Classical Texts Research Articles

AN EXPLORATORY REVIEW OF VIDANGAIDAGAJADI LEPA AND NAVAKA KASHAYA IN DADRU - DERMATOPHYTOSIS/ (TINEA CORPORIS)

Skin is the most significant protective barrier preventing foreign substances from invading the body. Eighteen types of Kushta are described in Ayurvedic classics under the headings of Mahakushta and Kshudrakushta1. Mahakushta is subdivided into seven and Kshudrakushta into eleven. DadruKustha is one of the Kshudra Kustha mentioned in our classical texts. Dermatophytosis, also known as Ringworm (Tinea corporis), is a fungal infec-tion of the skin; typically, it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Based on its clinical characteristics, it can be correlated with Dadru Kusta. This study aims to analyse the logic and suitability of Navakakashaya and Vidangaidagajadi lepa in the management and prevention of Dadru kustha. An analysis of the references found in classical literature, numerous Nighantu, and research publications pertaining to several kinds of drugs and their effects on the skin was conducted. According to the literature search findings, the herbs mentioned in the Navaka Kashaya and Vidangaidagajadi lepa were scientifically evaluated in various preclinical and clinical stud-ies. They demonstrated antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, antiulcerogenic, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory activity. Using Navaka Kashaya and Vidangaidagajadi lepa appropriately will help prevent and treat the Dadru kustha.

A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF PUTIKADI LEPA FOR DADRU

The reported prevalence of fungal infection is about 40 million people in developing and underdeveloped countries. The incidence of fungal infection is found to be more during summer and rainy seasons. Local Dermatophytosis / tinea infection i.e. severe itching and annular erythematous scaly patches are the symptoms.As per classical texts, the clinical expression of Tinea infection can be closely related with Dadru. Acharya Charak has explained it in Kshudra Kushtha while Acharya Sushruta in Mahakushtha. Its symptoms include Kandu(itching), Raga(redness), Atasipushpvat Pidika (macular rashes similar to flax flower). For the management of Dadru, Putikadi Lepa is an effective poly herbal formulation. It consists of Putik, Ark, Aragvadh, Snuhi, Jati and its local application with Gomutra. It has Kusthagna, Kandughna properties. Many research studies have demonstrated that these drugs possess antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-bacterial properties. The Gomutra used for the application of Putikadi Lepa contains various elements which hydrates the skin and improves the activity of Lepa. Thus, this article deals with the pharmacological action of the ingredients of Putikadi Lepa.

CRITICAL REVIEW OF PASHANBHINNA RASA ON ASHMARI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UROLITHIASIS

Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, addresses numerous disorders related to the Mutravaha Srotas (uri-nary system), such as Mutrakricchra (dysuria), Mutraghata (obstructive uropathy), and Mutrashmari (urinary calculi). Among these, Mutrashmari, corresponding to urolithiasis in modern medicine, is one of the most com-mon and distressing conditions, characterised by the formation of stones within the urinary tract. Sushruta iden-tifies two primary mechanisms of stone formation: urine stagnation and supersaturation and crystallisation of urinary crystalloids. Urolithiasis affects approximately 12% of the global population, with a high recurrence rate, especially in males. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Pashanbhinna Rasa, a herbo-mineral formulation from the Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Ashmari Prakaran, assessing its efficacy in treating Ash-mari (urolithiasis)—the study endeavours to bridge the knowledge gap in contemporary literature regarding this formulation. A thorough literature review focused on references to Pashanbhinna Rasa in classical Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific studies. The review highlights Pashanbhinna Rasa's multifaceted approach to man-aging urolithiasis. The herbo-mineral components of Pashanbhinna Rasa are believed to exert a synergistic ef-fect, potentially dissolving stones, preventing their formation, and providing symptomatic relief. This critical review elucidates the potential of Pashanbhinna Rasa as an effective treatment for urolithiasis. While traditional Ayurvedic formulations offer promising therapeutic benefits, further clinical studies are necessary to validate their efficacy scientifically. Establishing Pashanbhinna Rasa as a standardised treatment could integrate Ayur-vedic wisdom with modern medical practice, offering a holistic approach to managing urolithiasis.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF SEED EXTRACT OF ENTADA PURSAETHA DC IN WISTAR RATS.

