Stability Classes Research Articles

Development of a wind and Pasquill stability class climate dataset for the North American Great Lakes region

In this study, a North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)-based climate dataset of wind and Pasquill stability class is developed for the North American Great Lakes region. Motivated by the need to update the limited wind and Pasquill stability class climatology previously incorporated into a livestock odour nuisance-mitigation application used in Michigan, this study is motivated more generally by the lack of a long-term climate dataset suitable for studies of atmospheric dispersion in the Great Lakes region. As a preliminary step, NARR 10-m wind speed, 10-m wind direction, and 2-m temperature are evaluated at eight weather stations in Michigan and northern Indiana, and the wind speed variable is subsequently bias-corrected. To derive a Pasquill stability class dataset from the NARR variables, an existing empirical relationship between Pasquill stability class and Richardson number is applied to a previously developed NARR-derived Richardson number dataset covering the period 1979–2008. Pasquill stability class frequency in NARR is subsequently evaluated using observations at two flux towers in Illinois. Although a tendency is noted for the NARR-derived Pasquill stability class dataset to underestimate the frequency of stable and unstable conditions, and overestimate the frequency of neutral conditions, the analysis shows that the 10-m wind speed bias-correction procedure yields a frequency distribution that is in better agreement with the observations than the non-bias-corrected dataset. Finally, an analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of livestock odour dispersion potential in Michigan is provided as an example application of the NARR-based wind and Pasquill stability class climate dataset.

Amphiphilic Anionic Oligomer-Stabilized Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles with Prospects in siRNA Delivery via Convection-Enhanced Delivery.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been introduced as a concept in cancer treatment to generate high local concentrations of anticancer therapeutics and overcome the limited diffusional distribution, e.g., in the brain. RNA interference provides interesting therapeutic options to fight cancer cells but requires nanoparticulate (NP) carriers with a size below 100 nm as well as a low zeta potential for CED application. In this study, we investigated calcium phosphate NPs (CaP-NPs) as siRNA carriers for CED application. Since CaP-NPs tend to aggregate, we introduced a new terpolymer (o14PEGMA(1:1:2.5) NH3) for stabilization of CaP-NPs intended for delivery of siRNA to brain cancer cells. This small terpolymer provides PEG chains for steric stabilization, and a fat alcohol to improve interfacial activity, as well as maleic anhydrides that allow for both labeling and high affinity to Ca(II) in the hydrolyzed state. In a systematic approach, we varied the Ca/P ratio as well as the terpolymer concentration and successfully stabilized NPs with the desired properties. Labeling of the terpolymer with the fluorescent dye Cy5 revealed the terpolymer’s high affinity to CaP. Importantly, we also determined a high efficiency of siRNA binding to the NPs that caused very effective survivin siRNA silencing in F98 rat brain cancer cells. Cytotoxicity investigations with a standard cell line resulted in minor and transient effects; no adverse effects were observed in organotypic brain slice cultures. However, more specific cytotoxicity investigations are required. This study provides a systematic and mechanistic analysis characterizing the effects of the first oligomer of a new class of stabilizers for siRNA-loaded CaP-NPs.

Geomechanical behavior of crown pillar between ground surface and mined-out void roof in mining blind ore body on Sheregeshevsky deposit

Sheregesh Mine extracts ore reserves at the Levels of +255 ÷ +115 m in four sites at the depths of 470–700 m and deeper and produces annually more than 4.5 Mt of ore. The upper ore edge in Podruslovy site is spaced at 290–320 m from ground surface. The major ore reserves occur within the depth interval from 300 to 700 m below ground surface. Enclosing rock mass is composed of limestone, porphyry, skarn and other rocks which belong to stability class II. Considering the physical and mechanical properties of ore and enclosing rocks, the effective stresses and the geodynamic phenomena observable beneath the Level of +255 m, Sheregesh Mine operates in the rockburst-hazardous conditions. The geomechanical behavior of a crown pillar between ground surface and mined-out void roof in mining the ore body in Podruslovy site under conditions of rockburst hazard is assessed. The influence of the room-and-pillar and subsoil caving variants on the roof of the mined-out void is shown. The mathematical modeling delineates the concentration zones of stresses and inelastic strains in adjacent enclosing rock mass. The sizes of the crown pillar are estimated experimentally using geophysical methods. The pillar thickness ranged 420 to 300 m, then, three boreholes drilled from ground surface showed the thickness variation in the range from 309 to 12.7 m. Using the gravimeter survey in combination with orthophotomap, the outlines of the underground void and the ground surface subsidence are determined. The configuration layouts of holes for dry rock backfill by-pass for filling the void in Podruslovy site are presented.

