Classic Article Research Articles

The Outward Spiral

Computer has published many important articles, but few are as important or had such a lasting impact as Barry Boehm's classic article on software engineering. Barry Boehm's article, A Spiral Model of Software I Development and Enhancement' is a classic in the fullest sense of the word. It is ranked as the seventh most influential article published in Computer and presents an idea that is a foundation for software engineering. If this was the only article that Computer had ever published, we could honestly say the magazine had done a good job for our discipline.

How to catch a HIF-the work of Gregg Semenza's lab on hypoxia-inducible factor 1.

How to catch a HIF-the work of Gregg Semenza's lab on hypoxia-inducible factor 1.

Estimating Individuals’ Political Perceptions While Adjusting for Differential Item Functioning

Questions about people’s perceptions of politicians or other political actors are of central interest in a wide variety of research areas. But measuring these perceptions is difficult in part because respondents may use survey response scales in different ways. In a classic article, Aldrich and McKelvey (1977) introduce a method adjusting for such differential item functioning by assuming that all respondents perceive political stimuli identically. I propose a modeling approach built on the Aldrich and McKelvey framework but incorporating anchoring vignettes. This approach allows for scale use adjustments without assuming that all respondents perceive a given politician identically. I apply this model to data on Americans’ perceptions of parties, elected officials, and other political actors, showing that, contrary to previous arguments, most variation in ideology ratings is due not to differing scale use, but to differences in underlying perceptions. Specifically, while perceptions of Republican politicians and the Republican party show no significant differences by respondent partisanship, Democratic and Republican respondents differ strongly in their perceptions of the ideology of Democratic political actors as well as the Supreme Court.

Top 10 Reviewer Critiques of Radiology Artificial Intelligence (AI) Articles: Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Reviewer Critiques of Machine Learning/Deep Learning Manuscripts Submitted to JMRI.

Classical machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) articles have rapidly captured the attention of the radiology research community and comprise an increasing proportion of articles submitted to JMRI, of variable reporting and methodological quality. To identify the most frequent reviewer critiques of classical ML and DL articles submitted to JMRI. Qualitative thematic analysis. In all, 1396 manuscript journal articles submitted to JMRI for consideration in 2018, with thematic analysis performed of reviewer critiques of 38 artificial intelligence (AI) articles, comprised of 24 ML and 14 DL articles, from January 9, 2018 to June 2, 2018. N/A. After identifying and sampling ML and DL articles, and collecting all reviews, qualitative thematic analysis was performed to identify major and minor themes of reviewer critiques. Descriptive statistics provided of article characteristics, and thematic review of major and minor themes. Thirty-eight articles were sampled for thematic review: 24 (63.2%) focused on classical ML and 14 (36.8%) on DL. The overall acceptance rate of classical ML/DL articles was 28.9%, similar to the overall 2017-2019 acceptance rate of 23.1-28.1%. These articles resulted in 72 reviews analyzed, yielding a total 713 critiques that underwent formal thematic analysis consensus encoding. Ten major themes of critiques were identified, with 1-Lack of Information as the most frequent, comprising 268 (37.6%) of all critiques. Frequent minor themes of critiques concerning ML/DL-specific recommendations included performing basic clinical statistics such as to ensure similarity of training and test groups (N = 26), emphasizing strong clinical Gold Standards for the basis of training labels (N = 19), and ensuring strong radiological relevance of the topic and task performed (N = 16). Standardized reporting of ML and DL methods could help address nearly one-third of all reviewer critiques made. 4 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:248-254.

Water governance in the USA

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look at how the topic of water governance in the USA reflects the discussion just prior to the contemporary wave of privatisation that now characterises a large section of water in the country. Design/methodology/approach In addition to select classic articles, the body of literature chosen for review includes studies published between 2000 and 2019, using The PRISMA statement. Studies chosen were published in recognised journals in core disciplines relating to governance, water management, policy and regulation. Findings Private equity firms and water-focused investment funds are significant investors in private companies that operate municipal water works in the USA. This has caused much of the public water infrastructure in the country (and globally) to become privatised and held by international investors as securitised assets. Research limitations/implications There is a need for further primary research to more comprehensively capture what actions the US government are taking to carve out a large policy-making space for themselves in a country that there is not an extensive body of literature on takeover decisions in water governance. Originality/value The confluence of privatisation in water governance within the US government is an area of growing concern to those interested in how water governance systems and protocols shape broader justice and equality developments across the country.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review.

Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy , completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

A bibliometric analysis of highly cited Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) research papers

This study aimed to identify and analyze the characteristics of highly cited articles in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) research using the Science Citation Index Expanded from 1900 to 2016. Altogether 1,922 highly cited papers in seven document types with cited at least 100 times since publication to the end of 2016 from Web of Science Core Collection were found, and a total of 1,556 highly cited articles were published from 1990 to 2014. The articles were analysed in terms of document type, language of publication, trends in publication, journals, Web of Science categories, and publications of countries, institutions, and authors. The results showed that Journal of Biological Chemistry led 211 journals. The top three categories were biochemistry and molecular biology, cell biology, and oncology. The USA took the lead position among 43 countries with 67% of all the highly cited articles, and Harvard University of the USA with 14% of all highly cited articles was the most productive institution. A comprehensive analysis of keywords revealed that activation, pathway, Akt, and apoptosis were recent foci. In addition, classic articles with more than 1,000 citations since publication to the end of 2016 are also discussed.

Bibliometric analysis of highly cited publications in health policy and Services

The present study is to identify and analyse the characteristics of the highly cited articles in Web of Science category of health policy and services, within the publication year from 1923 to 2017 based on Social Science Citation Index. Highly cited articles that have been cited 100 times or more from Web of Science Core Collection since their publication year to the end of 2017 were analyzed. Publication year, authors, institutions, countries, journals, and citation life cycles were used to evaluate the publication performance of the highly cited articles. Four citation indicators were applied to evaluate highly cited articles. Six publication indicators were also used to compare performance of countries and institutions. A publication performance indicator, the Y-index, was applied to assess publication potential and the characteristics of authors. A relationship between number of articles in each year and their citations per publication by years was proposed for distribution of highly cited articles. Results showed that highly cited articles published in journals with not only higher journal impact factor but also lower one. The US and Harvard University ranked top in six publication indicators respectively. Y-index results showed that J.H. Hibbard had highly cited articles publication potential. In addition, each of the high impact classic articles in 2017 were summarized.

Organização: Em Busca de uma Definição e sua Funcionalidade

Este estudo constitui-se em um ensaio teórico que objetiva analisar o significado da organização e a sua funcionalidade segundo teorias organizacionais. Para tanto, foram analisados artigos clássicos sobre tais teorias, os quais constam em planos de ensino da disciplina Teorias Organizacionais ministrada em cursos de Administração no Brasil. A partir de uma perspectiva multiteórica, sugere-se uma agenda de pesquisa que defenda o uso dessa perspectiva na análise do fenômeno organizacional.

Michael Dummett, Reasons to Act, and Bringing About the Past

My intention in this paper is to outline and criticise some of the main ideas in Michael Dummett’s classic article “Bringing about the Past”. From Dummett’s remarks we can (I think) reconstruct two sceptical arguments designed to show that it can never be rational to attempt to bring about past events. Dummett is critical of both arguments. Though happy with Dummett’s reply to the first sceptical argument, I disagree with his reply to the second.

“With Hindsight, I See That I Was Right”: John C. Burnham’s Final Words, as Recounted by a Trickster

“With Hindsight, I See That I Was Right”: John C. Burnham’s Final Words, as Recounted by a Trickster

Paraclinoid Aneurysms: Part III—Lateral Aneurysms

Dr. Krisht is Professor and Director, Arkansas Neuroscience Institute, St. Vincent Hospital, #5 St. Vincent Circle, Suite 503, Little Rock, AR 72205; E-mail: [email protected]; and Dr. Hsu is Neurosurgeon, Division of General Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Professor, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. The authors, faculty, and staff in a position to control the content of this CME activity and their spouses/life partners (if any) have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial organizations relevant to this CME activity.This article is reprinted from a classic Contemporary Neurosurgery article published in 2008.Category: CerebrovasularLippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed form, answering at least 70% of the quiz questions correctly. This activity expires on November 29, 2021.