There are substances or ingredients or drugs that are not specifically mentioned or categorized in classical Ayur-vedic texts. These are called Extra pharmacopoeial drugs. Entada pursaetha DC is a large woody vine belong-ing to the family Mimosaceae. In some regions of India, it has been associated with folklore and traditional be-liefs. In this study, the anti-epileptic activity of ethanolic seed extract of Entada pursaetha DC in the doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively using Maximal Electroshock induced convulsions (MES models) were investigated in Wistar rats. The ethanolic extract of Seed does not have any anti-epileptic property and did not show any significant results in either the doses 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg.

A Conceptual Study on Vatarakta w.s.r. to Gouty Arthritis

The wellbeing of an individual depends on his/her diet and lifestyle. The rapid development and modernisation in India are causing serious health problems and Vatarakta is one of them. Vatarakta, is described under Vatavyadhis by different Acharya’s. The vitiated Vata and Rakta causes this disease, hence called Vatarakta. Gout is an inflammatory disease caused by deposition of Mono-Sodium Urate (MSU) crystals in and around synovial joints. Recent reports of prevalence and incidence of gout vary widely but ranges from prevalence of 1-2%, with greater than 5:1 male preponderance. It is imperative to comprehend complexities of Vatarakta in order to accurately diagnose and treat it, considering its increasing occurrence worldwide and the substantial influence, it has affected individuals’ quality of life. Methods: After a thorough literary review, focusing on classical Ayurvedic texts, alongside recent research articles and reviews. The gathered information was analysed to present cohesive narrative on the Niadana, Samprapti and Chikitsa of Vatarakta. Results: Vatarakta is a result of aggravated Vata Dosha and impaired Rakta Dhatu, leading to severe pain, inflammation, and joints deformity. The disease progression is influenced by dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and genetic predisposition. Its treatment involves a multi-factorial approach, including Shodhana, Shamana, dietary regulations, and lifestyle modification. Conclusion: The Ayurvedic perspective on Vatarakta offers a holistic approach in understanding and managing the disease, emphasizing the balance of bodily Doshas, detoxification, and rejuvenation. Integrating Ayurvedic principles with modern medical practices may provide a comprehensive treatment for Vatarakta.

Ayurveda Management of Sarvangavata with special reference to Friedrich Ataxia

The collective meaning of Vatavyadhi indicates the specific disorder occurring due to Vata Dosha. Wherever, Vata Dosha get vitiated it first enters in all Srotas of the body and then creates different types of Vata Vyadhi describe in Classical Ayurvedic text. Sarvangavata is one of the most common disorders among Vata Nanatmaja Vikara. The global prevalence of Friedrich’s Ataxia incidence seen in 1 among 50,000. Objective: The aim of this study was to access the efficacy of Panchakarma modalities in Friedrich Ataxia condition. Material and Method: A 20 year old male patient who is K/C/O- Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1) since 1 year (insulin dependent) stopped since 2 months and N/K/C of Hypertension and IHD came to hospital with complain of reduced strength in bilateral upper and lower limb since 3years and associated with difficulty in walking and slurred speech since 2 years which was diagnosed with Sarvangavata and was treated with Sarvanga Abhyanga with Mahanarayana Taila followed by Dashamoola Qwatha Seka for 5 days, Virechanakarma for 13 days, Sarvanga Abhyanga with Mahanarayana Taila followed by Nadi Sweda for 7 days, Mustadhi Yapana Basti for 10 days, physiotherapy and Shamana Yoga’s. Result: After completion of one and half month of total treatment, the patient as found markly improvement gait, muscle tone and gain in strength in bilateral upper and lower limb. Conclusion: Sarvangavata can occur due to Beejopgataja, Dhatuksaya and Abhigataja where Vataja Lakshana were predominantly seen in this type of case and can be manage with different types of Sweda like Dashamoola Kayaseka, Virechana, Mustadi Yapana Basti, physiotherapy. Different Panchakarma modalities helped the patient markly improvement for doing his routine activities.

