Extensive Class Research Articles

On three types of Galois extensions which are Azumaya

In this paper, we shall study three types of Galois extensions [Formula: see text] which are Azumaya algebras over its center [Formula: see text]. (1) [Formula: see text], the class of Azumaya–Galois extensions; (2) [Formula: see text], the class of Galois extensions [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] with Galois group [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is a separable [Formula: see text]-algebra; and (3) [Formula: see text], the class of Galois extensions which are Azumaya algebras over its center [Formula: see text]. Clearly, [Formula: see text]. Examples are given to show the proper inclusion relationship [Formula: see text], and equivalent conditions are given under which a [Formula: see text] is in [Formula: see text] and a [Formula: see text] is in [Formula: see text].

The Lasting Impact of Memories from Personal Physical Education Experiences on PE Preservice Teachers

Preparing tomorrow’s teachers includes carefully developed curriculums, extensive class work and experiences that support student teachers to learn and apply content knowledge, theory and pedagogical skills. A significant part of this is often clinical work and student teaching experiences, which allow student teachers to put theory into practice. Teacher preparation programs seek to instill necessary skills and dispositions to be effective physical education teachers. However, there are previous, personal experiences of student teachers/ preservice teachers that are not part of formal teacher preparation that may influence teacher preparation. This professional enquiry considered the lasting impact of personal physical education (PE) experiences on preservice teachers (PSTs).

Learning to Class-Adaptively Manipulate Embeddings for Few-Shot Learning

In few-shot learning (FSL), meta-learning approach (MLA) mainly focuses on learning transferable knowledge from plenty of auxiliary FSL tasks to facilitate fast generalization to a new task. For a given FSL task, due to the inter-class distribution discrepancy, each class necessitates a specific embedding (i.e., a mapping function) to map samples into an ideal semantic space where samples from this class can be well separately from other classes. Moreover, these embeddings may vary with different tasks. Hence, one crucial knowledge for MLA is how to separately construct optimal embeddings for each class based on a few training samples given in a FSL task. However, most existing MLAs rarely consider this and thus show limited generalization capacity. To mitigate this problem, instead of directly construct class-adaptive embeddings, we present a new MLA that aims at learning to class-adaptively manipulate the features of samples for accurate classification in a new FSL task. In a specific, for a new FSL task, the proposed MLA first learns to generate some class-specific weights based on training samples via exploiting the inter-class distribution discrepancy between this class and the others. Then, the generated weights are utilized to compute the Hadamard product of features produced by a task-agnostic embedding module. By doing this, the proposed MLA can dynamically enhance or depress some specific semantic dimensions of sample features depending on the distribution of each class for accurate classification, and thus equals to constructing class-adaptive embeddings for each class but in a simpler way which can appropriately avoid over-fitting and is scalable to cases with extensive classes. To show its efficacy, we test the proposed MLA on four benchmark FSL datasets under various settings and report superior performance over existing state-of-the-arts.

Closed-Loop Stability of a Non-Minimum Phase Quadruple Tank System Using a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller with EKF

The dynamics of a quadruple tank system (QTS) represent an extensive class of multivariate nonlinear uncertain systems found in the industry. It has been established that changes in split fractions affect the transmission zero location, thereby altering the operating conditions between the minimum and non-minimum phase regions. The latter is difficult to control as more fluid flows into the two upper tanks than into the two bottom tanks, resulting in competing effects between the initial and final system responses. This attribute, alongside nonlinearity, uncertainties, constraints, and a multivariate nature, can degrade closed-loop system performance, leading to instability. In this study, we addressed the aforementioned challenges by designing controllers for the regulation of the water flow in the two bottom tanks of the QTS. For comparative analysis, three controller algorithms—a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC), NMPC augmented with an extended Kalman filter (i.e., NMPC-EKF) and linear model predictive controller (LMPC)—were considered in the analysis and design of the control mechanism for the quadruple water level system in a non-minimum phase condition via the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) simulation package environment. The simulated and real-time results in the closed loop were analyzed, and the controller performances were considered based on faster setpoint responses, less oscillation, settling time, overshoot, and smaller integral absolute error (IAE) and integral square error (ISE) under various operational conditions. The study showed that the NMPC, when augmented with an EKF, is effective for the control of a QTS in the non-minimum phase and could be designed for more complex, nonlinear, and multivariable dynamics systems, even in the presence of constraints.