Paraclinoid Aneurysms: Part I—Superior (True Ophthalmic) Aneurysms

Dr. Krisht is Professor and Director, Arkansas Neuroscience Institute, St. Vincent Hospital, #5 St. Vincent Circle, Suite 503, Little Rock, AR 72205; E-mail: [email protected]; and Dr. Hsu is Neurosurgeon, Division of General Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Professor, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. The authors, faculty, and staff in a position to control the content of this CME activity and their spouses/life partners (if any) have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial organizations relevant to this CME activity.This article is reprinted from a classic Contemporary Neurosurgery article published in 2008.Category: CerebrovasularLippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed form, answering at least 70% of the quiz questions correctly. This activity expires on October 29, 2021.

Syndesmotic Behavior after Sequential Sectioning: Simulation of Ligamentous Ankle Injuries in Vitro

Category:Ankle, Trauma, Distal Tibiofibular JointIntroduction/Purpose:Ankle fractures are often associated with ligamentous injuries of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the deltoid ligament. These injuries may predispose to instability, early joint degeneration and long-term ankle dysfunction. In the classic article of Boden it was made clear that injuries of the syndesmotic ligaments were of no importance in absence of a deltoid ligament rupture. Even in the presence of a deltoid ligament rupture, the interosseous membrane withstood lateralization of the talus in fixated fibula fractures up to 4.5 mm above the ankle joint. However, detection of ligamentous injuries and the need for treatment remain subject of ongoing debate. Syndesmotic injuries are often treated operatively by temporary fixation performed with positioning screws. But do isolated syndesmotic injuries need to be treated operatively at all?Methods:Ten fresh-frozen, exarticulated through the knee, human cadaveric lower limbs were tested under axial compressive loads of 50 and 700 N, simulating non-weightbearing and weightbearing conditions. All specimens were tested with different foot positions (plantigrade, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion, and 10 Nm external rotational torque) during sequential sectioning of the syndesmotic ligaments and the deltoid ligament. We triangulated Boden’s classic findings with an active motion capture system (0.1 mm accuracy) to track the translations and rotations of the fibula relative to the tibia.Results:Isolated sectioning of the AITFL resulted in an increase of external fibula rotation up to 8.9 degrees (doubling the physiological 4.0 degrees) with an external rotation stress of 10 Nm in non-weightbearing conditions. However, weightbearing appeared somewhat protective, reducing the external rotation to 7.9 degrees. Sectioning of all syndesmotic ligaments with an intact deltoid ligament resulted in a syndesmotic widening of 0.9 mm in weightbearing conditions with a plantigrade foot. Dorsiflexion of the foot resulted in a significant increase of syndesmotic widening for all conditions of the syndesmotic ligaments. Sectioning of the deltoid ligament resulted in a significant increase of all fibula translations in all foot positions during weightbearing conditions.Conclusion:The results of our study have implications for common ligamentous ankle injuries and their treatment. In isolated syndesmotic injuries with a plantigrade foot, weightbearing seemed protective and limiting syndesmotic widening probably due to the saddle shape of the tibiotalar surface. Conservative treatment in a cast seems justifiable. External rotation stress causes the “open-book-phenomenon” in isolated AITFL injuries, especially in non-weightbearing conditions. Protection with cast or surgery is necessary. The deltoid ligament prevents lateralization of the talus but allows increased syndesmotic widening and external rotation of the fibula in dorsiflexion and external rotation stress due to the shape of the talus.

The Clinoidal Cone: Microsurgical Anatomy

Dr. Krisht is Professor and Director, Arkansas Neuroscience Institute, St. Vincent Hospital, #5 St. Vincent Circle, Suite 503, Little Rock, AR 72205; E-mail: [email protected]. The author, faculty, and staff in a position to control the content of this CME activity and their spouses/life partners (if any) have disclosed that they have no financial relationships with, or financial interests in, any commercial organizations relevant to this CME activity.This article is reprinted from a classic Contemporary Neurosurgery article published in 2004.Category: Surgical anatomyLippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed form, answering at least 70% of the quiz questions correctly. This activity expires on September 29, 2021.

Update on Research and Practices in Major Sleep Disorders: Part II-Insomnia, Willis-Ekbom Disease (Restless Leg Syndrome), and Narcolepsy.

