Classical Control Research Articles

The Effect of Wordwall Media on Early Childhood Language Skills at TKIT Al-Kaukaba

The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of wordwall media on early childhood language skills in TKIT Al-Kaukaba. This study uses a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental method using a Nonequivalent control group design. In this study, the population taken was all children of group B TKIT Al-Kaukaba totaling 30 students. The sampling technique in this study is total sampling, while the samples taken are TKIT Al-Kaukaba students with B1 group students of 15 children as the experimental group and B2 group of 15 children as the control class. The instrument in this study is an observation sheet of children's language skills. The data analysis technique using the mean difference test for two paired samples (unpaired sample t-test) was carried out to assess the data using SPSS software. The results of the study showed that there was a difference in the level of children's language proficiency between children who obtained the wordwall method compared to students who did not obtain the wordwall method

The Effectiveness of Use of Multimodal Text Teaching Materials on Learning the Indonesian Language in High School

Currently, in the digital era, the use of technology in learning is becoming increasingly more important. Multimodal texts, which combine various modes of communication such as text, images, audio, and video, are used as interesting texts in learning Indonesian. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of using multimodal text teaching materials in Indonesian language learning in high school. This type of research is experimental quantitative research; the approach used is scientific. The data source in this research is Multimodal text teaching materials. The data in this research is in the form of pretest and posttest. Data collection techniques in this research used observation, tests, and documentation. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis and gain index data analysis. The sig value is shown in the data processing results using the independent t-test. (2-tailed) is 0.025<0.05. So Ho is rejected, and Ha is accepted, so there is a significant average difference between the experimental class and the control class. There are findings of multimodal text forms in the e-book module. Multimodal learning is an effective medium used to increase understanding in high school students.

Automatic Aircraft Landing System: A Review

The aircraft landing phase, marking the finishing of a flight plane, is a critical yet dangerous aerial maneuver. Even though it might seem simple, predicting the complexities of performance during landing presents a big challenge due to the dynamic characteristics of the phase, interaction with piloting methods, as well as inherent uncertainties in aerodynamics. Landing is executed in close proximity to the ground at reduced airspeed, the landing phase entails an escalated safety risk. Notably, incidents and accidents, particularly overruns where aircraft fail to slow sufficiently on the runway before landing, underscore the imperative for advanced landing technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research spanning from 2000 to the present exploring smart techniques like fuzzy logic and machine learning, an array of control strategies ranging from classic PID control to sophisticated hybrid control approaches, and optimization procedures utilizing diverse optimization algorithms. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the existing research landscape, offering insights that can propel the evolution of strategies for safer and more efficient landings and making sure the plane touches down safely.

Reachable Set Computation with Terminal Velocity Constraints

This work establishes a general-purpose method for computing the exact boundary of the reachable set in a specified direction, with additional constraints imposed on the terminal velocities. Reachable sets with rest boundary conditions, that is, zero-velocity constraints imposed at initial and final times, are of interest for formation flying and spacecraft rendezvous and docking applications. The rest-to-rest reachability problem is extended to compute reachable neighboring circular orbits and a modified problem formulation is developed to exclusively compute the maximum and minimum reachable circular orbits. Reachable sets are computed by applying classical optimal control techniques to a maximum position optimization problem. A solution method for the optimization problem is outlined, which makes use of a Newton’s method solving schema. Additional constraints are added to the problem to compute maxima along specified directions, allowing for the characterization of the reachable set in as many directions as desired. Example reachable sets are computed to illustrate the use of this method on various systems, including an application to relative motion.