Ludo Integer Sebagai Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Operasi Aritmatika Dasar Bilangan Bulat

Ludo Integer is a development of learning media that innovates the game Ludo King into an education game. This media was developed to support students' learning on basic arithmetic operations on integers. This research purposeful to develop Ludo Integer learning media for VII class students of SMP Karya Wates. The research used method Research and Development (R&D) with ADDDIE development model comprise of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The analysis phase, researchers analyzing problems and supporting student learning needs. The Design phase, researchers designing the necessary media components and questionnaires. The Development phase, researchers is the media production that has been designed and then validated after all components of media finished. The Implementation phase, researchers conducting limited class trials and extensive class trials. The Evaluation phase, researchers processing research results and interpreting the feasibility of this media. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and student learning outcomes with pretest and posttest. This research was do at Karya Wates Middle School with a total of 13 students in class VII. Based on the average value of the validation test results obtained a value of 87.33 with a very good category used without revision. Practical media based on the practicality test obtained an average value of 88.61. Based on the effective media effectiveness test, the average value of posttest > pretest is 75.92 > 42.46. Keyword: ADDIE Models, Basic Arithmetic Operations on Integers, Ludo Integer

Students' Perception on the Implementation of Literature Circle Activities in Extensive Reading Class

This research aimed to find out the students’ perception on the implementation of Literature Circle in ER class. The design of this research was qualitative design research. This research was designed based on the problems identified and arranged to adjust the main purpose of the research so that the researcher employed a descriptive method. The researcher took 10 students as the sample of this research. The instruments of this study were observation and questionnaire. The researcher used questionnaire forms consisted of fifteen numbers of questions included in aspects of perception. Another instrument was an observation rubric. The findings of this research were; (1) the principles of ER have not been fully implemented in the Extensive reading class (2) Student's Perception of the implementation of the literature circle activity in ER Class has good benefits for students such as high interest and motivation in Extensive reading; (a) cognitive aspects, the Literature circle helps the Students to improve their reading skills and give them the freedom to choose books for pleasure, 77,8 %; (b) Literature Circle is an effective approach for the Extensive Reading class,55,6 %; (d) affective aspects increased student engagement, the utilization of Literature Circle methods fostered greater student involvement in the learning process,77,8 % , and conative aspects implementing the Literature Circle strategy actively involves students in reading while fostering their independence. Literature Circles serve as a cooperative learning tool that encourages students to take ownership of their reading choices and promote autonomy in engaging with personally selected texts, 66,7 %.

EFL Learners’ Comprehension of Extensive Reading Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills.

This study, conducted at a private university in Kuningan, West Java, aimed to understand the comprehension of learners based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Extensive Reading classes as well as to identify the reasons why some students find it challenging to understand reading based on HOTS in these classes. The three steps of the HOTS definition by Anderson and Krathwohl (2001) were analysis (C4), evaluation (C5), and creation (C6). The research is descriptive-qualitative, and the methods for gathering data include interviewing and observation. Second-semester students at a private university in Kuningan, West Java, served as the study's subjects. The observation's findings showed that the majority of second-semester students were capable of analyzing the information (Analyzing, C4), evaluating the text's main ideas (Evaluating, C5), and coming up with new ideas to use in other situations (Creating, C6), whether outside of the classroom or on other occasions. Moreover, based on the results of interviews with 10 students in the classroom, there were 5 main factors that affect the students’ reading comprehension based on HOTS which were: lack of vocabulary, lack of focus, lack of time, not having basic knowledge and not interesting in reading.

