General Class Research Articles

Android-Based Drug Information Application Using Augmented Reality Technology

The use of Augmented Reality technology in the pharmaceutical sector, particularly in pharmacies, has introduced significant innovations in providing drug information to consumers. AR applications can help healthcare workers and patients better understand drug use through three-dimensional visualization superimposed on the real environment. Observations at Sultan Abdul Aziz Syah Peureulak Hospital indicate that 70% of patients still experience confusion regarding the drug information provided by pharmacy staff. This difficulty is caused by the complexity of the information, lack of personal interaction, or low health literacy. To address this problem, the Android-based Mediscan application was developed using AR technology. This application utilizes Unity and Vuforia Engine software to present drug information visually in card form via the smart device screen. Users can point the camera at a particular drug and receive complete information regarding general indications, dosage, drug class, contraindications, and side effects. This research aims to develop the Mediscan application, calculate the level of patient understanding, measure consumer satisfaction, and evaluate the impact of using AR in presenting drug information. The System Development Life Cycle methodology with the Waterfall model was used in this research. The results show that AR technology can be implemented in Android-based applications to present drug information visually and interactively. The majority of patients feel more informed and gain a better understanding of the medication they are taking. AR technology in the Mediscan application improves user experience, supports the education and training of medical personnel and patients, and enhances the quality of healthcare services in hospitals. This application also makes it easier for medical personnel and pharmacists to convey drug information more effectively and efficiently.

Geometric estimates and comparability of Eisenman volume elements with the Bergman kernel on ([formula omitted]-)convex domains

We establish geometric upper and lower estimates for the Carathéodory and Kobayashi-Eisenman volume elements on the class of non-degenerate convex domains, as well as on the more general class of non-degenerate C-convex domains. As a consequence, we obtain explicit universal lower bounds for the quotient invariant both on non-degenerate convex and C-convex domains. Here the bounds we derive, for the above mentioned classes in Cn, only depend on the dimension n for a fixed n≥2. Finally, it is shown that the Bergman kernel is comparable with these volume elements up to small/large constants depending only on n.

Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders

Abstract A general quasilinear sixth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an important class of ODEs. The primary objective of this study is to establish a numerical method for solving a general class of quasilinear sixth-order partial differential equations (PDEs) and ODEs. However, the Runge–Kutta method (RKM) approach for solving special classes of ODEs has been generalized as an effort to solve the general class of ODEs. Nonlinear algebraic order condition (OCs) equations have been obtained up to the tenth order using the Taylor-series expansion methodology which is used to derive the novel generalized Runge–Kutta method (GRKM). In this study, a GRKM integrator has been derived for solving a general class of quasilinear sixth-order ODEs and then this method is modified subsequently to solve a class of PDEs. Accordingly, the proposed GRKM is modified to solve a quasilinear sixth-order PDE by converting it to a system of sixth-ODEs using the method of lines. Nine problems have been implemented to prove the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Simulation results of these problems showed that the proposed numerical GRKM is an accurate and efficient method. In contrast, by comparing the proposed GRKM numerical approach with the classical RK method, the numerical results demonstrate that the direct integrator outperforms the indirect classical RK method in terms of algorithm complexity and function evaluations, proving that the numerical GRKM is efficient.

