Classic Garden Research Articles

Preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction for displacement assessment of femoral neck fracture and its clinical significance

Objective To measure the displacement in femoral neck fracture by three-dimensional reconstruction, reconsider the classic Garden classification and provide guidance to evaluate the severity of different types of fracture and prognosis. Methods One hundred and fifty patients with femoral neck fracture admitted between May 2012 and August 2014 were included including 23 Garden typeⅠfracture, 30 type Ⅱ fracture, 42 type Ⅲ fracture and 55 type Ⅳ fracture. Bilateral proximal femurs in all were scanned by spiral CT preoperatively. Mimics 10.01 software was used to develop the three-dimensional model by thresholding, region growing and mirror matching. Displacement of the femoral head was measured with the three-dimensional design. Results Among the six patients with incomplete Garden type Ⅰ fracture, three were verified as incomplete fracture and three complete fracture using the three-dimensional measurement technology. Femoral head displacement angle was (19.8±12.5)° in impacted femoral neck fracture. In the patients with type Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ fractures, the medial displacement of the femoral head was (7.0±2.5)mm, (14.1±6.8)mm and (20.4±9.3)mm, the deepest point of fovea capitis was (11.6±4.4)mm, (23.2±11.2)mm and (30.1±10.1)mm; the femoral head displacement angle was (22.1±9.9)°, (31.5±15.2)° and (37.8±13. 5)°. Differences in dimensional displacement parameters among all types fractures were statistically significant except the comparison between type Ⅱ fracture and impacted fracture (P<0.05). Conclusions Classic Garden classification has some limitations, thus clinicians should reunderstand the femoral neck fracture and formulate more reasonable treatment protocols. Three-dimensional reconstruction provides accurate evaluation of fracture type and displacement parameters and has high clinical value. Key words: Femoral neck fractures; Imaging, three-dimensional; Displacement

Creation and Appreciation of “Nature and Man in One” and Chinese Classic Beauty of Garden – Taking the Suzhou classic garden as an example

The ideology of “Nature and Man in One” from Taoism, one of the local schools that has the deepest influence on China, demonstrates an admiration and appraise for the nature and shows the thought that man and nature exist in harmony. The ideology “Nature and Man in One” is a basic principle for ancient people to deal with the relation between man and nature, and also provides a corresponding basis and reflects the wisdom of ancestors. The modern society has also provided a reference for harmonious and sustained development of man and nature. Chinese classic garden is an artistic works from the ancient craftsmen. As a representative of Chinese classic garden, Suzhou Garden complies with the philosophical concept “Nature and Man in One” to arrange the mountains and rivers. This article makes a deep analysis on the influence of Taoism cultural deposits on the arrangement of Chinese classic garden based on the connotation of “Nature and Man in One” ideology.

Quantified Vertical Greenery Landscape Pattern Adjacent to Buildings of the Humble Administrator’s Garden, China

The Humble Administrator’s Garden, one member of the World Culture Heritage List, is topmost classic private garden south of the Yangtze River in China. Its rich plant landscape dynamics around buildings have active influence on today’s living environment. This study adopted coding approach to explore spatial dynamics of building environment. There were 13 sample plots, each of which centered around one building and 12m outward radiation, were surveyed in February and August 2010. There were altogether 53 tree species and 325 individuals which height and location were measured. Then tree height, defoliation, direction (relative to building) and spacing (distance from building) were divided into levels of 6, 2, 8 and 4 respectively. Each level was coded in order. So a tree had a four-digit code of the four factors. With the increase of tree height from level 1(1.0-3.0m) to level 5 (20.1-30.0m), percentages of individual were 30.2%, 25.8%, 17.5%, 25.5% and 1.0% respectively; defoliation ratios (number of evergreen individuals / number of deciduous individuals) were 0.96, 1.70, 0.58, 0.15 and 0 respectively. The Pearson correlation of tree height and defoliation was -0.315. There were 155 kinds of codes, in which ten topmost frequencies showed that 80% of them were below 3m height. We can conclude that both tree number and defoliation ratio will decrease following the increase of tree height. A pattern called ‘Layering greening model with upper deciduous and lower evergreen plants’ maybe suitable for the district of hot summer and cold winter.

Three-dimensional reconstruction study of the displacement of impacted femoral neck fractures

Objective To measure the displacement parameters of the femoral head in space through CT three-dimensional reconstruction so as to re-understand impacted femoral neck fractures.Methods Fifty patients with impacted femoral neck fractures were included in the study.There were 17 males and 33 females.Bilateral proximal femurs of each patient were scanned by spiral CT preoperatively.Then these primitive CT data were reconstructed by Mimics 10.01 software.Registered the normal femur and fracture mirror model,the registered mirror model was generated a new mask in the CT cross-sectional images,marked key points in the masks and measured the displacement parameters of femoral head with three-dimensional measurement technology.Results In the impacted femoral neck fractures,the femoral head displacement angle was 17.17°±10.40°,70％ (35/50) of the patients had femoral head rotation angle was at 10° to 35°,and 30％(15/50) of the patients had femoral head space displacement more than 20°.The average displacement distance of femoral head center and the deepest point of fovea capitis were (6.49±3.60) mm and (10.42±5.92) mm,respectively.A high proportion of the impacted femoral neck fractures had a large of displacement in the three-dimensional space.It is not scientific to equal impacted femoral neck fractures to undisplaced fractures.Conclusion Three-dimensional reconstruction and digital measurement is a precise,efficient and convenient method for the measurement of femoral head displacement parameters in femoral neck fracture patients.The classic Garden classification for impacted femoral neck fractures has certain defects and limitations.Clinicians should re-understand impacted femoral neck fractures and choose more reasonable treatment. Key words: Femoral neck fractures; Imaging, three-dimensional; Classification