An Analysis of EFL Students Perspective on Classroom Activities during Extensive Reading Class

This article aims at explaining the EFL students’ perspectives on classroom activities on classroom activities during Extensive Reading Classes. To be specific it describes the classroom activities and the students’ perspectives on the activities in Extensive Reading Classes. Descriptive qualitative is used as the research design of this study. The participants of this study were a lecturer of the Extensive Reading class and 12 students of the English language education class 2019 in the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of PGRI Ronggolawe University. To collect the data observation using video recording, questionnaire, and interview were used. The data were analyzed descriptively. From the analysis, the result showed that classroom activities used in Extensive Reading classes were reading activities by individual students in which the students chose their reading materials freely, and then they chose two reading materials to be presented in the class. From the study, it was also found that the students felt satisfied with the activities and stated that they could improve their reading skills after taking the Extensive Reading Class. However, the students agreed that the classroom needed some improvement to make the activities more fun and interactive. 
 
 Keywords: Classroom Activities; Extensive Reading; Students Perspective; Qualitative.

Weakly Schreier extensions for general algebras

Weakly Schreier split extensions are a reasonably large, yet well-understood class of monoid extensions, which generalise some aspects of split extensions of groups. This short note provides a way to define and study similar classes of split extensions in general algebraic structures (parameterised by a term theta ). These generalise weakly Schreier extensions of monoids, as well as general extensions of semi-abelian varieties (using the theta appearing in their syntactic characterisation). Restricting again to the case of monoids, a different choice of theta leads to a new class of monoid extensions, more general than the weakly Schreier split extensions.

Vertebral compression fracture after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with oligometastatic bone lesions from hepatocellular carcinoma.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is popularly used to treat bone metastasis. Despite its efficacy, adverse events, including vertebral compression fracture (VCF), are frequently observed. Here, we investigated VCF risk after SABR for oligometastatic vertebral bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. A total of 84 patients with 144 metastatic bone lesions treated at three institutions between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary endpoint was VCF development, either new or progression of a pre-existing VCF. VCFs were assessed using the spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS). Among 144 spinal segments, 26 (18%) had pre-existing VCF and 90 (63%) had soft tissue extension. The median biologically effective dose (BED) was 76.8Gy. VCF developed in 14 (12%) of 118 VCF-naïve patients and progressed in 20 of the 26 with pre-existing VCF. The median time to VCF development was 6months (range, 1-12months). The cumulative incidence of VCF at 12months with SINS class I, II and III was 0%, 26% and 83%, respectively (p<0.001). Significant factors for VCF development were pre-existing VCF, soft tissue extension, high BED, and SINS class in univariate analysis, and pre-existing VCF in multivariate analysis. Of the six components of SINS, pain, type of bone lesion, spine alignment, vertebral body collapse, and posterolateral involvement were identified as predictors of VCF development. SABR for oligometastatic vertebral bone lesions from HCC resulted in a substantial rate of new VCF development and pre-existing VCF progression. Pre-existing VCF was significant risk factor for VCF development, which require special attention in patient care. Patients with SINS class III should be considered surgical treatment rather than upfront SABR.

Distributive FCP extensions

We are dealing with extensions of commutative rings [Formula: see text] whose chains of the poset [Formula: see text] of their subextensions are finite (i.e. [Formula: see text] has the FCP property) and such that [Formula: see text] is a distributive lattice, that we call distributive FCP extensions. Note that the lattice [Formula: see text] of a distributive FCP extension is finite. This paper is the continuation of our earlier papers where we studied catenarian and Boolean extensions. Actually, for an FCP extension, the following implications hold: Boolean [Formula: see text] distributive [Formula: see text] catenarian. A comprehensive characterization of distributive FCP extensions actually remains a challenge, essentially because the same problem for field extensions is not completely solved. Nevertheless, we are able to exhibit a lot of positive results for some classes of extensions. A main result is that an FCP extension [Formula: see text] is distributive if and only if [Formula: see text] is distributive, where [Formula: see text] is the integral closure of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]. A special attention is paid to distributive field extensions.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of trans-Chalcone: Modulation of MicroRNAs Linked to Breast Cancer Progression in MCF-7 Cells.

