Classical Proposition Research Articles

On the Common Logical Structure of Classical and Quantum Mechanics

At the onset of quantum mechanics, it was argued that the new theory would entail a rejection of classical logic. The main arguments to support this claim come from the non-commutativity of quantum observables, which allegedly would generate a non-distributive lattice of propositions, and from quantum superpositions, which would entail new rules for quantum disjunctions. While the quantum logic program is not as popular as it once was, a crucial question remains unsettled: what is the relationship between the logical structures of classical and quantum mechanics? In this essay we answer this question by showing that the original arguments promoting quantum logic contain serious flaws, and that quantum theory does satisfy the classical distributivity law once the full meaning of quantum propositions is properly taken into account. Moreover, we show that quantum mechanics can generate a distributive lattice of propositions, which, unlike the one of quantum logic, includes statements about expectation values which are of undoubtable physical interest. Lastly, we show that the lattice of statistical propositions in classical mechanics follows the same structure, yielding an analogue non-commutative sublattice of classical propositions. This fact entails that the purported difference between classical and quantum logic stems from a misconstructed parallel between the two theories.

The human being and the world as God’s creation: Present-day ethical conflicts and consequences of the doctrine of creation in the perspective of the doctrine of justification

All the medical and bioethical questions, ranging from stem cell research to converging technologies and synthetic biology, touch on the question regarding the image of human beings and their position in the cosmos, by which we are able to orient ourselves. This article argues that the biblical belief in creation and the discourse about humans as created beings by and in the image of God can still be proclaimed as a viable form of human self-interpretation in the present. The distinction between practical knowledge and knowledge of orientation may be of help here. Guidance for how to live and act is not best found in abstract principles, but rather in meaningful stories, in metaphors and symbols. On this level, too, is also where faith in creation and the certainty of our own creatureliness is located.Contribution: This article interprets the doctrine of creation by a hermeneutical theology. It analyses the interdependence between hermeneutics and criticism in the process of reinterpreting the classical propositions about the human being and the world as God’s creation and the relation of anthropology and ethics. The aim is to show what might be the contribution of Christian faith in creation to the approach of an ethics of responsibility in the field of bioethics and ecology. The specific contribution of this article to current debates on an ethics of creation is the thesis that the key to a well-balanced theological approach to all this is the Pauline doctrine of justification as interpreted by the protestant reformers.

O “Problema da Imersão” nos Estudos do Empreendedorismo: Uma Proposição Teórica

RESUMO Objetivo o artigo procura investigar o conceito de imersão e sua influência aos estudos do empreendedorismo. Metodologia o trabalho, um ensaio teórico, apropria-se da literatura sobre embeddedness de Granovetter, e associa-a a proposições clássicas da sociologia econômica de Karl Polanyi. Reflexões relacionadas às estruturas de reciprocidade e redistribuição são, aí, enfatizadas. Resultados evidências sugerem que o conceito de imersão de Granovetter acaba por não romper com a lógica utilitarista que caracteriza os estudos subsocializados dos quais critica. O mesmo ocorre quando o conceito é empregado por pesquisadores do empreendedorismo. Embora implícita à origem da associação entre “imersão e empreendedorismo” se encontre a noção do empreendedor enquanto criador de redes, isto é, como agente influenciado pelos recursos derivados das estruturas nas quais se encontram imersos, estudiosos da área acabam por endossar o pressuposto do ator interessado. Conclusões o artigo chama a atenção dos pesquisadores do empreendedorismo para a repercussão, ainda pouco explorada, de outros tipos de imersão social (Reciprocidade e Redistribuição). Ao mesmo tempo, sugere por meio da “imersão total” a criação de novo modelo analítico, eventualmente capaz de ampliar as reflexões sobre as influências da imersão em diferentes estruturas à trajetória empreendedora. Finaliza com novas proposições, com destaque para abordagens e sugestões de investigações ainda hoje inexploradas. Classificação JEL: L26, A2, L21.