Role of Panchakarma in Gridhrasi with special reference to Peroneal Neuropathy

The collective meaning of Vatavyadhi indicates the specific disorder occurring due to Vata Dosha. Wherever, Vata Dosha get vitiated it first enters in all Srotas of the body and then creates different types of Vata Vyadhi describe in Classical Ayurvedic text. Objective: The aim of this study was to access the efficacy of Ayurvedic management including Shodhan and Shaman Chikitsa in Gridhrasi. Material and Method: A 45 year old male patient who is not a known case of diabetic mellitus and hypertension came to hospital with complain of pain low back radiating to bilateral lower limb (Rt.>Lt.) since 2 months associated with weakness, stiffness, heaviness of right lower limb and dragging type of gait due to right foot drop since 2 weeks which was diagnosed with Vata- Kahaja Gridhrasi and was treated with Dashamoola and Mahamanjistadi Qwatha Seka for 7 days, Churna Basti for 3 days, Patra Pinda Sweda for 7 days, Mustadhi Yapana Basti for 9 days, Shastika Shali Pinda Sweda for 15 days. Result: After completion of one month of total treatment, the patient as found significant relief in the back pain, numbness, heaviness, improvement in gait and gain in strength in bilateral lower limb Conclusion: Gridhrasi can occur due to Abhigataja and Dhatuksaya where Vatakaphaja Lakshana were predominantly seen in the case and treated with Seka, Basti, different types of Sweda. To combat the disease in minimum duration we have used multi treatment approach to get synergistic effect.

Arka Kalpana - A Review of Traditional and Modern Methods

Arka Kalpana is nowadays a known Kalpana among the Ayurvedic procedures. It was introduced in Ayurvedic Pharmacy in the later part of the Samhita period, which is very specific in its mode of preparation and therapeutic effect. It is a more palatable form of Ayurvedic dosage forms in comparison to Swarasa (Juice), Kalka (paste), Kwath (decoction) etc. Arka Prakash is the first Ayurvedic classical text in which various kinds of distillation Procedures and heating methods are mentioned for preparing Arka from different types of Dravya for different diseases. In this context, Arka Kalpana is given specific importance and it opines that it has more potency in comparison to the other Kalpana. Today's population is becoming more and more in demand for Arka Kalpana, which is the first choice because of its potency, lower dose, improved shelf life, ease of absorption, quick action, and patient compliance.

Effect of Hatha Yoga in the management of Kitibha vis-a-vis Psoriasis

Yoga is an ancient way of living that provides physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health. Yoga cures many chronic diseases and bring a state of relaxation for overall well-being. In today’s scenario diseases start due to a sedentary lifestyle, wrong behavior, negative thoughts and attitudes. All this creates an imbalance in the human body, according to Ayurveda these habits vitiate Tridosha that is Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three humor of human existence governs bodily function. In Ayurvedic classical text, all the skin diseases have described under the common heading ‘Kushtha’. Kitibha is one of the types of Kushtha and considered under category of Kshudra Kushtha is correlated with Psoriasis due to close resemblance of their clinical features. The mental and physical pain involved in the psoriasis affect the health of patients. The Ayurveda text elaborates the symptoms, causes and diagnosis of vitiated Dosha while the Yoga text explains the techniques which purify Dosha from the body and provide balance among three Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three Dosha are essential constitutions of the living being. A balanced functioning of these three Dosha in living being considered a healthy individual and disharmony of these three Dosha could lead to many chronic illnesses. According to Ayurveda, no disease manifests without the Vaisamya of Dosha. Yoga provides a holistic approach to managing skin conditions.