Participation of wind-storage combined system in the secondary frequency regulation control strategy of power grid

Abstract The secondary frequency modulation of the unit, that is, the automatic generation control (AGC), is the process of increasing or decreasing the power of the power generation unit by the power plant unit according to the dispatching command issued by the power grid dispatching center, and then using the frequency modulator to restore the frequency. Based on the principle of AGC, this paper establishes a frequency dynamic response model of the secondary frequency modulation of the traditional unit and the wind storage participation system including load frequency control (LFC) and traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, determines the frequency modulation control strategy of wind storage, and uses the distribution mode based on Area Control Error (ACE) signal to assist in the secondary frequency modulation. In order to solve the parameter optimization problem of the classical PID controller when the wind-storage combined system participates in the secondary frequency modulation under the large load disturbance, a parameter optimization model of the controller with PID was established, and the ITAE evaluation index was finally selected as the fitness function by comparing different fitness evaluation indexes. To overcome the problem that the conventional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is prone to local extremum, the inertia weights and learning factors are adjusted nonlinearly to balance and optimize the global and local optimization capabilities and improve the search efficiency, and the parameters of the PID controller are optimized by the improved PSO algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the secondary frequency modulation effect under the background of a high proportion of renewable energy connected to the power grid.

Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Spacecraft Proximity Operations Guidance and Control in Cislunar Space

Innovative lightweight and model-free guidance algorithms are essential to achieve full autonomy of spacecraft and address future space exploration challenges. In the near future, this type of technology will be essential for cislunar space proximity operations, such as NASA’s Artemis program and its Lunar Gateway project. In this scenario, a meta-reinforcement learning algorithm is employed to address the real-time optimal guidance problem of a spacecraft in the cislunar environment. Non-Keplerian orbits pose complex dynamics, where classic control theory may be less adaptable and more computationally expensive compared to machine learning approaches. Meta-RL stands out for its ability to learn how to learn through experience, training on various tasks to enhance efficiency, and effectiveness in tackling new ones. By modeling a stochastic optimal control problem within the circular restricted three-body problem framework as a Markov decision process, an LSTM-based network agent is trained using proximal policy optimization, considering operational constraints and stochastic effects for safety and robustness evaluation. Additionally, an MLP-based agent and an optimal control pseudo-spectral solution are assessed for comparison. The resulting tool autonomously guides spacecraft in cislunar proximity operations, approximating the optimal control solution with a versatile algorithmic framework. This ensures both robustness and computational efficiency.

The Effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning Model Assisted by Mind Mapping in Natural and Social Sciences Subjects (IPAS)

Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) education in Indonesia has emerged and evolved through various changes in accordance with the conditions and needs of the Indonesian nation. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by Mind Mapping in Grade IV at SDN Kalibanteng Kidul 01, Semarang City, for the Social Studies subject focusing on Indonesia's rich culture. The research employs a quasi-experimental design. The study population consists of all Grade IV students from SDN Kalibanteng Kidul 01, Semarang City, for the 2023/2024 academic year, with a total of 81 students. This population is divided into an experimental class (Grade IV A) and a control class (Grade IV B). The average posttest score of the experimental class was higher than that of the control class, with the experimental class scoring 81.60 and the control class scoring 60.17. The ttable value was found to be 1.701. With this, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected. Ha is accepted because the t-test < 0.05, namely 0.000 < 0.05 and tcount > ttable, namely 6.362 > 1.701. Although the results of the analysis of the difference in pretest and posttest scores obtained a t-count of 5.682 with a significance level of 0.000. Even though ttable is 1.701 with a significance level of 0.000. With this, it was concluded that H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted because the t-test < 0.05, namely 0.000 < 0.05 and tcount > ttable, namely 5.682 > 1.701. Thus, it is concluded that the Problem-Based Learning model assisted by Mind Mapping in Grade IV at SDN Kalibanteng Kidul 01, Semarang City, has a significant impact on improving students' learning outcomes in Social Studies compared to the control class

Influence of Cognitive Style on Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Physics Material

This research aims to determine the influence of cognitive style on students' critical thinking abilities. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a factorial design research design. The research subjects consisted of class XI MAN 1 Central Lombok students who were divided into experimental classes and control classes. The experimental class uses the PBL model, while the control class uses a conventional learning model. Research instruments include critical thinking ability tests and the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) cognitive style test. Before the critical thinking ability test instrument is given, a test of the instrument is first carried out, namely a validity and reliability test. level of difficulty, and distinguishing power. The research results show that the significant level value is 0.001 which is smaller than α which is equal to 0.05 (0.000<0.05). These findings indicate that there is an influence of cognitive style on students' critical thinking abilities.