Modeling NOx, CO, SO2 and PM emissions from Sabzevar cement plant using SCREEN3 software

Introduction: Nowadays, the cement industry is regarded as one of the most important air pollution industries globally. This study aimed to simulate the emission of NOx, CO, SO2, and PM pollutants caused by the Sabzevar Cement Factory chimney by SCREEN3 software. Materials and Methods: In this study, the SCREEN3 software was employed for the distribution of NOx, CO, SO2, and PM pollutants. The inputs of the model include the concentration and emission of pollutant gases, physical factors associated with the cement factory chimney, wind speed and direction, ambient temperature, and stability classes. Results: The results of this study indicated that the maximum concentrations of NOx, CO, SO2, and PM by the SCREEN3 software occurred in unstable weather conditions (B) and wind speed of 5 m.s. The highest concentrations of NOx, CO, and PM (use of gas) were at a distance of 1400 meters from the factory chimney with the rates of 0.9, 0.32, 6.2 μg.m³, respectively. Moreover, the highest concentrations of NOx, CO, SO2, and PM (using fuel oil) were predicted at a distance of 1100 m from the factory chimney with 19.5, 360, 9, and 7.9 μg.m³, respectively. A comparison of the obtained results with the standard of the Environmental Protection Agency of Iran (EPA) revealed that the concentrations of NOx, CO, SO2, and PM were not higher than the standards. Conclusion: The comparison of results with EPA standard and Iranian clean air standard showed that NOX, CO, SO2, and PM concentrations were not higher than standards during the sampling period.

Application of Gaussian dispersion model for the assessment of air pollutants from a steel plant in the City of Bokaro, Jharkhand, India

To protect human health and environment from increased air pollution, it is essential to forecast the air pollution in populated areas, which helps in the identification and implementation of preventive as well as reactive control techniques. Air dispersion models predict the concentration profile of pollutants from sources to receptors. This paper presents a case study on the dispersion of air pollutants emitted from multiple sources (stacks) in the Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand, India to quantify the contribution of various pollution sources to the local air pollution from the said steel plant. In this study, the pollutant concentration profiles at (x, y, z) due to emissions from three major sources in the Bokaro Steel Plant were predicted using emissions data obtained from the Gas Utility Department, Bokaro Steel Limited. The effect of wind velocity and stability class on the concentration profiles of major air pollutants viz., particulates, NOx, and SOx for the single source as well as multiple sources were studied. From the results, it is revealed that both wind velocity and stability class have a significant impact on the dispersion of air pollutants.

京津冀地区生态用地稳定性格局及其影响因素分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 京津冀地区生态用地稳定性格局及其影响因素 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202203230719 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目（CAFYBB2020ZB008） Spatial pattern of ecological land stability analysis and influencing factor in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:探索生态用地稳定性格局对动态背景下区域生态规划与管理具有重要意义。本文基于2000、2010、2020年京津冀地区生态用地数据基础，提取2000-2010和2010-2020年间稳定性生态用地，借鉴并应用生态用地稳定性指数予以衡量区域生态用地的时空稳定效应，并利用ArcGIS平台空间统计工具对生态用地稳定性空间格局进行分析，最后基于地理探测模型对生态用地稳定性的影响机制及其区域差异进行探索。研究结果显示，（1）2000-2010年和2010-2020年，京津冀地区稳定性生态用地有所减少，集中分布在内蒙古草原生态区和燕山-太行山山地林生态区。（2）两时期生态用地稳定性指数分别为90.85%和83.86%，呈现"西北高、东南低"。生态用地稳定性指数等级结构显示前期极低稳定性和极高稳定性面积占绝对主导，后期极低、高和极高稳定性面积共同主导。生态用地稳定性指数空间格局呈现显著冷热点效应，热点区汇集在燕山-太行山山地林生态区和内蒙古草原生态区，冷点区集中在京津唐城市生态区和华北平原生态区。（3）整体研究区高程、坡度、地貌和土壤类型等地理要素解释力较高；平原区内温度因子解释力度最为突出，地理因素和社会经济因素的解释力度也均较显著；山区内国内生产总值、人口密度、居民点密度和道路密度等社会经济因素影响作用更加突出。 Abstract:Exploring ecological land stability pattern is of great importance for regional ecological planning and management in the context of the dynamic development of urbanization. Based on the data on ecological land use in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2000, 2010, and 2020, we extracted the stable ecological land in 2000-2010 and 2010-2020. We used the ecological land stability index to describe the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecological land stability. At the same time, we analyzed the spatial pattern of the ecological land stability index. Finally, we utilized the geographical detection model to explore the influencing mechanism and regional differences in the ecological land stability. The results showed that:(1) the area of stable ecological land decreased in the two periods, which were more in Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecological Zone and Yan-Taihang Mountain Forest Ecological Zone. (2) Ecological land stability indexes were 90.85% and 83.86% in two periods, which were higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The area of the grade of stability, which is named extremely low and extremely high, was the most important from 2000 to 2010. The area of the class of stability, which is called extremely low, high, and extremely high, was similar from 2010 to 2020. The ecological land stability index had cold/hot spots. The area of the hot spots was more in Yan-Taihang Mountain Forest Ecological Zone and Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecological Zone. The area of the cold spots was more in Beingjing-Tianjin-Tangshan City Ecological Zone and North China Plain Ecological Zone. (3) In the study area, the explanation intensity of the elevation, the slope, the landform, and the soil factors was higher. In the plain area, the temperature had the highest explanatory power. The geographical and social-economic factors also had superior explanatory power; in the mountainous area, the influence of GDP, population density, settlement density, and road density was more pronounced. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Characterisation of the Vertical Wind Profile According to the Stability Classes of the Atmosphere in Conakry, Guinea