The μ-Calculus Model-Checking Algorithm for Generalized Possibilistic Decision Process

Model checking is a formal automatic verification technology for complex concurrent systems. It is used widely in the verification and analysis of computer software and hardware systems, communication protocols, security protocols, etc. The generalized possibilistic μ-calculus model-checking algorithm for decision processes is studied to solve the formal verification problem of concurrent systems with nondeterministic information and incomplete information on the basis of possibility theory. Firstly, the generalized possibilistic decision process is introduced as the system model. Then, the classical proposition μ-calculus is improved and extended, and the concept of generalized possibilistic μ-calculus (GPoμ) is given to describe the attribute characteristics of nondeterministic systems. Then, the GPoμ model-checking algorithm is proposed, and the model-checking problem is simplified to fuzzy matrix operations. Finally, a specific example and a case study are analyzed and verified. Compared with the classical μ-calculus, the generalized possibilistic μ-calculus has a stronger expressive power and can better characterize the attributes of nondeterministic systems. The model-checking algorithm can give the possibility that the system satisfies the attributes. The research work provides a new idea and method for model checking nondeterministic systems.

Integrating Computational Methods to Investigate the Macroecology of Microbiomes.

Studies in microbiology have long been mostly restricted to small spatial scales. However, recent technological advances, such as new sequencing methodologies, have ushered an era of large-scale sequencing of environmental DNA data from multiple biomes worldwide. These global datasets can now be used to explore long standing questions of microbial ecology. New methodological approaches and concepts are being developed to study such large-scale patterns in microbial communities, resulting in new perspectives that represent a significant advances for both microbiology and macroecology. Here, we identify and review important conceptual, computational, and methodological challenges and opportunities in microbial macroecology. Specifically, we discuss the challenges of handling and analyzing large amounts of microbiome data to understand taxa distribution and co-occurrence patterns. We also discuss approaches for modeling microbial communities based on environmental data, including information on biological interactions to make full use of available Big Data. Finally, we summarize the methods presented in a general approach aimed to aid microbiologists in addressing fundamental questions in microbial macroecology, including classical propositions (such as “everything is everywhere, but the environment selects”) as well as applied ecological problems, such as those posed by human induced global environmental changes.

Depression reconsidered in Fairbairn’s object relations theory

This paper joins in the psychoanalytic discussion of depression from the perspective of Fairbairn’s object relations theory, something Fairbairn did not himself undertake. It aligns with Rubens’ view that an extension of Fairbairn’s theory beyond Fairbairn’s original theory to understand depression is not only advantageous but also necessary. Through a revisit of the significant divergences between the classical theory and the relational theory, it contextualises the potential of a Fairbairnian framework of depression as distinctive from the classical propositions. This paper complicates psychoanalytic knowledge of the nature of depression in response to the relational turn, concluding that, framed in Fairbairn’s system, depression should be understood as an actively organised psychic manoeuvre to defend against changes to the endopsychic structure, and most importantly, against the disintegration of a particular sense of self sponsored by internal object relationships.

Mechanism of accommodation: A review of theoretical propositions

Accommodation is the process by which the human eye changes its focus to see objects at varying distances from the eye. For nearly 300 years, scientists have investigated and presented various views on the mechanism of accommodation. The purpose of this review is to present both the historical and contemporary theories that underpin the process of accommodation. Keywords such as ocular accommodation, mechanism of accommodation and accommodative mechanism were used to retrieve published material on the subject. Classical propositions by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz, amongst others, are presented.

Power-use in cooperative competition: A power-dependence model and an empirical test of network structure and geographic mobility

Although the social exchange paradigm has produced a vibrant research program, the theoretical tradition is rarely used to model the structure of social networks outside of experiments and simulations. To address this limitation, we derive power-dependence predictions about network structure and geographic mobility—the outcomes of power-use—and test these predictions using complete data on competition networks and travel schedules among amateur sports teams. Poisson regression and exponential random graph models provide strong support for our predictions. The findings illustrate exchange dynamics in which status resources desired by teams, coupled with the availability of geographically proximal alternatives, create power and dependence that dictate where and with whom teams compete. Although evidence supports Georg Simmel’s classic proposition that networks form on the basis of values and propinquity, we show that this complex dynamic is conditional on power and dependence. We conclude by discussing implications and directions for future research.