Breast cancer is responsible for 25% of all cancers that affect women. Due to its high heterogeneity pattern in clinical diagnosis and its molecular profile differences, researchers have been seeking new targets and therapies, with more specificity and fewer side effects. Thus, one compound that has garnered our attention is trans-chalcone, which is naturally occurring in various plants and possesses promising biological properties, including antitumor effects. MiRNA is an extensive class of non-coding small, endogenous, and single-stranded RNAs, and it is involved in post-translational gene regulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of TChal on miRNAs expression and its relationship with anticancer activity against MCF-7. Initially, the trans-chalcone IC50 value was established by MTT assay for MCF-7and HaCat (non-cancer cell), in which we found out that it was 53.73 and 44.18 μM, respectively. Subsequently, we treated MCF-7 cells with trans-chalcone at its IC50 concentration and performed Mi-seq analysis, which unveiled 23 differentially expressed miRNAs. From this set, we selected five miRNAs (miR-25-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-891a, miR-449a, and miR-4485) for further validation using qRT-PCR, guided by in silico analysis and their known association with tumorigenesis. In conclusion, our research provides valuable insights into the potential use of TChal to reveal MicroRNAs molecular targets that can be applied in breast cancer therapy.

Supercool exit: Gravitational waves from QCD-triggered conformal symmetry breaking

Classically conformal Standard Model extensions predict an intriguing thermal history of the early universe. In contrast to the common paradigm, the onset of the electroweak phase transition can be significantly delayed while the universe undergoes a period of thermal inflation. Then, a first-order chiral phase transition could not only trigger electroweak symmetry breaking but also initiate the exit from supercooling. To study the dynamics of this scenario, we focus on low-energy quark-based QCD effective models that exhibit a first-order transition. While a large amount of latent heat is naturally involved if thermal inflation ends, we find that a supercooling period prior to the QCD scale considerably enhances the timescale of the transition. This enhancement implies great observational prospects at future gravitational wave observatories. Our results are readily applicable to a wide class of scale-invariant SM extensions, as well as strongly coupled dark sectors.

Students’ Challenges and Strategies in Extensive Listening Class

This study aims to analyze the students’ challenges in Extensive Listening class and find the strategies that students used to overcome those challenges. The researchers conducted this study to answer the questions of: What are the students’ challenges in Extensive Listening class? And What are the strategies for students to overcome those challenges in Extensive Listening class? This study used qualitative research. The participants of this study were ten students from 2019 and 2020 class year who had taken an Extensive Listening class majoring in English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Arts at Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. In collecting the data, the researchers used online interviews through Zoom Meeting. The results of this study showed the students’ challenges in Extensive Listening class and strategies used to overcome the challenges in Extensive Listening class. The challenges faced by students in the Extensive Listening class were divided into internal and external factors. In the internal factors consisted of only one participant. Meanwhile, external factors consisted of six participants. Besides the challenges, this study also showed the strategies used by students to overcome the challenges and improve their listening skills, and it consisted of 10 strategies.

Molecular Bases of Signaling Processes Regulated by Cryptochrome Sensory Photoreceptors in Plants.

The blue-light sensors, cryptochromes, compose the extensive class of flavoprotein photoreceptors, regulating signaling processes in plants underlying their development, growth, and metabolism. In several algae, cryptochromes may act not only as sensory photoreceptors but also as photolyases, catalyzing repair of the UV-induced DNA lesions. Cryptochromes bind FAD as the chromophore at the photolyase homologous region (PHR) domain and contain the cryptochrome C-terminal extension (CCE), which is absent in photolyases. Photosensory process in cryptochrome is initiated by photochemical chromophore conversions, including formation of the FAD redox forms. In the state with the chromophore reduced to neutral radical (FADH×), the photoreceptor protein undergoes phosphorylation, conformational changes, and disengagement from the PHR domain and CCE with subsequent formation of oligomers of cryptochrome molecules. Photooligomerization is a structural basis of the functional activities of cryptochromes, since it ensures formation of their complexes with a variety of signaling proteins, including transcriptional factors and regulators of transcription. Interactions in such complexes change the protein signaling activities, leading to regulation of gene expression and plant photomorphogenesis. In recent years, multiple papers, reporting novel, more detailed information about the molecular mechanisms of above-mentioned processes were published. The present review mainly focuses on analysis of the data contained in these publications, particularly regarding structural aspects of the cryptochrome transitions into photoactivated states and regulatory signaling processes mediated by the cryptochrome photoreceptors in plants.

