Intermediate Class Research Articles

Exploring the chemical space of BRAF Inhibitors: A cheminformatic and Machine learning analysis

BRAF kinase inhibitors have shown promise in treating melanoma patients with BRAF-V600 mutations. However, their clinical benefits are limited due to the development of acquired resistance. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic cheminformatic analysis and machine learning modeling to study the chemical space, scaffolds, structure–activity relationship, and landscape of human BRAF inhibitors. The final dataset comprised 3,952 molecules. Physicochemical property visualization for chemical space visualization has demonstrated that molecules from Group 1 (potent/active class) generally have slightly higher MW, RB, NumHAcceptors, and TPSA than molecules from Group 2 (intermediate/inactive class). The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that Group 1 data spreads widely and overlaps with the other group, which occupies only the left area on the plot. This suggests that molecules’ chemical structure or scaffolds are more diverse for Group 1 (Potent and Active) compounds than for Group 2 (Intermediate and Inactive) compounds. Murcko scaffold analysis has shown a greater scaffold diversity in the Active, Intermediate, and Inactive classes than in the Potent class. However, in the four bioactivity-defined classes for our BRAF dataset, molecules are uniformly distributed, with a small number of highly populated scaffolds and a large number of singletons. Furthermore, scaffold visualization has identified 12 representative Murcko scaffolds. Scaffolds 1 S1C1, S2C1, S2C2, S3C2, and S4C2 are highly favorable due to their high scaffold enrichment factor values. Based on scaffold analysis, the study investigated and summarized the local structure–activity relationships (SARs). In addition, the global SAR landscape was explored through quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and structure–activity landscape visualization. Out of a total of 14 candidate models for BRAF inhibitors, a QSAR classification model that includes all 3952 molecules has been identified as the best model. The model was built using the PubChem fingerprint and extra trees algorithm and achieved an accuracy of 0.920 for the training set, 0.699 for the 10-fold cross-validation set, and 0.733 for the test set. Through a detailed analysis of the structure–activity landscapes, a total of sixteen significant consensus activity cliff (AC) generators were identified (ChEMBL molecule IDs: 4795335, 1822247, 3665863, 5083036, 5086749, 4061139, 1822242, 3665859, 1822250, 3641129, 3641043, 514688,3641178, 3697934, 3641046, and 368991). These generators offer valuable information on the SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) for medicinal chemistry. The findings from this study provide new insights and guidelines for hit identification and lead optimization in developing novel BRAF inhibitors.

Variation and correlates of psychosocial wellbeing among nulliparous women with preeclampsia

ObjectivesTo identify classes of psychosocial stressors among women who developed preeclampsia and to evaluate the associations between these classes and correlates of psychosocial wellbeing. Study designWe performed a secondary analysis of women who developed preeclampsia (n = 727) from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b) cohort (2010–2013). Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of social stressors based on seven psychological and sociocultural indicators. Associations between latent classes and correlates (demographics, health behavior, and health-systems level) were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. Main outcome measuresClasses of psychosocial wellbeing. ResultsAmong women who developed preeclampsia, three classes reflective of psychosocial wellbeing were identified: Class 1: Intermediate Psychosocial Wellbeing (53 %), Class 2: Positive Psychosocial Wellbeing (31 %), Class 3: Negative Psychosocial Wellbeing (16 %). Women in the Negative Psychosocial Wellbeing Class were more likely to have poor sleep and a sedentary lifestyle compared with the Positive and Intermediate Psychosocial Wellbeing Classes. Both the Negative and Intermediate Psychosocial Wellbeing Classes reported concern about their quality of medical care compared with the Positive Psychosocial Wellbeing Class (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 6.19, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 3.37, 11.36 and aOR: 2.19, 95 % CI: 1.31, 3.65, respectively). ConclusionsWomen who develop preeclampsia are heterogenous and experience different intensities of internal and external stressors. Understanding the linkages between psychosocial wellbeing during pregnancy and modifiable behavioral and structural factors may inform future tailored management strategies for preeclampsia and the optimization of maternal postpartum health.