Abortion in Islam: A Fiqh Examination of Medical and Social Indications

This article aims to explore how principles of Islamic fiqh can be integrated with modern medical approaches in addressing abortion, particularly in countries with significant Muslim populations. Given the high rates of unwanted pregnancies and the grave consequences of unsafe abortions, this research is imperative to enhance understanding of the diverse fiqh perspectives regarding medical and social justifications for abortion. The methodology employed is a phenomenological qualitative approach with a constructivist paradigm, emphasising a deep comprehension of the subjective experiences and viewpoints of Islamic scholars. Data was collected through extensive literature review, including classical and contemporary fiqh texts as well as academic literature related to medical ethics in Islam. The findings reveal various interpretations of Quranic verses relevant to abortion, underscoring the importance of preserving life and human dignity. Within the context of Maqasid Shariah, it was found that abortion could be permitted in situations meeting the criteria of Darura, where the preservation of the mother's life is the paramount concern. Social phenomena related to abortion were also examined, highlighting the stigma and social consequences faced by women in Muslim communities who undergo or consider abortion. The discussion in this article includes the integration of religious law and medical practice, and the need for greater education and awareness about reproductive health within Muslim communities. This allows the research to provide clear guidelines that not only assist healthcare practitioners in making ethical decisions but also support the creation of more effective and empathetic policies that consider the health and well-being of women within a framework of human rights and social justice.

From Aniruddha to Upāli—Examining the Compilation of the Sutra of the Buddha’s Mother and the Formation of Chinese Buddhist Scriptures

The Sutra of the Buddha’s Mother (Fomu jing 佛母經), a Chinese Buddhist scripture, is closely linked to the Mahāmāyā Sutra (Mohe Moye jing 摩訶摩耶經). However, there is a significant difference between the two sutras regarding the narrative story of the Buddha’s nirvana and meeting with his mother, namely the difference in the disciple who travels to Trāyastriṃśa Heaven to inform the Buddha’s mother. The substitution of Aniruddha with Upāli could be attributed to Upāli’s inclusion in Tang dynasty commentaries on “Ānanda Asking the Buddha Four Questions,” where he is depicted as a prominent disciple in the gathering prior to the Buddha’s nirvana. This narrative preference was also reflected in the Mohe Moye jing. To a certain extent, this confusion reflects the process of ‘between translation and composition,’ or the compiling and mixing of various texts from different sutras and sources to create a new scripture in the Chinese context. In the nirvana images, which contain the inscriptions, the presence of Upāli becomes an important symbol for identifying the classical texts on which the frescoes were painted.

Vittorio Hösle on the Systematicity and Historicity of Modern Philosophy: An Attempt of a Paradigmatic Analysis of Kant's Philosophy of History

Since the current volume of “NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies” presents the first Ukrainian translation of Vittorio Hösle’s essay “The Place of Kant’s Philosophy of History in the History of the Philosophy of History,” this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the work of its author, a contemporary German and American philosopher who is a prominent figure in the “objective idealism of intersubjectivity.” The focus is on the methodology effectively employed by Hösle in his research, which combines historical and philosophical analysis of the works of ancient and modern philosophers with a paradigmatic approach to their thinking. A paradigmatic analysis enables us to examine the topic under study from the perspective of modern philosophy. Hösle’s research is primarily characterized by conceptual and systematic interests, even when delving into the works of eminent philosophers of the past, such as Plato’s philosophy of mathematics. Hösle effectively employs this methodology in his study of Kant’s philosophy of history, revealing how the moral and normative orientation of history, as outlined by Kant, is complemented, even complicated in a certain way, by the realistic anthropology of the author of the “Critique of Pure Reason.” The article also analyzes several other works by Hösle. The analysis demonstrates how, through paradigmatic and systematic methodology, Hösle identified four phases of the development of ancient philosophy, each characterized by distinct thematic and epistemological aspects. This methodology necessitates researchers to depart from the linear-progressive approach of the history of philosophy to focus on the cyclical movement of philosophical thought. Attention is drawn to the problem of the relationship between the “Science of Logic” and real philosophy (philosophy of nature and the philosophy of spirit), as well as the presence of intersubjectivity in Hegel’s philosophy. Various Hösle’s works demonstrate his ability to analyze the classical texts and cinematic masterpieces, as well as the controversial trends of the modern world and the challenges faced by humanity in the 21st century, including Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine. These challenges require new approaches in international politics and law.