On height sequences in primary Abelian groups

For an abelian p-group G, the cyclic subgroups X and Y are defined to be quotient-Ulm equivalent if the quotients G/X and G/Y have the same Ulm function. A complete characterization is given for when X and Y are factor-Ulm equivalent in terms of their respective height sequences. For groups that are quotient-transitive or CS-transitive, this is used to unify, generalize and simplify work of Goldsmith, Gong and Strüngmann (Quotient-Transitivity and Cyclic Subgroup-Transitivity, in J. Group Theory, and Cyclic Subgroup Transitivity for Abelian Groups, to appear in Rend. Semin. Mat. Univ. Padova). These results pertain to the class of transitive groups that satisfy the property satisfy the property that G/X and G/Y are isomorphic whenever they have the same Ulm function. This extensive class contains both the separable groups, as well as the totally projective groups.

Affine Subspace Concentration Conditions

We define a new notion of affine subspace concentration conditions for lattice polytopes, and prove that they hold for smooth and reflexive polytopes with barycenter at the origin. Our proof involves considering the slope stability of the canonical extension of the tangent bundle by the trivial line bundle and with the extension class $c_1(\mathcal{T}_X)$ on Fano toric varieties.

UV physics from IR features: New prospects from top flavor violation

New physics in the rare top decays $t \to q \ell^+\ell^-$ is currently very weakly constrained. We show that in a large class of Standard Model extensions, existing experimental constraints on new physics in flavor-conserving processes imply strong indirect bounds on new physics contributions to flavor-violating processes of the form $t \to q \ell^+\ell^-$. These indirect bounds arise from basic principles of quantum field theory together with a few generic conditions on the UV structure of the theory, and are roughly an order of magnitude stronger than the present experimental bounds on the same processes. These constraints provide a theoretically-motivated target for experimental searches for $t \to q \ell^+\ell^-$: violation of these bounds would exclude a large class of new physics models, and would provide nontrivial insight into the UV behavior of the new physics.

On split extensions of preordered groups

We investigate the behaviour of split extensions in the category OrdGrp of (pre)- ordered groups. Namely we show that the lexicographic order plays a key role on the existence of compatible orders for semidirect products, establishing necessary and sufficient conditions for such existence; we prove that the Split Short Five Lemma holds for (stably) strong split extensions, and identify classes of split extensions which admit a classifier.

AN INSIGHT INTO BLOG USE IN EFL READING CLASS

This study was performed concerning the usage of a blog to ascertain the perceptions of the students regarding the usage of blogs in Extensive Reading (hereafter ER) classes at one of Tasikmalaya’s universities. Braun and Clarke’s Descriptive Case Study Design and Thematic Analysis techniques were used in this study. The primary data source was semi-structured interviews with four participants, transcribed and analysed using Thematic Analysis. This study discovered that blogging has advantages and disadvantages in the ER class. The advantage of using blogs as media in Extensive Reading classes is that blogging is easy to use and can increase student creativity. Furthermore, blogging can increase student motivation to read, serve as a forum for reflection, and increase learning autonomy. However, based on the findings, it turns out that there are some disadvantages to using blogs as media in Extensive Reading classes, such as limited access to blogs, sluggish connectivity for submitting assignments, and causing time-consuming problems. Finally, the research provides information to lecturers so that lecturers can learn about the benefits and drawbacks of using blogs in ER learning.