This review (Part II of a series on sleep disorders) presents an update of the characteristics, epidemiology, assessment, and latest management of insomnia, restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease; RLS/WED), and narcolepsy. Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder and most prevalent of all psychological health disorders, is a problem of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep and early morning awakenings. RLS/WED is characterized by a crawling sensation or urge to move the legs in the evening and nighttime. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that commonly results in chronic daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Nonpharmacological management, which includes education, cognitive behavioral therapy, and complementary therapy, is used as primary or adjunctive to pharmacotherapy for the treatment of these disorders. This narrative review utilized medical databases such as PubMed to identify relevant English-language original and systematic review articles predominantly from peer-reviewed journals from 2012 to 2019. However, as background, findings from classic articles prior to 2012 were also included. Assessment of sleep problems, excessive sleepiness, and difficulty performing activities or being productive should be routine in the care of all patients. Utilization of behavioral interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, in addition to education and sleep hygiene, can promote sleep quality. Management of insomnia, RLS/WED, and narcolepsy should include helping patients adjust to treatment, managing cataplexy triggers in narcolepsy, and initiating strategies to live with chronic illness to improve quality of life.

Re-defining Sustainability: Living in Harmony with Life on Earth

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, urban air pollution, and contamination of oceans by plastic waste have dramatically increased awareness that human civilization faces an existential environmental crisis. Here, we argue that the way humankind views its place on planet Earth is the cause of this crisis and of the reluctance to take meaningful and urgent action. This view gives humans the right to exploit everything on Earth for their own benefit and a belief that sustainability can be delivered through exploiting nature in a smarter way and controlling it better. We propose that humankind rejects this view and instead learns to live in harmony with life on Earth by respecting the land, the oceans, and the atmosphere from which everything derives. We show how knowledge, creativity, and innovation can drive transformation in all sectors of society to enable this new relationship to develop, re-defining sustainability in terms of all life on Earth.

Microaggressions in Clinical Training and Practice.

Microaggressions in Clinical Training and Practice.

Update on Research and Practices in Major Sleep Disorders: Part I. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

The purpose of this first of two review articles providing an update on sleep disorders was to examine the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is a common sleep disorder whose prevalence is similar to asthma. As with other sleep disorders, OSA has a broad impact on individuals, affecting their daily behaviors, cognitive abilities, and performance, and putting them at increased risk for accidents, mood disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Thus, early recognition and management, much of which can be implemented by nurses, can reduce health and accident risks and improve daily functioning. This narrative review utilized medical databases such as PubMed to identify relevant English language original and systematic review articles predominantly from peer-reviewed journals from 2012 to 2018. However, as background, findings from classic articles prior to 2012 were also included. OSA is a common condition with considerable impact on daily functioning and potential for accidents and serious comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depressed mood. The impairments and comorbidities associated with OSA can be reduced through early detection, encouraging treatment, providing education about sleep and OSA, and, importantly, promoting adherence to the predominant therapy, positive airway pressure.

A bibliometric analysis of classic publications in web of science category of orthopedics

BackgroundThe past century has witnessed the rapid development of operation technique, surgical instruments, and knowledge of the diseases in orthopedics. In the academic history, a number of classic papers boosted the advancement for surgery. In this paper, we performed a bibliometric analysis, aiming to determine the most influential studies within the field.MethodsArticles were searched from the publication year of 1900 to 2016 according to the Science Citation Index Expanded database of the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database. Two citation indicators TCyear and Cyear were employed to characterize the classic articles and the articles were identified and analyzed.ResultsA total of 30 classic articles with TC2016 ≥ 1000 in Web of Science category of orthopedics were identified, all written in English between 1961 and 2007 by nine countries. The minimal value of TC2016 was 1010; the maximum 3570; and the average 1591. Thirty classic articles were published in eight journals that were listed in the Web of Science category of orthopedics in 2016, and in two other orthopedics journals that were no longer tracked by Web of Science category of orthopedics as of 2016. Among the top 10 cited articles in both TC2016 and C2016, five articles barely received attention in the first few years after their publication, while they became cited more and more frequently in the last decade.ConclusionThis study evaluated the development and trend of orthopedics research by adopting bibliometric analysis. It serves as a guide for investigators in the future research.