Vector-control potential of Unani medicines: A review of classical Unani texts and contemporary scientific literature.

Vector-borne diseases pose substantial global health challenges, with a notable impact on India. Effective vector control strategies are crucial to mitigating these diseases as there are no effective vaccines available. Synthetic chemicals are widely used but concerns about safety and environmental impact have prompted exploration of alternative natural solutions. Unani medicine offers a potential source of natural products. This study aims to systematically review classical Unani texts and contemporary scientific literature to evaluate the vector control potential of Unani medicines. A comprehensive review of classical Unani texts was carried out to compile data on herbal and mineral substances suggested in Unani medicine for control of insects. Furthermore, electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were explored for research studies evaluating the insect repellent, larvicidal, and insecticidal activities of the Unani medicines. Time restriction was not imposed to ensure comprehensive retrieval of pertinent and up-to-date information. From classical Unani texts, 29 drugs were identified for control of insects, primarily of plant origin from diverse botanical families. Recent scientific investigations have confirmed the insect-repellent, insecticidal, and larvicidal activities of 19 of these Unani medicines against various insect species, including mosquitoes. These findings underscore the potential of Unani medicines as a natural source for vector control. However, further research is essential to explore mechanism, delivery methods, and optimal concentrations for developing effective vector-control formulations.

The educational potential of a literary quotation: linguistic, aesthetic and methodological aspects

Introduction. Despite significant differences in the traditions and practices of literary reading at school in different countries, the question of the role of reading in the process of developing reading strategies, intercultural competence and personal development of students remains relevant in pedagogical research. The influence of reading on the emotional and psychological state of a person, “bibliotherapy of the soul” have been actively studied not only in philosophy and hermeneutics of the twentieth century, but continues to be a subject of controversy in modern science. The study attempts to identify the features of perception, understanding and interpretation of a literary quotation as a significant element of a work of art. Purpose of the study: to identify the educational potential of literary quotation and to actualize the problem of creating methodological conditions for its implementation in the system of school literary education. Materials and methods. Research methods: pedagogical observation; introspection, contextual analysis of explanatory dictionaries; a survey of schoolchildren and students, as well as identifying expert opinion on assessing the significance of a quote for the Russian language. 199 students of the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University. Took part in a pilot survey aimed at understanding and interpreting a literary quotation. A.I. Herzen, of which 28 are studying at the Faculty of Economics, 86 at the Faculty of Biology, 85 at the Faculty of Philology. For the survey, we chose a quote from the work of A.S. Pushkin “Mozart and Salieri” (cycle “Little Tragedies”) “And genius and villainy are two incompatible things. Isn’t it true?” Results. The survey showed that the most serious problem is ignorance of the precedent phenomenon – quotes from a classical text: 85.7% of students of the Faculty of Economics and 66.3% of students of the Faculty of Biology did not indicate the author and source of the quotation. 99% of students of the Faculty of Philology recognized the quote. It was also difficult for respondents to understand the meaning of the quote and its connection with life. None of the survey participants, in their reflections in tasks 2 and 5, cited as an argument the difference between the concepts of “evil” and “evil action”, or paid attention to the word “incompatible” and the special linguistic construction of the phrase. In third place in terms of difficulty in completing the task is understanding intertextual connections in the text, including quotes in someone else’s speech. Analysis of the survey results helped to identify problem areas in the perception and interpretation of quotes and types of tasks that could later become part of the system of working with quotes in literature lessons at school. Conclusion. A literary quotation has great methodological potential for developing the reader’s interpretive activity. The conducted research revealed that a literary quotation can become an effective tool for educating the reader as a person. The prospect of our research is the creation of a system of exercises and tasks for working with quotes in literature lessons.