Canonical Typicality for Other Ensembles than Micro-canonical

AbstractWe generalize Lévy’s lemma, a concentration-of-measure result for the uniform probability distribution on high-dimensional spheres, to a much more general class of measures, so-called GAP measures. For any given density matrix $$\rho $$ ρ on a separable Hilbert space $${\mathcal {H}}$$ H , $${\textrm{GAP}}(\rho )$$ GAP ( ρ ) is the most spread-out probability measure on the unit sphere of $${\mathcal {H}}$$ H that has density matrix $$\rho $$ ρ and thus forms the natural generalization of the uniform distribution. We prove concentration-of-measure whenever the largest eigenvalue $$\Vert \rho \Vert $$ ‖ ρ ‖ of $$\rho $$ ρ is small. We use this fact to generalize and improve well-known and important typicality results of quantum statistical mechanics to GAP measures, namely canonical typicality and dynamical typicality. Canonical typicality is the statement that for “most” pure states $$\psi $$ ψ of a given ensemble, the reduced density matrix of a sufficiently small subsystem is very close to a $$\psi $$ ψ -independent matrix. Dynamical typicality is the statement that for any observable and any unitary time evolution, for “most” pure states $$\psi $$ ψ from a given ensemble the (coarse-grained) Born distribution of that observable in the time-evolved state $$\psi _t$$ ψ t is very close to a $$\psi $$ ψ -independent distribution. So far, canonical typicality and dynamical typicality were known for the uniform distribution on finite-dimensional spheres, corresponding to the micro-canonical ensemble, and for rather special mean-value ensembles. Our result shows that these typicality results hold also for $${\textrm{GAP}}(\rho )$$ GAP ( ρ ) , provided the density matrix $$\rho $$ ρ has small eigenvalues. Since certain GAP measures are quantum analogs of the canonical ensemble of classical mechanics, our results can also be regarded as a version of equivalence of ensembles.

A Preliminary Investigation of Physical Education Teachers’ Perceptions on Pre-Teaching Students with Visual Impairments

Abstract Students with visual impairments (VI) are often left out of physical education classes because they are not provided with appropriate accommodations and instructional strategies by the teacher. Pre-teaching is a recommended method of instruction wherein students with visual impairments are exposed to a lesson prior to whole class instruction. However, little is known about the use of pre-teaching within the context of physical education. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate physical education teachers’ experiences using pre-teaching with students with visual impairments. Thirty-nine physical education teachers (ages 23–67 years) completed an electronic survey that measured their demographics and experiences with pre-teaching students with visual impairments. After analyzing the data, four major themes were found regarding pre-teaching: communication, resources, preparation, and time. Participants stressed the importance of communicating with both the student with a visual impairment and other professionals who serve the student. Furthermore, participants shared that they need more resources and time for pre-teaching students with visual impairments. The participants also expressed a lack of exposure to pre-teaching during their teacher preparation programs. Recommendations include increased education or professional development on pre-teaching and the use of self-contained classes to pre-teach students prior to general education classes.

Ανήκουν οι μαθητές με δυσκολίες μάθησης στις ομάδες παιχνιδιού των συμμαθητών τους ή σχηματίζουν δικές τους ομάδες κατά την διάρκεια του διαλείμματος;

The participation of the children in the play groups during recess gives them the opportunity to release the energy that has accumulated during the learning process, to come together and interact with children of the same age. The development of friendships between children with learning difficulties and typically developing children has been of distinctive research interest. Pupils with learning difficulties attend lessons in the general education classes and at the same time they attend specific lessons in the resource room of their school. As this condition does not guarantee their inclusion in the playgroups, the question was raised whether pupils with learning difficulties are ultimately included in the playgroups of their classmates during recess. The study involved 40 students who had been diagnosed with learning difficulties and were attending lessons in the resource room of their school. Data was collected based on consecutive observations and it was found that more than half of the students with learning difficulties did not participate in their peers" play.

Mpemba effect in pure spin systems : A universal picture of the role of spatial correlations at initial states.

The quicker freezing of hotter water, than a colder sample, when quenched to a common lower temperature, is referred to as the Mpemba effect (ME). While this counter-intuitive fact remains a surprize since long, efforts have begun to identify similar effect in other systems. We investigate the ME in a rather general context concerning magnetic phase transitions. From Monte Carlo simulations of model systems, viz., the Ising model and the q-state Potts model, with varying range of interaction and space dimension, we assert that hotter paramagnets undergo ferromagnetic ordering faster than the colder ones. This conclusion we have arrived at following the analyses of the simulation results on decay of energy and growth in ordering following quenches from different starting temperatures, to fixed final temperatures below the Curie points. The general observation, in all the considered models, without any element of frustration, is a crucial and important fact of our study. Furthermore, we have obtained an important scaling picture, on the strength of the effect, with respect to the variation in spatial correlation in the initial states. This behavior appears true irrespective of the nature of order-parameter fluctuation and even order of transition. The observations are expected to be relevant to the understanding of ME in a rather general class of systems.