Real-World Evidence Confirms Risk Stratification of the 31-GEP and i31-GEP in Prospectively Tested Patients with Stage I-III Cutaneous Melanoma

Introduction: Current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC 8th edition) guidelines in patients with cutaneous melanoma (CM) separate them into risk categories based on the pathological tumor data of Breslow thickness, ulceration status, and sentinel lymph node status. The 31-gene expression profile was developed and prospectively validated to identify patients considered high or low risk by AJCC with low or high-risk tumor biology who may be over- or under-treated by current guidelines. To further advance personalized patient care, the 31-GEP result was integrated with clinical and pathological factors (i31-GEP for risk of recurrence, ROR) to provide a personalized, precise risk of tumor recurrence. 
 
 Methods: Patients with stage I-III CM enrolled in the CONNECTION study were prospectively tested with the 31-GEP between 2013 and 2017 (n=1,831). Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test was used to estimate survival differences between low (Class 1A), intermediate (Class 1B/2A), and high (Class 2) risk groups and the i31-GEP risk groups. The i31-GEP ROR combines Breslow thickness, ulceration, SLN status, mitotic rate, tumor location, age, and the 31-GEP result to provide a personalized estimate of recurrence-free survival (RFS). While guidelines have not established a ROR threshold for determining when to escalate or de-escalate care, the NCCN uses stage IIA versus IIB as the cut-point. This cut-point translates to a 5-year RFS rate of 69.8% and was used for the present analysis. Cox multivariable regression analysis was used to identify predictors of recurrence. 
 
 Results: Patients with a Class 1A result had higher 5-year RFS than those with a Class 1B/2A or Class 2B result (94.4% vs. 78.6% vs. 65.5%, p<0.001). The following were significant predictors of recurrence in multivariable analysis: Class 1B/2A (HR=2.07, p<0.001), Class 2B (HR=2.40, p<0.001), positive SLN (HR=4.54, p<0.001), Breslow thickness (HR=1.09, p=0.028), presence of ulceration (HR=1.57, p=0.005), mitotic rate >2/mm2 (HR=1.47, p=0.016), and age (HR=1.02, p<0.001). Patients with a low-risk i31-GEP result had significantly higher 5-year RFS than those considered high risk by the i31-GEP (92.4% vs. 49.7%, p<0.001). 
 
 Conclusions: The i31-GEP is validated in a real-world group of prospectively tested patients. The independent i31-GEP ROR test result improves identification of patients whose management should be escalated or de-escalated within current guidelines.

Identifying reliable periods in 2MASS J09213414–5939068, IGR J16167–4957, and V667 Pup

Detailed timing analyses of three cataclysmic variables, namely 2MASS J09213414−5939068, IGR J16167−4957, and V667 Pup are carried out using the long-baseline and high-cadence optical photometric data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Periods of 908.12 ± 0.05 s and 990.10 ± 0.06 s are observed in the optical variation of 2MASS J09213414−5939068 that were not found in earlier studies and appear to be probable spin and beat periods of the system, respectively. The presence of multiple periods at spin, beat, and other sidebands indicates that 2MASS J09213414−5939068 likely belongs to an intermediate polar class of magnetic cataclysmic variables that seems to be accreted via a disc-overflow mechanism. Clear evidence of a period of 582.45 ± 0.04 s is found during the TESS observations of IGR J16167−4957, which can be interpreted as the spin period of the system. Strong modulation at this frequency supports its classification as an intermediate polar, where accretion may primarily be governed by a disc. The dominance of the spin pulse unveils the disc-fed dominance accretion in V667 Pup, but the detection of the previously unknown beat period of 525.77 ± 0.03 s suggests that a portion of the material is also accreted through a stream. Moreover, the double-peaked structure observed in the optical spin pulse profile of V667 Pup suggests the possibility of a two-pole accretion geometry, where each pole accretes at a different rate and is separated by 180°.

Health inequity assessment in Brazil: is EQ-5D-3L sensible enough to detect differences among distinct socioeconomic groups?

