Classic Paper Research Articles

Adjustment and extension of the Hansen and Rattray estuarine classification diagram

AbstractThe classification diagram developed by Hansen and Rattray (1966, Limnol. Oceanogr.) is one of the classic papers on classification of estuarine salinity dynamics. However, we found several inconsistencies in both their stratification-circulation and estuarine classification diagrams. These findings considerably change the interpretation of their work. Furthermore, while their classification includes salt wedge estuaries, the model used to derive this is only applicable to well-mixed and partially mixed estuaries. Here, we identify and solve these inconsistencies, and we propose new adjusted and extended stratification-circulation and classification diagrams. To this end, we summarise the model of Hansen and Rattray and extend their work to find analytical model solutions and an adjusted stratification-circulation diagram. Using this new diagram, it is shown that Hansen and Rattray incorrectly discussed the behaviour of dispersion dominated estuaries and that several parts of the diagram correspond to physically unrealistic model solutions. This is then used to demonstrate that several estuarine classes identified by Hansen and Rattray correspond to physically unrealistic model solutions and can therefore not be interpreted. A new and extended classification is proposed by using a recently developed model that extends the work of Hansen and Rattray to salt wedge estuaries. This results in an extended estuarine classification including examples of the location of 12 estuaries in this new diagram.

The evolution of coevolution in the study of species interactions.

The study of reciprocal adaptation in interacting species has been an active and inspiring area of evolutionary research for nearly 60 years. Perhaps owing to its great natural history and potential consequences spanning population divergence to species diversification, coevolution continues to capture the imagination of biologists. Here we trace developments following Ehrlich and Raven's classic paper, with a particular focus on the modern influence of two studies by Dr. May Berenbaum in the 1980s. This series of classic work presented a compelling example exhibiting the macroevolutionary patterns predicted by Ehrlich and Raven and also formalized a microevolutionary approach to measuring selection, functional traits, and understanding reciprocal adaptation between plants and their herbivores. Following this breakthrough was a wave of research focusing on diversifying macroevolutionary patterns, mechanistic chemical ecology, and natural selection on populations within and across community types. Accordingly, we breakdown coevolutionary theory into specific hypotheses at different scales: reciprocal adaptation between populations within a community, differential coevolution among communities, lineage divergence, and phylogenetic patterns. We highlight progress as well as persistent gaps, especially the link between reciprocal adaptation and diversification.

Hasse–Witt matrices for polynomials, and applications

In a classical paper, Manin gives a congruence [15, Theorem 1] for the characteristic polynomial of the action of Frobenius on the Jacobian of a curve C , defined over the finite field \mathbf{F}_{q} , q=p^m , in terms of its Hasse–Witt matrix. The aim of this article is to prove a congruence similar to Manin’s one, valid for any L -function L(f,T) associated to the exponential sums over affine space attached to an additive character of \mathbf{F}_q , and a polynomial f . In order to do this, we define a Hasse–Witt matrix \mathrm{HW}(f) , which depends on the characteristic p , the set D of exponents of f , and its coefficients. We also give some applications to the study of the Newton polygons of Artin–Schreier (hyperelliptic when p=2 ) curves, and zeta functions of varieties.

Diagnostic automated algorithms in neurodevelopmental disorders: Focus on automatic motor assessment

Difficulties in motor development are frequent and impairing. However, the assessment of these motor learning skills is difficult and limits early stage rehabilitation. Electronic sensors and algorithms can help to measure motor difficulties more easily and objectively. We will present a systematic review detailing these methods and challenges in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Electronic tablets, give access to handwriting features that are not usually evaluated in classical assessments. We describe how such digital features (in static, dynamic, pressure, and tilt domains) allow diagnosing dysgraphia and how they evolve during children development. From a finer analysis, three different clusters of dysgraphia emerge, longitudinal studies will allow to underline different patterns of development that seemingly require tailored remediation strategies. However, those digital features are not used in the context of conventional pen and paper therapies. It is possible to engage children with typical development in handwriting exercises by asking them to teach a robot to write. We implemented a long-term case study (20 sessions, 500 minutes in total) observing a child with severe Developmental Co-ordination Disorder who did not progress anymore with a classic pen and paper approach by enriching this setup with various training activities using real-time feedback loops (on tilt, pressure, dynamic, pauses). We show how this new method tackles previous child’s behaviour avoidances, boosting his motivation, and improving his motor and writing skills. This talk demonstrates how new motor digital features allow the implementation of innovative motor remediation interventions, which rely on fostering children’s personal characteristics and adaptation skills.DisclosureThe work presented in this talk was conducted during a PhD in computer science (funded by APHP and Paris 8 University, France). A company was funded by a PhD collaborator, dynamico.ch. The presenter does not have consultancy or financial connection with d