The Value Destruction of Leverage & The Rejection of the M&M Propositions

The classic Modigliani & Miller propositions (M&M) are almost unanimously considered undeniable and form the basis of our paradigms on Capital Structure, Value Creation and Equity Valuation. However, here it will be illustrated the M&M analysis is fundamentally flawed within its own exact assumptions. By examining the impact of leverage on 1) the expected return, 2) the risk profile and 3) the required return, a Novel Leverage Proposition follows: leverage is exponentially value destructive. As a result, the sum of the market value of all securities is not equal to capitalizing the expected return. M&M Proposition I fails.

Unified Interpretation of Quantum and Classical Logics

Quantum logic is only applicable to microscopic phenomena while classical logic is exclusively used for everyday reasoning, including mathematics. It is shown that both logics are unified in the framework of modal interpretation. This proposed method deals with classical propositions as latently modalized propositions in the sense that they exhibit manifest modalities to form quantum logic only when interacting with other classical subsystems.

Obligations and Permissions

AbstractUtterances and statements that are concerned with obligations and permissions are known as deontic expressions. They can present something of a challenge when it comes to formalising their meaning and behaviour. The content of these expressions can appear to support entailment relations similar to those of classical propositions, but such behaviour can sometimes lead to counter‐intuitive outcomes. Historically, much of the descriptive work in this area has been philosophical in outlook, concentrating on questions of morality and jurisprudence. Some additional contributions have come from computer science, in part due to the need to specify normative behaviour. There are a number of formal proposals that seek to account for obligations and permissions, such as Standard Deontic Logic. In the literature, there has also been discussion of various conundrums and dilemmas that need to be resolved, such as the Good Samaritan, the Knower, the Gentle Murderer, Contrary to Duty Obligations, Ross's Paradox, Jørgensen's Dilemma, Sartre's Dilemma, and Plato's Dilemma. Despite all this work, there still appears to be no definite consensus about how these kinds of expressions should be analysed, or how all the deontic dilemmas should be resolved. It is possible that obligations themselves, as opposed to their satisfaction criteria, do not directly support a conventional logical analysis. It is also possible that a linguistically informed analysis of obligations and permissions may help to resolve some of the deontic dilemmas, and clarify intuitions about how best to formulate a logic of deontic expressions.

Beliefs about the Causes of Racial Inequality: The Persisting Impact of Urban and Suburban Locations?

The purpose of this paper is to assess the classical theoretical propositions of Wirth and Stouffer regarding the independent impact of urban and suburban residency on beliefs about racial inequality. This paper further assesses the impacts of these social locations over a three-decade period. While scholars pose that city size positively impacts behavior, there is debate regarding the impact of these locations over time. Using the General Social Survey, findings demonstrate that while urbanism continues to have an independent impact on beliefs, the impact of suburban residency is much weaker and inconsistent. Analyses of over time trends reveal that the gap between urban and rural residents appears to have increased, with rural residents expressing more intolerant beliefs about the causes of racial inequality over time. These findings are further discussed in a broader theoretical context.

THE TIMING OF TAX COLLECTIONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF “IRRELEVANCE” THEOREMS IN A CASH-IN-ADVANCE MODEL

A standard timing protocol in a cash-in-advance model allows the government to elude the inflation tax. That matters. Altering the timing of tax collections to make the government hold cash overnight disables some classical propositions but enables others. The altered timing protocol loses a Ricardian proposition and also the proposition that open market operations, accompanied by tax adjustments needed to finance the change in interest on bonds due the public, are equivalent to pure units changes. The altered timing enables a Modigliani–Miller equivalence proposition that does not otherwise prevail.