Using personal development activities to improve learners’ well-being

Abstract During the semester of Oct 2022 to Feb 2023, I decided to incorporate personal development activities into my C1-level General English classes at an Ecuadorian teacher training university in the hope that it would positively impact my students’ well-being both in the present and in preparation for their future careers and lives beyond the classroom. This was only the second face-to-face semester after the COVID pandemic had forced us into online learning for two years, and many students were struggling with a whole host of issues affecting their lives and learning. Throughout the 16-week semester, I supplemented the textbook with various activities focusing on mental and physical health that I had come across in my own self-development journey. This article hopes to point to a possible way to weave well-being competencies into the English language curriculum, which practitioners elsewhere may be interested in applying in their own classrooms.

Solving nonlinear vectorial problems with a stable class of Jacobian-free iterative processes

In this manuscript, a general class of Jacobian-free iterative schemes for solving systems of nonlinear equations is presented. Once its fourth-order convergence is proven, the most efficient sub-family is selected in order to make a qualitative study. It is proven that the most of elements of this family are very stable, and this is checked by means on numerical tests on several problems of different sizes. Their performance is compared with other known Jacobian-free iterative procedure, being better in the most of results.

Well-posedness of a bulk-surface convective Cahn–Hilliard system with dynamic boundary conditions

We consider a general class of bulk-surface convective Cahn–Hilliard systems with dynamic boundary conditions. In contrast to classical Neumann boundary conditions, the dynamic boundary conditions of Cahn–Hilliard type allow for dynamic changes of the contact angle between the diffuse interface and the boundary, a convection-induced motion of the contact line as well as absorption of material by the boundary. The coupling conditions for bulk and surface quantities involve parameters K,L∈[0,∞]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K,L\\in [0,\\infty ]$$\\end{document}, whose choice declares whether these conditions are of Dirichlet, Robin or Neumann type. We first prove the existence of a weak solution to our model in the case K,L∈(0,∞)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$K,L\\in (0,\\infty )$$\\end{document} by means of a Faedo–Galerkin approach. For all other cases, the existence of a weak solution is then shown by means of the asymptotic limits, where K and L are sent to zero or to infinity, respectively. Eventually, we establish higher regularity for the phase-fields, and we prove the uniqueness of weak solutions given that the mobility functions are constant.

Variational Quantum Algorithms for Semidefinite Programming

A semidefinite program (SDP) is a particular kind of convex optimization problem with applications in operations research, combinatorial optimization, quantum information science, and beyond. In this work, we propose variational quantum algorithms for approximately solving SDPs. For one class of SDPs, we provide a rigorous analysis of their convergence to approximate locally optimal solutions, under the assumption that they are weakly constrained (i.e., N≫M, where N is the dimension of the input matrices and M is the number of constraints). We also provide algorithms for a more general class of SDPs that requires fewer assumptions. Finally, we numerically simulate our quantum algorithms for applications such as MaxCut, and the results of these simulations provide evidence that convergence still occurs in noisy settings.

A note on the application of the RVT method to general classes of single-species population models formulated by random differential equations

The Random Variable Transformation (RVT) technique has been applied in recent years to analyze a wide variety of dynamic models formulated via random differential equations. The applicability of this technique has usually been focused on problems where an explicit solution of the underlying deterministic problem is available. This fact limits the usefulness of the RVT method. This note aims to point out that the RVT technique can be successfully applied without this requirement by showing a wider range of potential applications including very general classes of single-species models.