The characteristics of the vertical wind profile and the wind potential study on the Conakry site for each atmospheric stability class were investigated in this study. Wind speed and air temperature data recorded over the period from January 2001 to December 2019 at 10 m and 50 m above the ground at daily (50 m) and hourly (10 m) scales were used. The wind shear parameters were determined from the logarithmic and power law. Based on the Newman and Klein wind shear model, a new formulation of this parameter was proposed as a function of the Obukhov length at order 2 and calibrated from the measurements using the simplex algorithm of Nelder and Mead. From the Weibull parameters obtained for the stable and unstable period of the atmosphere, the available wind potential at Conakry was estimated from 10 m to 80 m. The results indicate that the annual average of the ground roughness length is 1.7 x 10-2 m. The annual average of the ground friction velocity is 0.19 m.s-1. The atmosphere remains stable at the Conakry site from 09 p.m. to 10 a.m. and unstable from 10 a.m. to 09 p.m. The proposed wind shear formulation gives a better estimation of the wind speed in function of altitude with the lowest values of RMSE and MAE (4.5x10-4 ; 3.8x10-4) m.s-1 in stable and unstable periods (0.09 ; 0.07) m.s-1 compared to some models found in the literature. The mean annual wind shear coefficient in stable period is 0.26 and in unstable period 0.28. The annual mean shape parameter from 10 m to 80 m above ground in stable period is between 1.25 and 1.64, and during unstable period, it varies from 1.55 to 2.07. The annual mean scale parameter at 10 m and 80 m above ground is (3.9; 7.10) m.s-1 (unstable atmosphere) and (2.45; 4.41) m.s-1 when the atmosphere is stable. The annual average of the energy production under a convective atmosphere at 10 m and 80 m is estimated at 72 W.m-2 and 301 W.m-2 respectively. During the night cycle, this annual production varies from 28 W.m-2 (10 m) to 93 W.m-2 (80 m). Based on these results, the Conakry site is suitable to host medium-sized wind power plants for electricity and water production.

Responsive Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Frozen Complex Coacervate Core Micelles.

Frozen complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) were developed as a class of particle stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. The C3Ms are composed of a core of electrostatically interacting weak polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) and poly(dimethylaminopropylacrylamide) (pDMAPAA), surrounded by a corona of water-soluble and surface active poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNiPAM). Mixing parameters of the two polymer solutions, including pH, mixing method, charge ratio, and salinity of the medium, were carefully controlled, leading to monodisperse, colloidally stable C3Ms. A combination of dynamic light scattering and proton nuclear magnetic resonance experiments showed that the C3Ms gradually disassembled from a dynamically frozen core state in pure water into free polyelectrolyte chains above 0.8 M NaCl. Upon formulation of dodecane-in-water emulsions, the frozen C3Ms adsorb as particles at the droplet interfaces in striking contrast with most of the conventional micelles made of amphiphilic block copolymers which fall apart at the interface. Eventually, increasing the salt concentration of the system triggered disassembly of the C3Ms, which led to emulsion destabilization.