Invariant Palm and related disintegrations via skew factorization

Let G be a measurable group with Haar measure λ, acting properly on a space S and measurably on a space T. Then any σ-finite, jointly invariant measure M on S × T admits a disintegration \({\nu \otimes \mu}\) into an invariant measure ν on S and an invariant kernel μ from S to T. Here we construct ν and μ by a general skew factorization, which extends an approach by Rother and Zahle for homogeneous spaces S over G. This leads to easy extensions of some classical propositions for invariant disintegration, previously known in the homogeneous case. The results are applied to the Palm measures of jointly stationary pairs (ξ, η), where ξ is a random measure on S and η is a random element in T.

Challenges to Intergovernmentalism: An Empirical Analysis of EU Treaty Negotiations since Maastricht

During the last 15 years the nature and process of European treaty reforms changed significantly. The underlying reasons comprise enlargement, a shift of the reform agenda beyond economic coordination and procedural innovations, in particular the invocation of the Convention on the Future of Europe. Against this background, the present article revisits two classic propositions of liberal intergovernmentalism: (1) the power of the largest member states; and (2) the irrelevance of procedural constraints. This analysis compares the positions of national governments at Amsterdam, Nice, and the Constitutional IGC along the two most prevalent dimensions of intergovernmental conflict. Locating the EU treaties in this intergovernmental conflict space, it finds that the reforms of Amsterdam and Nice reflect a sequence of equilibrium and disequilibrium. Both treaty reforms are best understood as minimum compromise between all member states, instead of a deal struck between the most powerful members. However, the Constitutional IGC reveals a slightly different picture as the unanimity win-set for reform has been almost empty. The fact that member states nevertheless signed the Constitutional Treaty hints towards the importance of procedural innovations, in particular the Convention method.

Explaining Government Formation in Multi-level Settings: Coalition Theory Revisited—Evidence from the Spanish Case

This article argues that regional government formation in decentralized countries follows different rules than national government formation in unitary states. It revises some basic assumptions that classical coalition formation theory makes, positing that in multi-level settings parties do not behave as unitary actors, that the goals they pursue might vary across levels at any given time, that regional coalition formation is part of a two-level game and that the policy space in which coalitions are mapped is often two-dimensional. Employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, several classical propositions are tested in light of these revised assumptions on data about Spanish regional governments. We find that classical predictors do their fair share, but multi-level factors are crucial in explaining the making and breaking of regional governments.

Próżnia socjologiczna a demokracja — przykład postkomunistycznej Polski

The main purpose of the article is to seek an answer to the fundamental question whether democracy can function properly in a society affected by a sociological vacuum. The author confronts the by-now classic proposition of Stefan Nowak with the achievements of the theory of democracy. He analyses the currently dominating models and perspectives from the point of view of the characteristics of societies, their structure, the individuals’ ownership, and above all the distribution of identity. He devotes a separate discussion to the relation between sociological vacuum and democratization. Theoretical debate shows that sociological vacuum is neither a condition of the democratic system nor an obstacle to its existence. A successful, effectively operating democratic collectivity can exist in a society where group identities are weak or do not exist at all. It must, however, be admitted that in specific circumstances a lack of a vacuum may be acknowledged as a condition that favours democracy, since strong identities of intermediate level create a social capital that is the building material of civic society and democratic political culture. Nevertheless, the main conclusion of the article is the statement that the defects of the democratic system in P oland have other reasons than a sociological vacuum.