Diseño y análisis de dos tipologías estructurales para su utilización como estructuras auxiliares en el diseño de jardines

In gardening and more particularly in the design of gardens and urban parks, nowadays exits the necessity to introduce useful auxiliary structures for the shelter of the users to the solar radiation, at certain moments of the day. During long time, joints of classic roof garden have reproduced in all our landscaped zones, that otherwise have been revealed like excessively expensive and not very functional elements. In the present article we are tried to expose the possibility of executing modern and functional sets with a minimum cost and a very brief period of execution. We are analyzed a set of roof garden designed to be constructed within the Campus of the University of Almeria, with the intention to demonstrate that respecting the norm on construction, novel solutions in which diverse uses are integrated, often noncompatible under other conceptions, can be obtained, with a contained cost. Inside this group two modules are distinguished, one more classic, rectangular, with a confi guration that allows a structural operation balanced that are translated in the use of metallic profi les of little size, and other more novel, octogonal, but that under the same previous premises, it has been solved through a deep analysis to establish the most suitable geometry, to determine its behavior, calculation, determine the proportions and resolution of the problems of execution and assembly.

Pietro Porcinai and the modern Italian garden

Italian landscape architect Pietro Porcinai (1910-1986) brought modern garden design to a nation rooted in classic garden tradition. His designs are based on a strong identification of ‘place’ and sensitivity to ecological concerns, while they are also innovative in construction and form. He was one of the 17 founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) in Cambridge in 1948. Though lesser known than his contemporaries Geoffrey Jellicoe, Sylvia Crowe, Thomas Church and Roberto Burle-Marx, Porcinai is one of the most important landscape designers of the twentieth century. Porcinai’s place in the canon of modern landscape design has only now started to receive its rightful appreciation.

Greenbelts in London and Jerusalem

WHEN Ebenezer Howard put forth the idea of the garden city in 1898, he was looking, in part, for an antidote to the ills of urban life. His solution, idyllic in concept, called for a town set against a background of the country. Various sources contributed to the thinking of Howard and his contemporaries, as the search for an improved community was not new. Part of the inspiration may have been the Levitical city of the Bible (Osborn 1969, 167). Howard (1966, 1) began his classic Garden Cities of To-morrow with a reference by the poet William Blake to the preeminent Biblical city. I will not cease from mental strife/nor shall my sword sleep in my hand/till we have built Jerusalem/in England's green and pleasant land. It is a fitting coincidence that the work which stimulated the use of the greenbelt, of [the] most enduring and widely supported planning instruments (Munton 1983, 1), opens with Jerusalem as a foil to industrialized Great Britain. British planners, under the authority of the League of Nations mandate in Palestine, set about creating a greenbelt for Jerusalem. Their work was contemporaneous with the conceptualization and codification of a greenbelt to combat the urban sprawl of London. Although the two cities and their planning characteristics differ markedly in many respects, there is some parallel in the use of open space as a tool in shaping them. On the whole, greenbelt policies are seen as a useful and often successful means to contain or direct urban expansion. At the same time the open spaces and their advocates face various pressures--and herein lies one of the principal differences between the application in Jerusalem and in London. Although both cities are growing rapidly, pressure on the Metropolitan Green Belt, as it is officially known in London, is largely a result of a constellation of economic issues common to urban expansion. In Jerusalem the pressure also comes from the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians over the political future of the city, which in some respects follows the lines of landuse competition played out in London and elsewhere. To reveal the similarities and the differences between the two greenbelts and to describe their common origin, the evolution of this planning tool is related in both urban contexts. This discussion entails a review of issues relevant to planning law and practice, as well as practicalities in bringing a greenbelt into being. The varied uses and the interrelationships among the issues illustrate the versatility and constancy of the underlying concepts. The current state of these greenbelts is discussed in terms of recent history and draws on the elements that have caused the British example to be challenged and that have wrought fundamental changes in the Jerusalem greenbelt. The long-term effectiveness of greenbelts as a way to curtail urban sprawl in the British context is assessed. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE The vast differences between Jerusalem and London affect the form of their greenbelts. The London greenbelt dwarfs that of Jerusalem, as is to be expected from the different magnitudes of the two cities. Confusion about the definition of greenbelt is also important. It is more of a problem in Jerusalem than in London, but in neither place is there a hard-and-fast definition. The London greenbelt comprises a 4,850-square-kilometer zone from ten to twenty-five kilometers wide in which planning restrictions limit the types of landuse. In Jerusalem no statutory status distinguishes the land included in the belt or its use. Instead, the title greenbelt is applied by the quasi-governmental agency responsible for afforesting and maintaining a portion of the public land in and around the city. The Jerusalem greenbelt ranges from several kilometers at its broadest to as few as twenty meters at its narrowest and covers an area of approximately thirteen square kilometers. The origins of the concept of greenbelts long predate the initial use of the term (Thomas 1970). …