BackgroundMultidimensional health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments, such as the EQ-5D, are increasingly used to assess inequalities in health. However, it is necessary to explore the ability of these instruments to capture differences between population groups, especially in low/middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate whether the EQ-5D-3L instrument can detect differences in HRQOL between groups of different socioeconomic status (SES) in Brazil.MethodsData collection occurred during the Brazilian EQ-5D-3L valuation study and included respondents aged 18 to 64 years enrolled in urban areas. SES was aggregated into three categories: “higher” (A and B), “intermediate” (C) and “lower” (D and E). EQ-5D-3L index was calculated considering the Brazilian value set. A mixed-effects regression model was estimated with random effects on individuals and marginal effects on SES, sex, and educational attainment. Odds ratios for the chance of reporting problems for each EQ-5D dimension were estimated by logistic regression.ResultsA total of 9,148 respondents were included in the study. Mean age was 37.80 ± 13.13 years, 47.4% were men and the majority was ranked as classes B or C (38.4% and 50.7%, respectively). Participants in lower SES classes reported increasingly poorer health compared to individuals in higher classes. The mean EQ-5D-3L index decreased as SES deteriorates being significantly higher for classes A and B (0.874 ± 0.14) compared to class C (0.842 ± 0.15) and classes D and E (0.804 ± 0.17) (p < 0.001). The same was observed for the mean EQ-VAS scores (84.0 ± 13.8 in classes A and B, 81.0 ± 17 in class C and 78.3 ± 18.7 in class C [p < 0.001]). The multivariate analysis confirmed that SES is an independent factor that effects EQ-5D-3L index measures. Participants in intermediate and lower SES classes have a statistically significant lower EQ-5D-3L index compared to participants in classes A and B, regardless of age, sex, and educational attainment.ConclusionIn a Brazilian population sample, the EQ-5D-3L instrument was able to detect important differences between groups with distinct socioeconomic statuses (SES). The EQ-5D-3L is useful for exploring inequities in health.

Deep Neural Networks for HER2 Grading of Whole Slide Images with Subclasses Levels

HER2 overexpression is a prognostic and predictive factor observed in about 15% to 20% of breast cancer cases. The assessment of its expression directly affects the selection of treatment and prognosis. The measurement of HER2 status is performed by an expert pathologist who assigns a score of 0, 1, 2+, or 3+ based on the gene expression. There is a high probability of interobserver variability in this evaluation, especially when it comes to class 2+. This is reasonable as the primary cause of error in multiclass classification problems typically arises in the intermediate classes. This work proposes a novel approach to expand the decision limit and divide it into two additional classes, that is 1.5+ and 2.5+. This subdivision facilitates both feature learning and pathology assessment. The method was evaluated using various neural networks models capable of performing patch-wise grading of HER2 whole slide images (WSI). Then, the outcomes of the 7-class classification were merged back into 5 classes in accordance with the pathologists’ criteria and to compare the results with the initial 5-class model. Optimal outcomes were achieved by employing colour transfer for data augmentation, and the ResNet-101 architecture with 7 classes. A sensitivity of 0.91 was achieved for class 2+ and 0.97 for 3+. Furthermore, this model offers the highest level of confidence, ranging from 92% to 94% for 2+ and 96% to 97% for 3+. In contrast, a dataset containing only 5 classes demonstrates a sensitivity performance that is 5% lower for the same network.

Communicative Language Teaching in Aviation Vocational College Context: The Effect of Students’ Learning Perception and Attitude on Their EFL Learning Performance

This study examines the effect of learning perception and attitude on students' learning performance while implementing communicative language teaching (CLT) in a vocational college. The quantitative study used a survey research method with a cross-sectional design. 270 students participated in the study selected using a voluntarily random sampling technique. These research respondents were among those who had completed intermediate English classes with the amplification of the CLT method. Data were collected using a questionnaire with a four-point Likert's scaling method from very disagree (1) to very agree (4) (α = 0.843). The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA with the assistance of IBM SPSS 25. Results showed a significant effect of learning perception (β = .890; F = 1018.849; p = 0.000) and attitude on students’ learning performance (β = .850; F = 698.468; p = 0.000). Among the two, learning attitude had been the more influential factor in students' learning performance during the implementation of CLT. This study suggested that CLT could be a catalyst for learning perception and attitude to elevate students' learning performance in the context of EFL teaching in vocational college.