Effect of certain metrological parameters on the extension of urgent protective action zone in Tehran research reactor accidents

In a core melting accident of a reactor, the release of radioactive material into the environment is inevitable. The amount of effective dose received by people around these facilities and consequently the urgent protective action zone (UPZ) strongly depend on the climatic conditions at the time of the accident and afterwards. In this study, the effect of wind speed, air stability class, temperature, and rainfall on the total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) at different time/place intervals of a hypothetical partial core melt accident around a research reactor was investigated using simulation method. The results showed that the stability class E, warm temperature, and light rain could lead to the highest dose of individuals. In addition, very low wind speeds were recommended for the facilities located in cities with high density of high-rise buildings and/or tropical areas in this regard.

Using an Artificial Neural Network to improve operational wind prediction in a small unresolved valley

AbstractThis study improves surface wind predictions in an unresolved valley using an artificial neural network (ANN). Forecasting winds in complex terrain with a mesoscale model is challenging. This study assesses the quality of 3-km wind forecasts by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the potential of post-processing by an ANN within the 1-2 km wide Cadarache Valley in southeast France. Operational wind forecasts for 110m above ground level and the near-surface vertical potential temperature gradient with a lead time of 24-48h were used as ANN input. Observed horizontal wind components at 10m within the valley were used as targets during ANN training. We use the Directional ACCuracy (DACC45, wind direction error ≤ 45°) and mean absolute error to evaluate the WRF direct model output and the ANN results. By post-processing, the score for DACC45 improves from 56% in the WRF direct model output to 79% after applying the ANN. Furthermore, the ANN performed well during the day and night, but poorly during the morning and afternoon transitions. The ANN improves the DACC45 at 10m even for poor WRF forecasts (direction bias ≥ 45°) from 42% to 72%. A shorter lead time and finer grid spacing (1 km) showed negligible impact which suggests that a 3 km grid spacing and a 24-48h lead time is effective and relatively cheap to apply. We find that WRF performs well in near-neutral conditions and poorly in other atmospheric stability conditions. The ANN post-treatment consistently improves the wind forecast for all stability classes to a DACC45 of about 80%. The study demonstrates the ability to improve Cadarache valley wind forecasts using an ANN as post-processing for WRF daily forecasts.

The recreational and economic role of the suburban landscaped territories in Voronezh

The applicability of the topic is conditioned by the increase the share of the recreational forests and the development of the urban agglomeration. The purpose of the study was to determine the recreational capacity of natural green areas, followed by an ecological and economic assessment. In the work, recreational and sanitary-hygienic assessments were carried out, the stages of digression, the classes of stability of plantings were determined, followed by an ecological and economic assessment of suburban green areas. The weighted average value of the ecological recreational capacity is determined. In plantations with a predominance of oak or pine in the existing types of forest growing conditions, the specific value of the ecological recreational capacity is the same, therefore, approaches to the development of these forests may be the same. To assess the ecological potential of plantings, the content of carbon, absorbed carbon dioxide, and oxygen released by them were calculated. The results of the calculations show that the maximum amount of C2 is observed in mixed stands with a predominance of oak, the minimum-in pure pine stands. Obtained results of the investigation let to realize the forest planning, taking into consideration the results of the eco-economic estimate.

Odour Impact Assessment in a Changing Climate

(1) Background: The impact of odour sources as stock farms on neighbouring residential areas might increase in the future because the relevant climatic parameters will be modified due to climate change. (2) Methodology: Separation distances are calculated for two Central European sites with considerable livestock activity influenced by different orographic and climatic conditions. Furthermore, two climate scenarios are considered, namely, the time period 1981–2010 (present climate) and the period 2036–2065 (future climate). Based on the provided climatic parameters, stability classes are derived as input for local-scale air pollution modelling. The separation distances are determined using the Lagrangian particle diffusion model LASAT. (3) Results: Main findings comprise the changes of stability classes between the present and the future climate and the resulting changes in the modelled odour impact. Model results based on different schemes for stability classification are compared. With respect to the selected climate scenarios and the variety of the stability schemes, a bandwidth of affected separation distances results. (4) Conclusions: The investigation reveals to what extent livestock husbandry will have to adapt to climate change, e.g., with impacts on today’s licensing processes.