Contemporary career orientations and career self-management: A review and integration

Successful career development requires increased career self-management and contemporary career orientations accordingly stress the importance of being self-directed, values-driven, and flexible. This paper provides an overview of key perspectives on contemporary career orientations in relation to career self-management (CSM), as well as a systematic review of these two streams of literatures. With a focus on highly influential classic and recent papers as well as on all papers published in the Journal of Vocational Behavior on these topics, we aim to integrate the literatures on career orientations and CSM and advance future research. To this purpose, we present an integrative framework of career self-regulation which views CSM as a dynamic process consisting of goal setting and development, information seeking, planning and execution of behaviors, and monitoring and feedback processing. This process is influenced by, and subsequently affects, individual career orientations. We finish the paper by providing several directions for future research in terms of examining more dynamic and self-regulatory processes, unpacking the role of context, integrating the larger proactivity literature, applying a work-nonwork perspective, and developing and testing interventions.

A rock physics analysis based on inversion of poroelastic Brown and Korringa parameters in Vaca Muerta shale: Theoretical aspects and applications

In their classical paper, Brown and Korringa (1975) developed a theory to describe the elastic behavior of porous saturated rocks with microheterogenous frames, valid for isotropic and anisotropic media. However, it has been almost unused for practical applications in geophysics due to the difficulties in the determination of the parameters involved. With these ideas in this work we propose and test a simple modeling workflow for composite porous rocks which does not require detailed petrophysical information about mineral volume fractions and their corresponding elastic properties. This is particularly convenient when dealing with multiphase rocks, such as organic-rich shales, which are formed by many different minerals, organic matter, and pore fluids. The physical parameters of such amount of constituents may introduce errors and uncertainty in the computations. To overcome this problem we show that it is possible to calibrate the model coefficients using a numerical inversion procedure without using a detailed description employing Brown and Korringa (1975) and Gassmann (1951) formulations. We illustrate the application of the procedure using real data of the Vaca Muerta shale formation. We analyze appropriate search ranges for the different model coefficients, with special attention to the feasibility of the inversion of the unjacketed pore modulus from velocity data. The overall goodness of fit between real and synthetic velocities is quantified and the statistical distribution of the inverted coefficients, as well as the determination of the critical porosity in this shale, are also discussed.

Relationship of motor mechanisms to gastroparesis symptoms: toward individualized treatment.

Following a classical paper by Dr. Keith A. Kelly published in this journal, and over the past 40 years, there has been increased understanding of the functions of different regions of the stomach, specifically the fundus, antrum, and pylorus. Several of the important physiological principles were based on in vivo animal studies that led to the appreciation of regional function and control mechanisms. These include the roles of the extrinsic parasympathetic vagal innervation, the gastric enteric nervous system and electrical syncytium consisting of pacemaker cells and smooth muscle cells, and duodenogastric reflexes providing feedback regulation following the arrival of food and hydrogen ions stimulating the release of hormones and vagal afferent mechanisms that inhibit gastric motility and stimulate pyloric contractility. Further insights on the role of regional motor functions in gastric emptying were obtained from observations in patients following diverse gastric surgeries or bariatric procedures, including fundoplication, Billroth I and sleeve gastrectomy, and sleeve gastroplasty. Antropyloroduodenal manometry and measurements of pyloric diameter and distensibility index provided important assessments of the role of antral hypomotility and pylorospasm, and these constitute specific targets for individualized treatment of patients with gastroparesis. Moreover, in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis, the availability of measurements of gastric accommodation and pharmacological agents to reduce gastric sensitivity or enhance gastric accommodation provide additional specific targets for individualized treatment. It is anticipated that, in the future, such physiological measurements will be applied in patients to optimize choice of therapy, possibly including identifying the best candidate for pyloric interventions.

What can classic Atari video games tell us about the human brain?

In this issue of Neuron, Cross et. al (2021) use a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to understand human neural activation evoked by playing different video games. The results shed light on the neural principles underlying reward-guided decisions in naturalistic domains.