The relation of Banach-Alaoglu theorem and Banach-Bourbaki-Kakutani-Šmulian theorem in complete random normed modules to stratification structure

Let (Ω,A,μ) be a probability space, K the scalar field R of real numbers or C of complex numbers,and (S,X) a random normed space over K with base (ω,A,μ). Denote the support of (S,X) by E, namely E is the essential supremum of the set {A ∈ A: there exists an element p in S such that Xp(ω) > 0 for almost all ω in A}. In this paper, Banach-Alaoglu theorem in a random normed space is first established as follows: The random closed unit ball S*(1) = {f ∈ S*: X*f ⩽ 1} of the random conjugate space (S*,X*) of (S,X) is compact under the random weak star topology on (S*,X*) iff E∩A=: {E∩A | A ∈ A} is essentially purely μ-atomic (namely, there exists a disjoint family {An: n ∈ N} of at most countably many μ-atoms from E ∩ A such that E = ∪n=1∞An and for each element F in E ∩ A, there is an H in the σ-algebra generated by {An: n ∈ N} satisfying μ(FΔH) = 0), whose proof forces us to provide a key topological skill, and thus is much more involved than the corresponding classical case. Further, Banach-Bourbaki-Kakutani-Smulian (briefly, BBKS) theorem in a complete random normed module is established as follows: If (S,X) is a complete random normed module, then the random closed unit ball S(1) = {p ∈ S: Xp ⩽ 1} of (S,X) is compact under the random weak topology on (S,X) iff both (S,X) is random reflexive and E ∩ A is essentially purely μ-atomic. Our recent work shows that the famous classical James theorem still holds for an arbitrary complete random normed module, namely a complete random normed module is random reflexive iff the random norm of an arbitrary almost surely bounded random linear functional on it is attainable on its random closed unit ball, but this paper shows that the classical Banach-Alaoglu theorem and BBKS theorem do not hold universally for complete random normed modules unless they possess extremely simple stratification structure, namely their supports are essentially purely μ-atomic. Combining the James theorem and BBKS theorem in complete random normed modules leads directly to an interesting phenomenum: there exist many famous classical propositions that are mutually equivalent in the case of Banach spaces, some of which remain to be mutually equivalent in the context of arbitrary complete random normed modules, whereas the other of which are no longer equivalent to another in the context of arbitrary complete random normed modules unless the random normed modules in question possess extremely simple stratification structure. Such a phenomenum is, for the first time, discovered in the course of the development of random metric theory.

Nueva España versus México: historiografía y propuestas de discusión sobre la Guerra de Independencia y el Liberalismo doceañista

The different interpretations about the war of independence in Mexico have been treated from classical propositions of the Patriot History. In this essay, we try to radiography the mexican independence from the absolut prism of the mexican Revolution as the big happening which irradiated the history and the historiography of the Nineteenth century. We also make a review of other propositions and, finally, our contribution about the importance of the doceanista liberalism in the consequence of the construction of the mexican Nation-state.

An Exegetic Study of the So-Called Proposition of Confucian Aesthetics

Since Wang Guowei and Cai Yuanpei introduced concepts of aesthetics and aesthetic education, respectively, to China in early twentieth cen tury, there has been a strong tendency in many of aesthetic discussions to examine ancient texts and materials using modern concepts of aesthet ics. In particular, sentences with character-word are often sought in classical works and interpreted as speeches on or about beauty, which has led to frequent misunderstandings of classical texts and of ancient Confucian aesthetic theory. The most typical among these misunderstandings, we think, is misinterpretation of one of Mencius's remarks on goodness of human nature?To possess these qualities of goodness fully is (Chongshi zhiwei mei)2?as a representative statement of Confucian aesthetic theory of the union of beautiful and good. Although it is not clear who was first to put this interpretation forward, it is now widely accepted and almost unquestioned that statement Chongshi zhiwei mei is classical proposition of Confucian aesthetic theory after countless repetitions by aestheticians and educationalists. And extended from this is claim that the union of beautiful and good, or union of moral and beauty, is traditional theory of Confucian aesthetic education. Finding it coincidentally in accordance with idea of the union of beautiful and good in both Soviet and Greek philosophies, aesthetic educators are apt to admit that aesthetic education is included in moral education or aesthetic education is but one of means of moral education; thus, aesthetic education cannot be an independent subject.