Examining cellular responses to reconstituted antibody protein liquids

Protein ionic liquids (PIL) are a new class of biologic stabilizers designed to protect the functionality and extend the shelf-life of biotechnological and therapeutic agents making them more readily available, and resistant to austere environments. Protein biorecognition elements such as monoclonal antibodies are commonly utilized therapeutics that require the robust stabilization offered by PILs, but biocompatibility remains an important issue. This study has focused on characterizing the biocompatibility of an antibody based PIL by exposing multiple cells types to a cationized immunoglobulin suspended in an anionic liquid (IgG-IL). The IgG-IL caused no significant alterations in cellular health for all three cell types with treatments < 12.5 µg/mL. Concentrations ≥ 12.5 µg/mL resulted in significant necrotic cell death in A549 and HaCaT cells, and caspase associated cell death in HepG2 cells. In addition, all cells displayed evidence of oxidative stress and IL-8 induction in response to IgG-IL exposures. Therapeutic Ig can be utilized with a wide dose range that extends into concentrations we have found to exhibit cytotoxicity raising a toxicity concern and a need for more extensive understanding of the biocompatibility of IgG-ILs.

Soil and climate factors drive spatio-temporal variability of arable crop yields under uniform management in Northern Italy

ABTRACT Soil and weather data were used to analyse spatio-temporal yield patterns of winter cereals (wheat) and spring dicots (sunflower and coriander) in an 11-ha field in Northern Italy (44.5° N, 12.2° E), during 2010–2014. Three yield stability classes (YSCs) were established over multiple years, based on spatio-temporal characteristics across the field: high yielding and stable (HYS), low yielding and stable (LYS), and unstable. The HYS class (46% of field area) staged a 122% relative yield with low temporal variability. The unstable class (24% of field area) was slightly more productive (83% relative yield) than the LYS class (30% of field area, and 80% relative yield), but less consistent over time. Crop yields evidenced negative correlations with sand content; positive correlations with silt and clay content. Soil properties were quite consistently classified among YSCs: the LYS and unstable classes were associated with higher sand content and lower cation exchange capacity, suggesting that these characteristics lead to fluctuation and depression of final yield. Establishing YSCs based on spatio-temporal yield appears a sound approach to appraise field potential. It results in strategic and tactical decisions to be taken, depending on the profile of spatial and temporal productivity in different field areas.

THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL PARAMETERS ON THE DISPERSION OF PM10 AND CO POLLUTANTS

At present, climate change is a global reality. One of its causes is the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to observe how the dispersion of pollutants is influenced by meteorological and topographic parameters. In order to carry out the study on the influence of synoptic conditions on the dispersion of air pollutants PM10 and CO, a continuous monitoring of the two pollutants was needed for one year (from March 2020 to February 2021) at all six air quality monitoring stations located in Argeș County. These data will be correlated with the climatological parameters obtained from the National Meteorological Administration. Using a numerical modeling program (SCREEN), it was performed a simulation of the dispersion of pollutants, determining the maximum concentration of the pollutant and the distance it reaches the ground, for several wind speeds, in all five classes of atmospheric stability.

Avalanche danger level characteristics from field observations of snow instability

Abstract. Avalanche danger levels are described in qualitative terms that mostly are not amenable to measurements or observations. However, estimating and improving forecast consistency and accuracy require descriptors that can be observed or measured. Therefore, we aim to characterize the avalanche danger levels based on expert field observations of snow instability. We analyzed 589 field observations by experienced researchers and forecasters recorded mostly in the region of Davos (Switzerland) during 18 winter seasons (2001–2002 to 2018–2019). The data include a snow profile with a stability test (rutschblock, RB) and observations on snow surface quality, drifting snow, signs of instability and avalanche activity. In addition, observers provided their estimate of the local avalanche danger level. A snow stability class (very poor, poor, fair, good, very good) was assigned to each profile based on RB score, RB release type and snowpack characteristics. First, we describe some of the key snowpack characteristics of the data set. In most cases, the failure layer included persistent grain types even after a recent snowfall. We then related snow instability data to the local avalanche danger level. For the danger levels 1–Low to 4–High, we derived typical stability distributions. The proportions of profiles rated poor and very poor clearly increased with increasing danger level. For our data set, the proportions were 5 %, 13 %, 49 % and 63 % for the danger levels 1–Low to 4–High, respectively. Furthermore, we related the local avalanche danger level to the occurrence of signs of instability such as whumpfs, shooting cracks and recent avalanches. The absence of signs of instability was most closely related to 1–Low and the presence of them to 3–Considerable. Adding the snow stability class and the 3 d sum of new snow depth improved the discrimination between the lower three danger levels. Still, 2–Moderate was not well described. Nevertheless, we propose some typical situations that approximately characterize each of the danger levels. Obviously, there is no single easily observable set of parameters that would allow us to fully characterize the avalanche danger levels. One reason for this shortcoming is the fact that the snow instability data we analyzed usually lack information on spatial frequency, which is needed to reliably assess the danger level.