Optimal Sensor Placement for Observer Design

This paper is motivated by sensor location problems for infinite dimensional linear distributed parameter systems (DPS) defined by partial differential equations (PDEs). In this setting the term “sensor location” usually refers to a spatial location. However, the problem is also meaningful in finite dimensional models and results in a parameterization of the system output matrix. The problem of “optimal” sensor (and actuator) location has a long history and plays an important role in controller design, system identification and state estimation and, depending on the application, can be formulated in many ways. Any optimal location problem implies that there is a cost function to be minimized and the choice of this cost function places specific requirements on the computational methods needed to solve the problem. In addition, as shown in the papers Yang and Morris [2014, 2015] choices such as “optimizing observability” can lead to ill-posed problems and result in non convergence of suboptimal placements. On the other hand, minimum error variance methods (Kalman filtering) can be shown be well-posed. Efficient computational methods for solving the corresponding Riccati partial differential equation have been developed and are readily available. In the classic paper by Luenberger [1964], he introduced the term “observer” for deterministic state estimation to distinguish it from the Kalman filter. In this paper we focus on state estimators based on the Luenberger observer and suggest some natural cost functions for sensor location. The framework is fairly general and applies to both finite and infinite dimensional systems. Examples are given to illustrate the ideas.

Breiman's Two Cultures: You Don't Have to Choose Sides

Breiman's classic paper casts data analysis as a choice between two cultures: data modelers and algorithmic modelers. Stated broadly, data modelers use simple, interpretable models with well-understood theoretical properties to analyze data. Algorithmic modelers prioritize predictive accuracy and use more flexible function approximations to analyze data. This dichotomy overlooks a third set of models $-$ mechanistic models derived from scientific theories (e.g., ODE/SDE simulators). Mechanistic models encode application-specific scientific knowledge about the data. And while these categories represent extreme points in model space, modern computational and algorithmic tools enable us to interpolate between these points, producing flexible, interpretable, and scientifically-informed hybrids that can enjoy accurate and robust predictions, and resolve issues with data analysis that Breiman describes, such as the Rashomon effect and Occam's dilemma. Challenges still remain in finding an appropriate point in model space, with many choices on how to compose model components and the degree to which each component informs inferences.

Corporate Governance in Extreme Institutional Environments

This paper reviews the literature on corporate governance in extreme institutional environments, including both formal and informal institutions. We focus on three main areas of research: corporate governance in an international context, banking and corporate governance, and governance in entrepreneurship and innovation. We document some classic papers in each of these areas and explain how the papers in this special issue contribute to the development of these areas of research. We discuss recommendations for policy and practice and offer suggestions for future research.

Recovery of continuous functions from their Fourier coefficients known with error

The problem of optimal recovery is considered for functions from their Fourier coefficients known with error. In a more general statement,this problem for the classes of smooth and atalytic functions defined on various compact manifolds can be found in the classical paper byG.G. Magaril-Il'yaev, K.Y. Osipenko.Namely, the paper is devoted to the recovery of continuous real-valued functions $y$ of one variable from the classes $W^{\psi}_{p}$, $1 \leq p< \infty$,that are defined in terms of generalized smoothness $\psi$ from their Fourier coefficients with respect to some complete orthonormal in the space $L_2$ system$\Phi = \{ \varphi_k \}_{k=1}^{\infty}$ of continuous functions, that are blurred by noise.Assume that for function $y$ we know the values $y_k^{\delta}$ of their noisy Fourier coefficients, besides $y_k^{\delta} = y_k + \delta \xi_k$, $k = 1,2, \dots$,where $y_k$ are the corresponding Fourier coefficients, $\delta \in (0,1)$, and $\xi = (\xi_k)_{k=1}^{\infty}$ is a noise.Additionally let the functions from the system $\Phi$ be continuous and satisfy the condition $\| \varphi_k \|_{C}\leq C_1 k^{\beta}$, $k=1,2,\dots$,where $C_1>0$, $\beta \geq 0$ are some constants, and $\| \cdot\|_{C}$ is the standart norm of the space $C$ of continuous on the segment $[0,1]$ functions.Under certain conditions on parameter $\psi$, we obtain order estimates of the approximation errors of functions from the classes$$W^{\psi}_{p} = \left\{ y \in L_2\colon \| y \|^p_{W^{\psi}_{p}} = \sum\limits_{k=1}^{\infty} \psi^p(k) |y_k|^p \leq 1 \right\}, \quad 1 \leq p< \infty,$$in metric of the space $C$ by the so-called$\Lambda$-method of series summation that is defined by the number triangular matrix $\Lambda = \{ \lambda_k^n \}_{k=1}^n$, $n=n(\delta) \in \mathbb{N}$,with some restrictions on its elements.Note, that we extend the known results [8, 7] to a more wide spectrum of the classesof functions and for a more general restrictions on the noise level.In our results a case is considered when the noise is stronger than those in the space $l_2$ of real number sequences, but not stochastic.