Biased Complementary-Label Learning Without True Labels.

In complementary-label learning (CLL), the complementary transition matrix, denoting the probabilities that true labels flip into complementary labels (CLs) which specify classes observations do not belong to, is crucial to building statistically consistent classifiers. Most existing works implicitly assume that the transition probabilities are identical, which is not true in practice and may lead to undesirable bias in solutions. Few recent works have extended the problem to a biased setting but limit their explorations to modeling the transition matrix by exploiting the complementary class posteriors of anchor points (i.e., instances that almost certainly belong to a specific class). However, due to the severe corruption and unevenness of biased CLs, both anchor points and complementary class posteriors are difficult to predict accurately in the absence of true labels. In this article, rather than directly predicting these two error-prone items, we instead propose a divided-T estimator as an alternative to effectively learn transition matrices from only biased CLs. Specifically, we exploit semantic clustering to mitigate the adverse effects arising from CLs. By introducing the learned semantic clusters as an intermediate class, we factorize the original transition matrix into the product of two easy-to-estimate matrices that are not reliant on the two error-prone items. Both theoretical analyses and empirical results justify the effectiveness of the divided- T estimator for estimating transition matrices under a mild assumption. Experimental results on benchmark datasets further demonstrate that the divided- T estimator outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods by a substantial margin.

FAKTOR APA SAJAKAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMAHAMAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN PADA IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA?

Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) Program has been launched since 2020. One of the requirements is that the courses offered are courses without prerequisites, but in practice there are courses with prerequisites. MBKM participants come from different study programs, so they have different absorption capacities. On the basis of these problems, a research idea emerged to look for factors that influence understanding of Financial Accounting Standards in the implementation of MBKM. The population uses MBKM participants in odd semester 2021/2022 Intermediate Accounting classes who come from public and private universities in Indonesia. Sampling using a purposive non-random method, more precisely judgment sampling. 124 respondents met the requirements and after conducting moderated regression analysis, the results of simultaneous testing were Education, Study Period, and Accounting Insights which had a positive effect on the understanding of all financial accounting standards issued by the Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. While testing separately, Accounting Education and Insights had a positive effect but Study Period had no effect. In addition, the variable majors in high school are not able to moderate the influence of Education, Study Period and Accounting Insights on understanding of financial accounting standards. Research results can contribute input to universities and the government.

Sulfonium Rearrangements Enable the Direct Preparation of Sulfenyl Imidinium Salts

AbstractSulfenyl imidinium salts are a virtually unexplored class of intermediates in organic chemistry. Herein, we demonstrate how sulfonium rearrangements can be deployed to access these versatile synthetic intermediates, bearing three contiguous (and congested) stereogenic centers, with high levels of selectivity. The synthetic value of the scaffold was unraveled by selective transformations into a range of building blocks, including 1,4‐dicarbonyl derivatives and sulfonolactones.

Sulfonium Rearrangements Enable the Direct Preparation of Sulfenyl Imidinium Salts.

Sulfenyl imidinium salts are a virtually unexplored class of intermediates in organic chemistry. Herein, we demonstrate how sulfonium rearrangements can be deployed to access these versatile synthetic intermediates, bearing three contiguous (and congested) stereogenic centers, with high levels of selectivity. The synthetic value of the scaffold was unraveled by selective transformations into a range of building blocks, including 1,4-dicarbonyl derivatives and sulfonolactones.