Analisis Pembinaan Karakter: Membangun Transformasi Insan Kamil Menurut Pemikiran Imam Al-Ghazali

Character development in Islamic education is an integral part of shaping a generation with strong faith and high morals. The thoughts of Imam Al-Ghazali, as one of the leading figures in the intellectual tradition of Islam, provide a strong foundation for the development of the concept of "Insan Kamil" or the perfect human. This article aims to analyze the patterns of character development according to Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts, focusing on efforts towards the transformation of Insan Kamil within the context of Islamic education. The research method employed is a descriptive-analytical approach to examine various works and concepts proposed by Imam Al-Ghazali regarding character development and the concept of Insan Kamil. Analysis is conducted on Al-Ghazali's classical texts and modern interpretations to understand their relevance and applicability in today's educational context. Findings from the study indicate that the concept of character development according to Imam Al-Ghazali provides a robust foundation for holistic and sustainable Islamic education. Principles taught by Al-Ghazali, such as emphasis on noble ethics, simplicity, and honesty, can effectively be integrated to shape individuals who are not only intellectually capable but also morally upright in everyday life.

Evolution of ancient techniques of reconstructive surgery from Sushruta to modern day: w(h)ere is the evidence?

Abstract The evolution of surgical procedures from the primeval period to modern day has acclimatized according to the contemporary sphere and needs, but acknowledgement to the original contributor is an ethical principle that should always be kept in mind. Sushruta, popularly known as the father of plastic surgery, has provided a noteworthy input in developing the concepts of reconstructive surgery, but a thorough comparative analysis is not found in the available literary evidences. An extensive literature search imbibing conventional and contemporary materials was performed for this comparative analysis, followed by a meticulous search for the available documented evidences in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Tremendous references regarding plastic, reconstructive, or cosmetic surgery including the procedural methodology are found in ancient classical Ayurvedic texts, which is typically followed by the modern era’s techniques. Sandhana Karma principles include traditional approaches to wound care, such as suturing, treating fractures and dislocations, applying bandages, controlling bleeding, using skin flaps and grafts, and performing anastomosis. The results are illustrated through comparative analysis in the article. Sushruta surely is the father of plastic surgery since the ancient techniques are no less than the contemporary ones, and thus its evolution can be claimed with the evidences mentioned herewith.

Sound, Touch, Form, Taste, and Smell as Pathways for Meditation – A Review of Classical and Neuroscience Texts

Meditation has emerged as a useful tool to address various mental health issues and hence has become a fertile area of interdisciplinary research. Contemporary research is focused on evaluating the effects of meditation using different neural correlates and also on developing theoretical models to explain different meditative states. The value of these neuroscientific studies can be enhanced by integrating them with time-tested philosophical framework of classical meditation practices. This work attempts to review and summarize philosophical underpinnings of meditation with the help of hierarchical meditative states discussed in Patañjali’s Yoga darśana and an information flow model proposed based on Sāṅkhya and Yoga darśana. Sense perception as a vehicle to achieve higher meditative states is the focus of this review. Usage of gross sense objects via sense pathways of sound, touch, form, smell and taste to establish in Vitarka state and then moving to Vicāra state by replacing them with subtle sense object has been discussed in detail. A brief discussion on fundamentals of sense transduction has been discussed, which explains how sense stimulation in gross world gets converted to subtle neuro-electrical signals via multiple ionic processes. A summary of various ayurvedic, classical and contemporary yogic practices related to each sense pathway has also been presented.