Modelling Bioeconomy Scenario Pathways for the Forest Products Markets with Emerging Lignocellulosic Products

The forest-based sector plays diverse roles among the emerging bio-based industries. The goal of this study is to examine how forest product markets could develop in the face of a growing bioeconomy and which interdependencies occur between traditional and emerging forest-based sectors. Therefore, we analyze the development of dissolving pulp together with lignocellulose-based textile fibres and chemical derivatives in a partial equilibrium model. For this purpose, we extend the product structure of the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) and analyze three different bioeconomy scenarios from 2015 to 2050. The simulation results show that, in a scenario where the world is changing toward a sustainable bio-economy, wood consumption patterns shift away from fuelwood (−30% by 2050) and classical paper products (−32% by 2050) towards emerging wood-based products. In this context, the dissolving pulp subsector could outpace the continuously shrinking paper pulp subsector by 2050. To develop in this way, the dissolving pulp subsector mainly uses released resources from the decreasing paper pulp production. Simultaneously, wood-based panels are finding increasing application (+196% by 2050) and thus are taking over potential markets for sawn wood, for which production growth remains limited. Our results also show that, until 2050, the production of many wood-based products will take place mainly in Asia instead of North America and Europe.

Psychological operationisms at Harvard: Skinner, Boring, and Stevens.

Contemporary discussions about operational definition often hark back to Stanley S. Stevens' classic papers on psychological operationism. Still, he was far from the only psychologist to call for conceptual hygiene. Some of Stevens' direct colleagues at Harvard—most notably B. F. Skinner and E. G. Boring—were also actively applying Bridgman's conceptual strictures to the study of mind and behavior. In this paper, I shed new light on the history of operationism by reconstructing the Harvard debates about operational definition in the years before Stevens published his seminal articles. Building on a large set of archival evidence from the Harvard University Archives, I argue that we can get a more complete understanding of Stevens' contributions if we better grasp the operationisms of his former teachers and direct colleagues at Harvard's Department of Philosophy and Psychology.

Правова цифровізація як інтегральний метод формалізації права

Метою статті є розкриття поняття правової цифровізації як інтегрального методу формалізації права, виявлення значення цифровізації для системи права, переваг та ризиків використання цифрових технологій в різних галузях права.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає у дослідженні характеристики стану сучасного права в умовах поширення цифрових технологій, їх впливу на зміст і структуру права, а також у виявленні переваг і загроз, пов’язаних із застосуванням цифровізації. Викладені положення, узагальнення, висновки та пропозиції мають як загальнотеоретичне, так і прикладне значення для розвитку базових концепцій теорії права.
 Висновки. Сьогодні використання цифрових технологій в соціально-економічних і виробничих процесах вимагають актуалізації чинних нормативно-правових положень, а також трансформації правової системи в напрямку забезпечення її відповідності цифровізації. Багатовекторність застосування «цифри» дає підстави вважати, що на даному етапі активно формується цифровий простір і пов’язана з ним нова галузь права – цифрове право як сукупність норм або цифрових стандартів у формі комп’ютерних програм та алгоритмів.
 За нашим визначенням, правова цифровізація – це інтегральний метод формалізації права, активного системного оперування нормативно-правовими масивами, що трансформуються або відображаються за допомогою комп’ютерних програмних кодувань.
 З метою оптимізації правовідносин, а також створення нової цифрової реальності правова цифровізація також вимагає правового регулювання або присутності уповноваженого державою регулятора.
 Вплив технологічного фактора призводить до трансформації традиційного права. Втім, впровадження правової цифровізації у правотворчий процес сприятиме покращенню системи права в контексті її упорядкування, систематизації, усунення прогалин і суперечностей. Розвиток цифрової нормотворчості відбувається на основі цифрових моделей та шляхом трансформації класичного паперового законодавства в норми права, придатні одночасно для використання як людиною, так і машиною.