Analisa Kelas Kemampuan Kelompok Tani Di Kabupaten Sijunjung Sumatera Barat

This study aims to assess and analyze the class ability of farmer groups in Sijunjung District, West Sumatra. The research was conducted for three months, from September to November 2022 in farmer groups from 4 sub-districts: Sijunjung sub-districts, IV Nagari sub-districts, Koto VII sub-districts, and Tanjung Gadang sub-districts. The population of this research was all farmer groups in Sijunjung District. Furthermore, samples were randomly selected using the Slovin formula, and 92 samples were assessed using a questionnaire/assessment guide. Then the score of each group was calculated and grouped into four classes of farmer group abilities. The determination of respondents was proportional to the class level of the farmer group, namely beginner, advanced, intermediate, and main classes. Analysis of farmer group ability class referad to the guideline of farmer group class ability (Regulatory chief BPPSDMP : 168/Per/SM.170/J/11/11), namely assessment in planning, organizing, carrying out activities, controlling and reporting, and developing farmer group leadership. The results of calculating scores are grouped into several ability classes, which are then used for developing strategies like coaching, escorting, and mentoring. There ware: 28 farmer groups (30.4%) which were beginner class, 57 groups (62%) of advanced class, and seven groups of farmers (7.6%) were middle class. Mean while, there were no farmer groups in the main class. Regarding planning activities obtained a total score of 38.57; organizing activities of 54.28; the ability to carry out activities 37.52; activity reporting of 5.22; and developing the leadership of 11.51. Among the five aspects, the reporting aspect was the lowest score

How the Family and Community Nurse Can Foster the Reduction of Improper Emergency Room Admissions and Promote Chronic Patient Care: Single-Center Observational Study - Asst GOM Niguarda

Background The incidence of improper access, with the consequent overcrowding of emergency room facilities, indirectly represents an indicator of evaluation of the local area's ability to take care of patients. In fact, overcrowding in the emergency room is often mainly attributable to patients requiring non-urgent or deferrable services, who access the emergency room due to the lack of hospital-territory integration, and for whom differential care could be envisaged in the setting of local care, as in the case of elderly patients suffering from chronic pathologies. The Family and Community Nurse (FaCN) is the professional figure of reference who ensures nursing care at different levels of complexity in collaboration with all the professionals present in the community in which he works, pursuing the interdisciplinary, health and social integration of services and professionals and placing the person at the center. Purpose From January 1st, 2023, a reporting process has been launched by the emergency room nursing staff for the chronic patient discharged to home and taken into care by the family and community nurse service. A retrospective single-center observational study was carried out on patients discharged from the Emergency Room of the ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda. The data presented relates to the period 01.01.2023 - 30.09.2023. The purpose of the study is twofold: 1. Describe ways to ensure continuity of care between hospital and territory/primary care, identifying their level of complexity with the TRIAGE scale. 2. Identify the resources activated and interventions performed by the Territorial Team of Family and Community Nurses. Method Included in the study were chronic, home-discharged patients with chronic conditions who were domiciled or residing in the territory of afferent to ASST GOM Niguarda, referred by the nursing staff of the same emergency department and taken over by Family and Community Nurses (FaCNs). Exclusion Criteria affected chronic patients domiciled or residing in the territory of afferent to ASST Niguarda who refused to be taken in charge or admitted to hospital wards, intermediate care facilities, Health Care Residences for the Elderly. The triage scale is a first-level multidimensional assessment tool that aims at identifying complex social-health needs for the local area. It consists of eight items: morbidity, nutrition, alvus and diuresis, mobility, personal hygiene, mental status and behavior with whom he/she lives, and direct care. Four levels of severity are identified: absent or mild, moderate, severe, and very severe, with a score ranging from 0 to 2. The sum of the scores applied to the different domains constitutes the total score, which allows the complexity of patients to be stratified into three levels. The triage form is filled out by the Emergency Room nurse in the event of discharge of the patient and if the patient has a score between 3 and 10; the activation of the FaCN is envisaged through an email report made by the Caring Nurse to the Territorial FaCN service (pre-discharge phase). The FaCN takes charge of the patient and guarantees a series of interventions and care services in relation to the level of complexity of the needs expressed by the patient (post-discharge phase). Outcomes Patients discharged with chronic pathologies reported in the period indicated were 250, with an average age of 81.75 years (standard deviation 9.67). Most reports are included in the intermediate risk class between scores of 3 and 7, and the most represented age class is that of patients over 80 years old. In patients reported to the FaCN service, professionals reached the patient or his caregiver out for an initial approach, within 24 hours of discharge from the emergency room. The outcome of the reports made shows that in 48.8% of cases the FaCNs took steps to establish a connection between the FaCNs' service and the most competent territorial references closest to the patient and took care of them towards more appropriate services (home palliative care, mental health, etc.), while in 51.6% of cases the FaCN took charge of the patient directly, providing the appropriate care (medications, venous sampling, recording of vital parameters, health education interventions, therapeutic and engagement adherence, also through teleassistance). At the moment no other deaths have been recorded and in no case has the patient visited the Emergency Room again. Conclusion The activation of the FaCN for chronic patients discharged from the Emergency Room has made it possible to facilitate patient care, overcome the fragmentation of services, and guarantee continuity of care, both in cases in which the patient has been directly taken care of and assisted by the FaCNs, and in cases in which the patient has been directed/orientated towards other local services. Over time, it will be possible to reduce the volume of hospital care activities for fragile patients and inappropriate access to the Emergency Room, by strengthening the continuity of care, precisely guaranteed by the strategic value of the Family and Community Nurse.