The State of Education in Kyrgyzstan at the End of the XIX Beginning of the XX Century

This article examines the situation of education at the end of the XlX-beginning of the 20th century in Kyrgyzstan. It describes the methods and ways of education in Kyrgyzstan before the Soviet era, as well as the types of schools and educational institutions. It is known from history that Kyrgyz from ancient times were a people striving for knowledge. With the accession of Kyrgyzstan to Russia, the relationship between the Muslim and Turkic peoples living there intensified, the works of Kyrgyz scientists and historians began to be published. Based on this, it is said that the number of schools, educational institutions, madrasas, as well as the number of students and educated people has increased in Kyrgyzstan. At the end of the XlX-beginning of the 20th century, state educational institutions were opened for the Turkic peoples of the Volga region, the Caucasus and Central Asia. This contributed to the management of a new method of education. The programs of these schools were developed in 1905-1906 at a congress of Muslims in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. In such schools, not only religious classes were held, but also general education classes. In 1901-1902, Russian-native schools of a new type began to appear in Kyrgyzstan. Representatives of the new type of education Jadidists who criticized religious schools with old methods of education, tried to change the general school system in accordance with the requirements of that time. Through these schools, the Muslim population of Russia, including Kyrgyz, began to get acquainted with European civilization. Later, graduates of these schools subsequently formed the basis of the leading intelligentsia of Kyrgyzstan. The article studied some aspects of the organization of a new type of school, the subjects taught were fully consistent with religious beliefs, the national mentality, which positively led to the consciousness of local residents. The features of educational institutions in Kyrgyzstan, the role and importance of educating the younger generation, along with the formation of pre-existing religious madrasah schools and writing culture, were analyzed. The influence along with enlightenment work, knowledge and culture of other peoples and indigenous people, their place and significance before Soviet power were studied. A comprehensive study of the history and culture of Kyrgyzstan on a scientific basis was carried out in the second half of the XlX century.

Optimal control of sweeping processes in unmanned surface vehicle and nanoparticle modelling

ABSTRACT This paper addresses novel applications to practical modelling of the newly developed theory of necessary optimality conditions in controlled sweeping/Moreau processes with free time and pointwise control and state constraints. Problems of this type appear, in particular, in dynamical models dealing with unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) and nanoparticles. We formulate optimal control problems for a general class of such dynamical systems and show that the developed necessary optimality conditions for constrained free-time controlled sweeping processes lead us to designing efficient procedures to solve practical models of this class. Moreover, the paper contains numerical calculations of optimal solutions to marine USVs and nanoparticle models in specific situations. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of optimal control theory for constrained sweeping processes and its practical applications in the fields of marine USVs and nanoparticle modelling.

Spatially localized scalar structures on hyperscaling violating geometries

In this work, we investigate probe scalar field models preserving covariance on fixed, static background geometries that present hyperscaling violation properties. We develop a first-order framework that rises from restrictions on the dynamical and hyperscaling violating exponents. The results show that stable, analytical kink-like solutions and their respective energy densities can be obtained for a general class of models. In the canonical model, in particular, these solutions minimize the energy of the system.

Bridging trails in reflectionless potential deformation: Two paths and one horizon

In contrast to the conventional one-parameter class of isospectral deformation using translation, we calculate the two- and three-parameter classes of isospectral deformation of the well-known reflectionless potential by utilizing a far different approach of scaling methodology. Subsequently, using these results, we find that this more general class of deformations is not unique but instead subsume in the same class of conventional one-parameter translational deformation. We also provide a theoretical foundation for how these two incredibly different approaches converge at the same destination. Finally, we show that the most generic class of potentials, obtained by scaling deformation, are solutions of the nonlinear KdV equation.