Gallagher's Principle of Metabolic Trapping.

The term metabolic trapping means intracellular enzymatic conversion of a radiotracer into a metabolic product that is trapped and concentrated in key tissues. In a classic paper selected by the editors of JNM for the 60th anniversary edition, Brian Gallagher et al. reported on the dominant

CogniSoft: A Platform for the Automation of Cognitive Assessment and Rehabilitation of Multiple Sclerosis

Cognitive disorders remain a major cause of disability in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). They lead to unemployment, the need for daily assistance, and a poor quality of life. The understanding of the origin, factors, processes, and consequences of cognitive disfunction is key to its prevention, early diagnosis, and rehabilitation. The neuropsychological testing and continuous monitoring of cognitive status as part of the overall evaluation of patients with MS in parallel with clinical and paraclinical examinations are highly recommended. In order to improve health and disease understanding, a close linkage between fundamental, clinical, epidemiological, and socio-economic research is required. The effective sharing of data, standardized data processing, and the linkage of such data with large-scale cohort studies is a prerequisite for the translation of research findings into the clinical setting. In this context, this paper proposes a software platform for the cognitive assessment and rehabilitation of patients with MS called CogniSoft. The platform automates the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) test and diagnostic tests for the evaluation of memory and executive functions based on the nature of Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS), as well as implementing a set of games for cognitive rehabilitation based on BICAMS. The software architecture, core modules, and technologies used for their implementation are presented. Special attention is given to the development of cognitive tests for diagnostics and rehabilitation. Their automation enables better perception, avoids bias as a result of conducting the classic paper tests of various neurophysiologists, provides easy administration, and allows data collection in a uniform manner, which further enables analysis using statistical and machine learning algorithms. The CogniSoft platform is registered as medical software by the Bulgarian Drug Agency and it is currently deployed in the Neurological Clinic of the National Hospital of Cardiology in Sofia, Bulgaria. The first experiments prove the feasibility of the platform, showing that it saves time and financial resources while providing subjectivity in the interpretation of the cognitive test results.

Online vs. offline course evaluation revisited: testing the invariance of a course evaluation questionnaire using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis framework

Survey-based formats of assessing teaching quality in higher education are widely used and will likely continue to be used by higher education institutions around the world as various global trends contributing to their widespread use further evolve. Although the use of mobile devices for course evaluation continues to grow, there remain some unresolved aspects of the classic paper and web-based modes of evaluation. In the current study, the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis approach (MGCFA), an accepted methodological approach in general mixed-method survey research, was chosen to address some of the methodological issues when comparing these two evaluation modes. By randomly assigning one of the two modes to 33 continuing training courses at a Swiss higher education institution, this study tested whether the two different modes of assessing teaching quality yield the same results. The practical implications for course evaluation practice in institutions of higher education as well as the implications and limitations of the chosen methodological approach are discussed.

Convergence of nuclear effective field theory with perturbative pions

The classic paper by Fleming, Mehen and Stewart cast doubts on the convergence of spin-triplet nucleon-nucleon partial wave scattering amplitudes when following the proposal of Kaplan, Savage and Wise to construct nuclear effective field theory around the unitary fermion limit with perturbative pion exchange. FMS identified the subclass of iterated one-pion exchange potential graphs as the cause of this poor convergence, which they showed persisted in the chiral limit. Theoretical tools are developed here to compute these Feynman graphs analytically to high order in all angular momentum channels simultaneously, examining the amplitudes computed to seven loops in the $L=J$ channels, and three loops in the coupled $L=J\pm1$ channels. One finds that there is nothing pathological about the perturbative expansion of a $1/r^3$ potential in general, and that the expansion converges satisfactorily in all partial waves except those with the lowest angular momentum, particularly the ${}^3P_0$ and the coupled ${}^3S_1-{}^3D_1$ channels. The results corroborate work by Birse, which suggests possible avenues to explore for improving the range of validity of the EFT expansion.

Mappings Preserving Relations Definable by Linear Order

The relations ‘‘between’’, ‘‘cycle’’, and ‘‘separation’’ were defined through the relation of linear order in the classical paper of Edward V. Huntington. In the current paper, the criteria for preserving these relations under injective mappings are obtained.