Evaluation Method of Complex Slope Stability in Construction Industry Based on Correlation Calculation

Based on the basic-element expression method and correlation function theory in Extenics, combined with the knowledge of slope engineering, a method for evaluating the stability of complex slope is proposed. The evaluation process includes the selection of suitable evaluation indexes of slope stability, identificationof the classification standard for the slope stability, identificationof the weights of evaluation indexes by using the improved analytic hierarchy process,identificationof the classical domain, node domain and matter-element under evaluation,the calculation of the correlation of each stability class for each evaluation index, normalization of correlation,and so on. The selection rule of the slop stability evaluation indexes and selection of correlation function and optimal points are also discussed, which can provide reference for slope engineering designin construction industry.

Efficacy of a Covalent Microtubule Stabilizer in Taxane-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Models.

Ovarian cancer often has a poor clinical prognosis because of late detection, frequently after metastatic progression, as well as acquired resistance to taxane-based therapy. Herein, we evaluate a novel class of covalent microtubule stabilizers, the C-22,23-epoxytaccalonolides, for their efficacy against taxane-resistant ovarian cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Taccalonolide AF, which covalently binds β-tubulin through its C-22,23-epoxide moiety, demonstrates efficacy against taxane-resistant models and shows superior persistence in clonogenic assays after drug washout due to irreversible target engagement. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of taccalonolide AF demonstrated efficacy against the taxane-resistant NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer model both as a flank xenograft, as well as in a disseminated orthotopic disease model representing localized metastasis. Taccalonolide-treated animals had a significant decrease in micrometastasis of NCI/ADR-RES cells to the spleen, as detected by quantitative RT-PCR, without any evidence of systemic toxicity. Together, these findings demonstrate that taccalonolide AF retains efficacy in taxane-resistant ovarian cancer models in vitro and in vivo and that its irreversible mechanism of microtubule stabilization has the unique potential for intraperitoneal treatment of locally disseminated taxane-resistant disease, which represents a significant unmet clinical need in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients.

Atmospheric stability classes and its effect on co concentration emission around Kirkuk refinery

Atmospheric stability defines as the atmospheric tendency to reduce or intensify vertical motion, in other words, suppress or enhance existing turbulence, thus atmospheric stability play important role in transport and dispersion of air pollutant. In This study relationship between air pollutant of CO gases in 2019 resulted from burning three types of fuels (fuel gas, gas oil, naphtha) in 8 production units inside Kirkuk refinery (located in north-east of Iraq), and atmospheric stability analysis in different directions to know the effect of atmospheric stability classes on the emission of CO poison gas. Atmospheric element such as wind speed, cloud amount and solar altitude used by the Turner method to calculate seven stability classes, these classes are compared with CO pollutant at a different distance from the source point. From samples taken from stacks and fuels burned in a refinery, emission rate and exist velocity from 11 stacks calculated and used to estimated CO gas by Gaussian equation for dispersion at two months (January, July) in 2019. The comparison values of the concentrations with the distances from the point source for January and July was carefully examined, as it was noticed that the concentrations during the month’s classes B and F varieties in percent between January and July reach %120 - %170, while in the rest classes C, D, and G were close to 80% it decreases with the distance through (1000m– 10000m) by 81% - 59%, in Class A and E There is a difference in one of the two months.

Radiological Consequences Modelling for a Land Based Operations Environment

Radiological Dispersive Devices (RDD) are often portrayed as weapons used by radical (asymmetric) forces, however they can also be used in a regular war. In this study, a hypothetical scenario where an asymmetric force contaminates the battlefield, by detonating an RDD prior to the soldier’s arrival without being detected, is simulated. The software HotSpot was used due to its speed and conservative results which can help inform the decisions made by the commanding officers. HotSpot performs a Gaussian simulation of the radioactive dispersion in the environment. The plumes that arise from the explosion are considered to be affected by the atmospheric conditions. In this study, those conditions are represented by the Pasquill-Gifford stability classes. The results of the simulation show that remaining stationary, if the contaminated area size is not affected by the PG class variation, may increase the radiological risk. It is better to move the soldiers around in order to avoid additional exposure, however that may also be a challenge for various reasons including changes in the shape of the contaminated area. Nevertheless, the variations in local PG classes gain importance as the distance from the release point increases.