Classes Of Organic Contaminants Research Articles

Chemical and biological availability of sediment‐sorbed hydrophobic organic contaminants

AbstractThe ability to predict accumulation levels of sediment‐sorbed hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by depositfeeding organisms based on sediment concentrations is limited in part by an incomplete understanding of the chemistry that controls assimilation efficiency. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that desorption is an important process that controls the bioavailability of HOCs to deposit‐feeding organisms; we planned to do so by conducting desorption and bioavailability experiments with field‐contaminated sediments collected from New York Harbor, New York, USA. Three classes of organic contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were studied. In order to address the effects of contaminant aging, we compared the contaminant desorption rates from sediments collected from surface and at depth in an area of known high‐sediment accumulation to retarded intraparticle model predictions. Measured desorption rates of the LABs and the most hydrophobic PCBs compare well with model predictions. However, the PAH and less hydrophobic PCB desorption rates range from one to four orders of magnitude slower than model predictions. We postulate that these compounds are present in a resistant sedimentary phase and may represent only a small fraction of what was originally sorbed. The fraction of PCBs, PAHs, and LABs desorbed after 48 h correlate well with measured biota‐sediment factors (BSFs) in Yoldia limatula that were exposed to the same sediments, indicating that desorption rate‐limited assimilation. Several studies have related field BSFs with log Kow and have observed a maximum at intermediate Kows (∼6.0‐6.5). This maximum may be due to predictably slow desorption of high‐Kow compounds and may be lower than predicted rates and extent of desorption of the low‐Kow compounds because of association with resistant phases.

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF SEDIMENT-SORBED HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

The ability to predict accumulation levels of sediment-sorbed hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by depositfeeding organisms based on sediment concentrations is limited in part by an incomplete understanding of the chemistry that controls assimilation efficiency. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that desorption is an important process that controls the bioavailability of HOCs to deposit-feeding organisms; we planned to do so by conducting desorption and bioavailability experiments with field-contaminated sediments collected from New York Harbor, New York, USA. Three classes of organic contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were studied. In order to address the effects of contaminant aging, we compared the contaminant desorption rates from sediments collected from surface and at depth in an area of known high-sediment accumulation to retarded intraparticle model predictions. Measured desorption rates of the LABs and the most hydrophobic PCBs compare well with model predictions. However, the PAH and less hydrophobic PCB desorption rates range from one to four orders of magnitude slower than model predictions. We postulate that these compounds are present in a resistant sedimentary phase and may represent only a small fraction of what was originally sorbed. The fraction of PCBs, PAHs, and LABs desorbed after 48 h correlate well with measured biota-sediment factors (BSFs) in Yoldia limatula that were exposed to the same sediments, indicating that desorption rate-limited assimilation. Several studies have related field BSFs with log Kow and have observed a maximum at intermediate Kows (∼6.0-6.5). This maximum may be due to predictably slow desorption of high-Kow compounds and may be lower than predicted rates and extent of desorption of the low-Kow compounds because of association with resistant phases.

Chromatographic techniques in accurate analysis of chlorobiphenyls

Accurate congener-specific determination of chlorobiphenyl congeners (all 209 congeners) is finally possible with the use of multidimensional gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques. The effectiveness of this technique for environmental analyses is enhanced by ultraclean laboratory practices, non-destructive extraction and clean-up steps and the use of low-volume, high-efficiency HPLC separation for various classes of organic contaminants. In the light of these new developments conventional procedures for chlorobiphenyl analysis are evaluated.