties.

Cycloarenes constitute a captivating class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with unique structures and properties, but their synthesis represents a challenging task in organic chemistry. Kekulenes and edge-extended kekulenes as classic types of cycloarenes play an important role in the comprehension of π electron distribution, but their sparse molecular diversity considerably limits their further development and application. In this work, we propose two novel classes of cycloarenes, the generalized kekulenes and the clarenes. Using density functional theory, we carry out a comprehensive study of all possible isomers of the generalized kekulenes and clarenes with different sizes. By applying a simple Hückel model, we show that π delocalization plays a crucial role in determining the relative stability of isomers. We also discover that π-π stacking is commonly present in certain larger clarenes and provides a considerable additional stabilization effect, making the corresponding isomers the lowest-energy ones. Among all considered typical looped polyarenes, generalized kekulenes and/or clarenes are revealed to be the energetically most stable forms, suggesting that these novel cycloarenes proposed here would be viable targets for future synthetic work. The simulated 1H NMR spectra and UV-vis absorption spectra provide valuable information about the electronic and optoelectronic properties for the most stable generalized kekulene and clarene species and may support their identification in future synthesis and experimental characterization.

A Rare Variant of Ameloblastoma of the Oral Cavity: A Review and Case Report

Abstract Ameloblastoma is a very rare odontogenic tumor of the oral cavity, with different histologic variants. One of the types of ameloblastoma is desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) which has 4%–5% of incidence. Here, we review and reported the DA is the least of occurrence of all the variants of ameloblastoma. The uniqueness of this lesion can be further enlightened with respect to its site of occurrence, the radiographic feature and the histological appearance different from the classical type of ameloblastoma. This case report focuses on a DA that occurred in the maxilla of a 35-year-old woman and explains about clinical, radiographic findings, histopathologic findings, and treatment plan. The patient is undergoing routine follow-up and is presently free of disease. From this case, the clinicians should remember to consider the DA as differential diagnosis, if a patient complaints of swelling in and around the premolar region of maxilla.

The Effectiveness of Modified Atkins Ketogenic Diet on Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Pilot Study from Indonesia.

The ketogenic diet has recently been explored as a potential treatment approach for intractable epilepsy in children and has been applied in various parts of the world. The ketogenic diet is also effective for the treatment of mood disorders, especially for adolescent and young adults with epilepsy. The Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) is the less restrictive type of ketogenic diet with similar principles as the classic type. However, no study has been conducted to evaluate the use of MAD in children with severe epilepsy in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the effectiveness, tolerance, compliance, and the adverse effects of MAD in children with intractable epilepsy during a 6-month monitoring period. This is a pilot experimental study involving children aged 2-18 years old with intractable epilepsy at the Pediatric Neurology and the Pediatric Nutrition & Metabolic Diseases Clinics at the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta between November 2021 and June 2022. A total of 31 subjects met the inclusion criteria and received the MAD in the first month, followed by 13 (41.9%) subjects in the third month, and 9 (29%) subjects in the sixth month. The MAD reduced the seizure frequency by 50% (p = 0.144), 62% (p = 0.221), and 83.3% (p = 0.028) in the first, third, and sixth months, respectively. The most frequent adverse effects are vomiting and diarrhea. Noncompliance was observed in 18 (58.1%) subjects. A sample of the MAD food menu guidebook was developed to make it easier for parents to adhere to the diet. The MAD reduces the mean seizure frequency in children with intractable epilepsy in the first, third, and sixth months, with a statistical significance in the sixth month. A further randomized, controlled, and multicenter clinical trial with a larger sample size and longer observation period is required. This trial is registered with Protocol ID 20-10-1323.

Investment Attractiveness and Grinium Effect of Green Securities of the Russian Banking Sector

One of the main ways for banks to implement activities within the ESG agenda is to issue green securities, the proceeds of which go to finance environmental projects. In turn, the nature of investments is reflected in the so-called discount on greenness or the greenium effect, which may scare away a potential investor. But the situation is different in the emerging green bond market in Russia. In this regard, an analysis of the main characteristics of green bonds of the Russian banking sector, as well as an assessment of their investment attractiveness in comparison with instruments of the classical type, offers an effective tool for the formation of long-term capital aimed at implementing the concept of sustainable development.

Detection of hypervirulent and classical type of Klebsiella pneumoniae and screening their resistant properties in Erbil city

Background and objective: Klebsiella pneumoniaei s an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium and is considered one of the main causes of nosocomial infection. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) has emerged as a pathogen of global importance. The current study aimed to determine Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, carbapenem resistance, and serum bactericidal effect among the clinical isolates and to find the relationship of the above features with antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A total of 90 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from different clinical specimens. Isolates were diagnosed using routine bacteriological methods and VITEK 2 compact system. Several phenotypic tests including string test, serum resistant, ESBL test, and Modified Carbapenem inactivation method were performed. The antibiotic resistance pattern was compared among ESBL-positive, carbapenem-resistant in both Hypervirulent (hvKp) and classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) isolates. Results: The results revealed that among 90 isolates, 56.7% of the isolates were of classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) type within which 70.6% of them were ESBL positive, 37.3% of them were resistant to carbapenem, and 51% were resistant to serum bactericidal activity. On the other hand, 43.3% were of hvKp type within which 61.5% of them were ESBL positive, 30.8% were carbapenem-resistant and all of the hvKp were resistant to human serum. The rate of antibiotic-resistant among cKp was higher than hvKp isolates. Conclusion: In this study, classical strains were more resistant to antibiotics and the rates of ESBL and Carbapenem resistance were higher compared to hvKp strains. but they were killed by serum bactericidal activities more rapidly.