The 31-Gene Expression Profile Test Outperforms AJCC in Stratifying Risk of Recurrence in Patients with Stage I Cutaneous Melanoma.

Patients with stage I cutaneous melanoma (CM) are considered at low risk for metastasis or melanoma specific death; however, because the majority of patients are diagnosed with stage I disease, they represent the largest number of melanoma deaths annually. The 31-gene expression profile (31-GEP) test has been prospectively validated to provide prognostic information independent of staging, classifying patients as low (Class 1A), intermediate (Class 1B/2A), or high (Class 2B) risk of poor outcomes. Patients enrolled in previous studies of the 31-GEP were combined and evaluated for recurrence-free (RFS) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS) (n = 1261, "combined"). A second large, unselected real-world cohort (n = 5651) comprising clinically tested patients diagnosed 2013-2018 who were linked to outcomes data from the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program registries was evaluated for MSS. Combined cohort Class 1A patients had significantly higher RFS than Class 1B/2A or Class 2B patients (97.3%, 88.6%, 77.3%, p < 0.001)-better risk stratification than AJCC8 stage IA (97.5%) versus IB (89.3%). The SEER cohort showed better MSS stratification by the 31-GEP (Class 1A = 98.0%, Class 1B/2A = 97.5%, Class 2B = 92.3%; p < 0.001) than by AJCC8 staging (stage IA = 97.6%, stage IB = 97.9%; p < 0.001). The 31-GEP test significantly improved patient risk stratification, independent of AJCC8 staging in patients with stage I CM. The 31-GEP provided greater separation between high- (Class 2B) and low-risk (Class 1A) groups than seen between AJCC stage IA and IB. These data support integrating the 31-GEP into clinical decision making for more risk-aligned management plans.

Enantioselective Cyanofunctionalization of Aromatic Alkenes via Radical Anions.

Alkene radical ions constitute an integral and unique class of reactive intermediates for the synthesis of valuable compounds because they have both unpaired spins and charge. However, relatively few synthetic applications of alkene radical anions have emerged due to a dearth of generally applicable and mild radical anion generation approaches. Precise control over the chemo- and stereoselectivity in alkene radical anion-mediated processes represents another long-standing challenge due to their high reactivity. To overcome these issues, here, we develop a new redox-neutral strategy that seamlessly merges photoredox and copper catalysis to enable the controlled generation of alkene radical anions and their orthogonal enantioselective cyanofunctionalization via distonic-like species. This new strategy enables highly regio-, chemo-, and enantioselective hydrocyanation, deuterocyanation, and cyanocarboxylation of alkenes without stoichiometric reductants or oxidants under visible light irradiation. This protocol provides a new blueprint for the exploration of the transformation potential of alkene radical anions.