Caring for Traditions Through the Madrasah Hidden Curriculum: An Offer from the Pekalongan City NU Community

This research is a qualitative study aimed at analyzing the implementation of the hidden curriculum at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah NU Buaran Pekalongan and identifying the obstacles encountered. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation review. Data analysis was conducted using the interactive analysis model developed by Miles and Huberman. The results of the study indicate that three curricula are applied at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah NU Buaran Pekalongan, namely: 1) the national curriculum, 2) the Ministry of Religious Affairs curriculum, and 3) the pesantren curriculum. The pesantren curriculum, which is a hidden curriculum, is implemented in the takhassus classes at this madrasah. Takhassus classes offer learning programs that include Qur'an memorization (tahfidzul Qur'an), enjoyable language learning (language fun), basic study of classical Islamic texts (kitab kuning), TPQ (Qur'an learning for children), and outing class activities. Obstacles in Qur'an memorization, enjoyable language learning, basic study of classical Islamic texts, TPQ, and outing class activities are addressed with temporary (short-term) and permanent (long-term) solutions. Short-term solutions are applied to Qur'an memorization, basic study of classical Islamic texts, and outing class activities, while long-term solutions are applied to enjoyable language learning and TPQ. These solutions aim to preserve the traditions at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah NU Buaran Pekalongan through a hidden curriculum that continues to be maintained.

Feminist Readings of Space, Body, and Performance: An Overview of Emerging Feminist Theatre in India

The theatre has been an amalgamation of history, society, and its representation where it connects with the audience directly. It has been a medium of resistance, protest, and entertainment and a cultural and social tradition in various countries. This paper is an analytical study of feminist theatre and its nuances, showing that theatre, which has been used as a mode to protest and resist, becomes a tool to reclaim and re-own space and body for women. It is essential to theorize Feminist Theatre so that its congruency can be established with the socio-cultural and historical paradigm. All the genres that were written to stabilize feminist thought in the discourse fell back on the conventional praxis of mythology and other texts. For example, Indian narratives borrowed feminine tropes from the classical texts whether it was Rabindranath Tagore or Girish Karnad, women were phenomenal yet subdued. Hence, when men wrote women, there was always a hint of “othering” the female gender in these write-ups; there was always a moralistic judgment of these women. Thus, this study is an attempt to theorize women playwrights and feminist performances that have made an attempt to pave the way for feminist scholarships and feminist theatres to evolve.

The Religious Aspect of Confucianism During The Ly-Tran Dynasties, Vietnam

This article explores the religious dimensions of Confucianism during the Ly-Tran dynasties (1009-1400 AD) in Vietnam, a period marked by significant sociopolitical and cultural transitions. Initially introduced as a moral and ethical philosophy from China, Confucianism underwent a complex process of localization, blending with indigenous Vietnamese beliefs and practices as well as Buddhism and Taoism. Through historical records, literary works, and ritual practices documented in “The Complete Annals of Đại Việt” and other classical texts, this study delves into how Confucianism not only served as a guiding principle for governance, education, and social norms but also manifested religious aspects that influenced spiritual and religious life in Vietnam. The religious aspects of Confucianism during this era are evident in several key areas. Firstly, the concept of Heaven (Tian) and the Mandate of Heaven played a crucial role in legitimizing royal authority, with rulers and Confucian scholars frequently invoking divine will to justify political actions and social order. This sacralization of monarchy underpinned by Confucian ideals facilitated the integration of Confucianism into Vietnamese spiritual life. Secondly, the incorporation of Confucian rituals and practices, such as the Heaven Worship Ceremony (Tế Giao) and the veneration of Confucius and other sages at the Temple of Literature, highlights the religious dimensions of Confucian practice, emphasizing reverence, filial piety, and the moral obligations of rulers and subjects alike. Moreover, the article discusses how Confucianism interacted with and was influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, leading to a syncretic religious landscape in Vietnam. This interaction is illustrated through the blending of Confucian principles with Buddhist and Taoist ideals, affecting notions of kingship, governance, and the cosmological order. In conclusion, the religious aspect of Confucianism during the Ly-Tran dynasties significantly contributed to the shaping of Vietnamese identity, governance, and cultural heritage. By examining the religious dimensions of Confucianism, this article provides a more nuanced understanding of its role in Vietnamese society, highlighting the complex interplay between philosophy, religion, and politics in historical Vietnam.