Antigenic similarities and clinical cross-protection between variant and classic non-viscous strains of Moritella viscosa in Atlantic salmon in Norway

Moritella viscosa (M. viscosa) is one of the major etiological agents of winter-ulcers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in farmed fish occur across the North Atlantic region, causing reduced animal welfare and economical challenges, and are of hindrance for sustainable growth within the industry. Commercially available multivalent core vaccines containing inactivated bacterin of M. viscosa reduce mortality and clinical signs related to winter ulcer disease. It has previously been described two major genetic clades within M. viscosa, typical (hereafter referred to as classic) and variant, based on gyrB sequencing. In addition, there are phenotypical traits such as viscosity that may differ between different types of isolates. Western blot using salmon plasma showed that classic non-viscous strains are antigenically different from the classic viscous type included in core vaccines. Further, Western blot also showed that there are similarities in binding patterns between Norwegian variant and classic non-viscous isolates, indicating they may be antigenically related. Vaccination-challenge trials using Norwegian gyrB-classic non-viscous isolates of M. viscosa, demonstrate that the isolates from the classic clade that are included in current commercial multivalent core vaccines, provide limited cross protection against the emerging non-viscous strains. However, a vaccine recently approved for marketing authorization in Norway, containing inactivated antigen of a variant M. viscosa strain, demonstrates reduced mortality as well as clinical signs caused by infections with the classic non-viscous M. viscosa isolated from outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms. The study shows that there are antigenic similarities between variant and classic non-viscous types of M. viscosa, and these similarities are mirrored in the observed cross-protection in vaccination-challenge trials.

Evolution of the Thoughts of Public Administration and Its Understanding Following the Perspectives of Political Science, Management and Law

The article aims to understand, analyze, and explain the evolution of the understanding of public administration from the perspectives of political science, management and law. The paper begins to study public administration from its classical type, where three perspectives of it are studied synthetically, as well as its potential as an independent administrative science. The article answers why and how the field is considered, even at the level of defining the concept of public administration and how it differs from management, law and political science. Additionally, the work demonstrates the visions expressed by such authors as Max Weber, Woodrow Wilson, Frank Goodnow, Leonard White, Herbert A. Simon, Luther Gulick and Dwight Waldo.

Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence from Quantum-Theoretic Perspective

Massive inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) in the technosphere and electronic governments urges an update in legal regulation of these and related areas. The issue converges on the key question of whether AI can be endowed with legal personhood and capacity. Opposing views in this respect build on hardly compatible ethics and largely outdated scientific grounds with a clear perspective for deep cultural antagonisms and further fragmentation of the world. We contribute to this debate from the perspective of quantum cognitive science and show how it can resolve some of the current impasses. Our approach builds on the quantum-theoretic refinement of the concept of uncertainty into quantum and classical types: classical uncertainty denotes subjective ignorance of the present state of affairs, while quantum uncertainty accounts for individual freedom to construct the future. We show that legal capacity of intelligence, at bottom, is defined by the type of uncertainty it is capable to resolve. Natural intelligence, in particular, can resolve quantum uncertainties, generating genuine novelty and affective experience in the process. Classical AI, in contrast, is limited to algorithmic computation, bound to produce predefined results regardless of its complexity. Concepts of decision-making, subjectness, creativity, and personal meaning then are recognized as physically inapplicable to such systems. The proposed definitions of these terms complement and sharpen the criteria of legal capacity in the existing legislations, indicating that “autonomy” is essentially equivalent to “appreciation.” Classical AI then appears as fundamentally alien to subjectness and legal capacity both in civil and common laws, resolving a delicate contradiction between them. Quantum-empowered AI, in contrast, escapes this conclusion due to its access to quantum uncertainty, introducing novel challenges with respect to responsibility gaps and meaningful human control. The developed approach aligns with the present legal practice and ethical discourse, contributing to the scientifically informed development of law in technological societies.

Supplementary FCO 2023

Abstract Background Prognosis remains poor in patients with leptomeningeal carcinoma. The time from diagnosis to death is about 4–6 weeks if left untreated. With treatment, the overall survival is approximately 2–4 months. Case description A 59-year-old female with a history of left breast carcinoma was admitted to the hospital due to newly diagnosed right breast type I lobular carcinoma, classified as T2N2Mx with a pathological stage IIIA. She underwent mastectomy with axillary clearance. Immunohistochemical staining assays revealed positive results for both estrogen receptor (ER) with a total score of 7/8 and progesterone receptor (PR) with a total score of 6/8. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression was assessed as negative with a score of +1. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed the presence of ascites. Microscopic examination indicated invasive lobular carcinoma, classic type, grade II. Of the 14 axillary lymph nodes examined, seven were found to be involved by metastasis with focal infiltration of axillary fatty tissue. The CA-125 protein test yielded a measurement of 212, and CA 15/3 was recorded as greater than 300. Treatment commenced with six cycles of adjuvant CMF combination therapy, consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Subsequently, the patient received vinorelbine in combination with zoledronic acid, everolimus, intrathecal methotrexate, and carboplatin paired with gemcitabine. By the end of 2020, bone metastasis was observed on a bone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with thin leptomeningeal infiltration. Conclusion This was a rare case of a female who presented with leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer and was found to have a long survival of 18 months after she received intrathecal therapy with systemic therapy.