Exploring Learners’ Conceptions on Teachers’ Assessment Policy in the Intermediate Phase English First Additional Language Classes in a South African School

Exploring Learners’ Conceptions on Teachers’ Assessment Policy in the Intermediate Phase English First Additional Language Classes in a South African School

A155: Research on the Influence of Kinesthetic Intelligence Courses with Industrialized Education on Children's Physical Fitness

Purpose: Nowadays, the industrialization of education has led to the shortage of teachers and consequently hindered resource allocation and curriculum optimization. These problems are profound for educators when applying Kinesthetic Intelligence (KI) curriculum for children in early childhood. This paper examines the impact of the current KI course delivery on children’s physical fitness to provide reference for researchers and educators. Methods: Forty-six kids were randomly selected from two intermediate Kindergarten classes and were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). A pre-test of physical fitness was done on eight indices such as stature, weight, throwing, and running. Then, the EG had KI classes, twice a week, 40 minutes for each class, while the CG had traditional classes only. A post-test was done at the end of the experiment, and the data were analyzed through calculating descriptive statistics and performing t-tests and an ANCOVA. Results: The pre-test results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of body shape and physical fitness. The post-test results revealed that the CG did not have a significant increase in stature (F = 0.39, p = 0.70) but an increase in weight (F = 5.50, p &lt; 0.01). Regarding the other six indices, distance of throwing tennis ball and time used by walking on a balance beam improved (p &lt; 0.01), the rest had no significant differences (p &gt; 0.05). For the EG group, their statures and weights increased (p &lt; 0.05), and all other six indices showed an improvement (p &lt; 0.01). A comparison between the two groups showed no significant difference in stature and weight, standing long jump, or tennis long throw, while the other four indices were significantly different (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: The KI course under the industrialized education generated more positive results than the traditional course in promoting children’s physical fitness, especially fitness of speed, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Further endeavors can be directed to implementing the KI curriculum on a larger scale.

Hyping the Students for Schoolwork: Incorporating Brain-Based Learning in Intermediate ESP Classes

This study was conducted to examine the impact of Brain-Based Learning (BBL) considerations to the academic performance of the Grade 4 and 6 pupils in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP) at Fourth Estate Elementary School BF Homes. Brain-based learning posits a framework that categorizes orchestrated immersion, relaxed alertness, and active listening. The effects of BBL were gauged through summative tests, performance tasks, and periodical exams. Total enumeration was utilized in determining the respondents and 595 intermediate pupils participated. The study administered a validated instrument using Caine and Caine’s triadic BBL framework. Findings reveal that the threefold categories of brain-based learning have positive effects on all the three aspects of class performance at different levels.

The Effect of Suchman Strategy as a Style in Cognitive Skill (TEOSSAASICS)

The goal current study is to determine how the Suchman strategy effects on EFL Iraqi intermediate pupils achievement. When implemented well, they will have real effect on pupils' performance and provide diversity in the method that pupils process new knowledge. In order to achieve the study aims, the following hypotheses have been formulated. In the post achievement test, there is no statistical significant difference between the mean scores of experimental group, which is taught using Suchman strategy and control group, which is taught using prescribed method. A sample of sixty pupils have been randomly selected from the first intermediate class at AL-Marab Intermediate School for Boys at Kirkuk City for the academic year 2022-2023 in order to carry out the pupils' and validate its assumptions. Both groups are equalized in some important factors including educational levels of the parents, the age of pupils', their test results from their previous schooling year, and their pretest scores for both groups. The researcher himself has taught both groups. The two groups are equally divided into the experimental group, group (A), that made up of (30) pupils which have been taught according to the Suchman strategies. The control group, group (B), made up of (30) pupils which have been taught according to the prescribed method. According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre-test achievement. Moreover, the pupils in the experimental group were guided by the Suchman strategy to attain better achievement at the post tests. Finally, appropriate conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

The Effectiveness of Instructional Design Based on Dual Learning Strategies on Word Recognition

This study aims at showing the effectiveness of dual learning strategies on language skills of EFL students. The experimental design of the study involved three groups which are chosen randomly where two are experimental groups and the other is control one. The sample of the study are 1st intermediate class students. The experimental groups are taught by different dual learning strategies , whereas the control group is taught by traditional method of teaching. It is hypothesized that there are significant differences between the two experimental and control groups. The instrument of the study is students’ performance in word recognition test. After collecting data and analyzing them , conclusions are drawn according to the finding of the statistics of the study.