Multi-synchronization of coupled multi-stable memristive Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with mixed time-delays

This paper investigates the multi-synchronization issue for a class of coupled multi-stable memristive Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with both additive time delays and distributed delays. First, the multi-stability of the isolated subnetwork with a general class of activation function is analyzed. By employing state-space decomposition, M-matrix and fixed point theory, some sufficient conditions are deduced to ensure that each subnetwork of the coupled networks has (r+1)n locally exponential stable equilibrium states. In the scenario where the time delays are continuously differentiable, a unique Lyapunov–Krasovskii function is established and some sufficient conditions are derived for the coupled system to achieve multi-synchronization under feedback control. Additionally, in circumstances where the time delays are immeasurable or discontinuous, a new feedback controller is constructed based on the system’s model parameters, and a delay-independent finite-time multi-synchronization criterion is proposed. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Hybrid-order distributed SGD: Balancing communication overhead, computational complexity, and convergence rate for distributed learning

Communication overhead, computation load, and convergence speed are three major challenges in the scalability of distributed stochastic optimization algorithms in training large neural networks. In this paper, we propose the approach of hybrid-order distributed stochastic gradient descent (HO-SGD) which strikes a better balance between these three than the previous methods, for a general class of non-convex stochastic optimization problems. In particular, we advocate that by properly interleaving zeroth-order and first-order gradient updates, it is possible to significantly reduce the communication and computation overheads while guaranteeing a fast convergence. The proposed method guarantees the same order of convergence rate as in the fastest distributed methods (i.e., fully synchronous SGD) while having significantly less computational complexity and communication overhead per iteration, and the same order of communication overhead as in the state-of-the-art communication-efficient methods, with order-wisely less computational complexity. Moreover, it order-wisely improves the convergence rate of zeroth-order SGD methods. Finally and remarkably, empirical studies demonstrate that the proposed hybrid-order approach provides significantly higher test accuracies and superior generalization than all the baselines, owing to its novel exploration mechanism.

Science Identity in Undergraduates: A Comparison of First-Year Biology Majors, Senior Biology Majors, and Non-STEM Majors

We argue it is important for everyone to possess basic scientific literacy for multiple reasons. Viewing oneself as a science person or not can impact one’s confidence and willingness to engage with science content thereby improving science literacy. Identifying as a science person may develop early but is not fixed and may shift through science identity work. We investigated science identity views between STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and non-STEM majors and assessed whether these views may be influenced by science identity work. Our questions were as follows: (1) How does science identity perception differ between non-STEM and STEM majors? (2) How do non-STEM and STEM students’ perceptions of their science identity change over time? (3) How do non-STEM majors describe a science person compared to STEM majors? We surveyed first-year biology majors, senior biology majors, and non-STEM majors to address our research questions. We found significant shifts in science identity in non-STEM majors taking a general education lab science class pre-course and post-course, differences in agreement regarding science identity between groups, and differences in how a science person is defined among the groups. Our data suggest that instructors can scaffold and support students’ science identity work to increase confidence, STEM retention, and ultimately can improve overall scientific literacy.

Refinements and Extensions of Ziv's Model of Perfect Secrecy for Individual Sequences.

We refine and extend Ziv's model and results regarding perfectly secure encryption of individual sequences. According to this model, the encrypter and the legitimate decrypter share a common secret key that is not shared with the unauthorized eavesdropper. The eavesdropper is aware of the encryption scheme and has some prior knowledge concerning the individual plaintext source sequence. This prior knowledge, combined with the cryptogram, is harnessed by the eavesdropper, who implements a finite-state machine as a mechanism for accepting or rejecting attempted guesses of the plaintext source. The encryption is considered perfectly secure if the cryptogram does not provide any new information to the eavesdropper that may enhance their knowledge concerning the plaintext beyond their prior knowledge. Ziv has shown that the key rate needed for perfect secrecy is essentially lower bounded by the finite-state compressibility of the plaintext sequence, a bound that is clearly asymptotically attained through Lempel-Ziv compression followed by one-time pad encryption. In this work, we consider some more general classes of finite-state eavesdroppers and derive the respective lower bounds on the key rates needed for perfect secrecy. These bounds are tighter and more refined than Ziv's bound, and they are attained using encryption schemes that are based on different universal lossless compression schemes. We also extend our findings to the case where side information is available to the eavesdropper and the legitimate decrypter but may or may not be available to the encrypter.