Continuous investigation of the nasal cycle over 48 hours

BACKGROUND: Previous results on the nasal cycle refer to measurements over up to 24h. The long-term rhinoflowmetry (LRFM) allows continuous observations over a longer period. The aim of the study was to observe the nasal cycle for the first time over 48h under everyday conditions.METHODOLOGY: The LRFM was continuously applied to 30 rhinologically healthy subjects (20 female, 10 male) over 48h. The different types of nasal cycle were classified as follows: "classic", "in concert", "one-sided", "no-cycle" and "mixed”. The focus of this study was on the results over the entire 48 hours. The comparison of the two consecutive days was also made. RESULTS: A nasal cycle could be detected in 100% of the subjects over 48h. With 97%, the mixed type most commonly occurred as a combination of classical and in concert components. In all subjects, classical cycle components could be detected at least once. The no-cycle type was not observed. In the awake state, the mixed type dominated (80%), as a combination of classical and in concert parts. In the sleep state, the classical type was the most common type (97%). The average phase duration was 206 ± 83 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: In the very first continuous 48-hour study on the nasal cycle, 100% of the subjects presented a nasal cycle. The LRFM method is the only one that offers the possibility to perform continuous measurements over a longer period during daily routine. The results of previous single-stage examination methods should thus be questioned.

Molecular hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease with a multimodal single cell atlas of the cortex

AbstractBackgroundThe Seattle Alzheimer’s Disease Cell Atlas (SEA‐AD, https://sea-ad.org) is a large‐scale effort to identify, at single cell resolution, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause AD and facilitate its progression. SEA‐AD brings together quantitative neuropathology (QNP) derived from classic histopathological and cell type stains with single nucleus transcriptomics, epigenetics, and spatial transcriptomics on a cohort of 84 aged donors that span the pathological and cognitive disease spectrum, including unaffected controls.MethodWe ordered SEA‐AD donors based on QNP using a Bayesian latent space model to construct a model‐estimated “pseudo‐progression” (PS). We then used a general linear mixed effects model to test for gene expression changes along the PS in each of the BRAIN initiative’s 139 cell types present in SEA‐AD’s single nucleus RNA sequencing dataset (∼1.2 million nuclei) from the middle temporal gyrus. By separately fitting models to donors with lower and higher pathology, we obtained two beta coefficients for each gene that enabled distinction between early, late, and consistent up‐ and down‐regulation along PS. We then tested whether the betas for each gene were different across all cell types or in only certain ones to measure specificity. We curated gene modules from biological processes potentially relevant to AD, identified in gene‐set enrichment analyses and prior studies, and categorized each gene within them based on their dynamics and specificity.ResultRoughly one‐third of genes had differential expression across neuronal cell types (mean betas &gt; 0.2), split evenly between up‐ and down‐regulation, while a smaller subset were changed in specific cell types. Modules enriched in broadly changed genes that had increased expression early in PS included those involved with the microtubule cytoskeleton, vesicle adaptors, and neurotransmitter receptors, while those with decreased expression included those involved with cholesterol synthesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and neurofilaments. Among the genes changed only in specific cell types were NOTCH2 in Somatostatin and Parvalbumin interneurons selectively vulnerable to pathology, PTPRG in disease associated microglia, and COL21A1 in disease associated astrocytes.ConclusionBroadly affected modules identified by SEA‐AD suggest most neurons are affected by disease pathology and cell type‐specific differences may provide clues to selective vulnerability.

Phenotypic and functional differences of dendritic cells in tumor.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells vital to the immune system, functioning as antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in launching both cellular and humoral immune responses. They are crucial in preventing infectious diseases and regulating tumor growth. DCs can be categorized based on various criteria such as phenotype, function, and tissue location, resulting in several subgroups. Generally, DCs are divided into two primary groups: plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs), which are further classified into Type I classical DCs (cDC1) and Type II classical DCs (cDC2). cDC1 cells are distinguishable by specific gene programs and associated markers, while cDC2 cells display more diversity. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate surrounding a recently identified subgroup called DC3, and whether it can be considered a distinct cell type in the maturation process of DCs remains uncertain. Most of these DC subgroups rely on the growth factor Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) for differentiation from a common DC precursor (CDP), guided by various cytokines. Although the general classification of DC subgroups is similar in both humans and mice, numerous phenotypic and functional variations exist within each subgroup. Therefore, comprehending these differences between DC subgroups in humans and mice holds the potential to significantly advance relevant research.