Application of Social Simulation Learning Model to Improve Students' Speaking and Writing Skills (Study on English Subjects in Class VII SMP N 3 Bengkulu City in the 2023/2024 academic year)

This study aims to describe the writing and speaking abilities of seventh-grade students at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City as well as the effectiveness of applying the social simulation learning model to improve the writing and speaking abilities of seventh-grade students in English subjects at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City. The study used a quasi-experiment and classroom action research design. Twenty males and forty girls, totaling sixty pupils in the seventh grade at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City, served as the subjects of the class action research. All seventh grade pupils of SMPN 3 Bengkulu City made up the population of the experimental study. Class VII.1 (the experimental class) and class VII.2 (the control class) were the study's samples. Thirty students made up the experimental class, which included thirteen males and seventeen girls, and thirty students from the control class, which included sixteen boys and fourteen girls. The study's findings indicate that: using the social simulation learning model at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City in the 2023–2024 academic year has implications for improving students' speaking skills; using the social simulation learning model at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City in the 2023–2024 academic year has implications for improving students' writing skills; and using the social simulation model is effective for improving students' speaking and writing skills at SMPN 3 Bengkulu City in the 2023–2024 academic year because the results of the students' cognitive assessment have significantly increased.

The Effectiveness of Snakes and Ladders Game Combined with Genially Application

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of the Snakes and Ladders game with the Genially application in students' passive voice mastery. This research used true experimental research design was employed, involving 70 eleventh-grade students from MAN 1 Jepara which divided in two classes, experimental and control classes. Pre-tests and post-tests were conducted to measure students' understanding and mastery of passive voice before and after treatment.The experimental group showed a significant improvement in their mastery of passive voice, with an average post-test score of 79.29, compared to the control group's average of 59.43. Statistical analysis using the independent sample t-test revealed a significant difference between the two groups (0,000< 0.05), indicating that the implementation of the Snakes and Ladders game with Genially was effective in improving students' learning outcomes.The research concludes that combining traditional games with modern educational technology, such as the Genially application, can effectively improve students' understanding in passive voice.

The Influence of the Scientific Approach on Learning Motivation and Student Learning Outcomes on Algebra Material Grade VII MTsN 1 Bener Meriah

The purpose of this research is to determine whether there is an influence impact of the Scientific approach on learning motivation and learning outcomes of class VII students. This research was conducted at MTsN 1 Bener Meriah on class VII students in the 2023/2024 academic year. The research method used is experimental research with a Posttest-only Control Design design. Sampling was carried out using cluster sampling. The research sample consisted of two classes, namely class VII-1 as the experimental class and class VII-5 as the control class. In the experimental class, learning with a scientific approach was given, while in the control class conventional learning was carried out. The research results were obtained by processing the data using the right-sided t test statistic. At a significance level of 5%, tcount = 2.70 and ttable = 1.67 were obtained. This shows that tcount> ttable. Meanwhile, for student learning motivation, it was analyzed based on student responses to the scientific approach. The score obtained was 3.35, which is classified as a very positive criterion. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant influence of the scientific approach on the motivation and learning outcomes of mathematics in class VII students of MTsN 1 Bener Meriah

Media Cards Line Up to Improve Primary School Students' Understanding of The Concept of Place Value

Research to obtain information regarding increasing understanding of the concept of place value using Cards Line Up media in elementary schools. Using quantitative methods and a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design, involving two classes, namely the experimental class at SDN 1 Weru Lor and the control class at SDN 3 Weru Lor with a total of 30 students in each class. Data was collected using concept understanding tests in the form of descriptions, with analysis using gain analysis. The research results showed that there was a significant increase in students' conceptual understanding after being given treatment, as shown in the posttest results which were higher than the pretest results. This is confirmed by the N-Gain statistical test that there is a positive influence of Cards Line Up media on students' understanding with an increase of 0.47 which is classified as a moderate increase. With this, it can be summarized that the Cards Line Up media has proven to be able to increase students' understanding of the concept of place value material in elementary schools.

The Utilization of Interactive Multimedia in Improving Vocabulary Knowledge of High School Students

In the current digital era, English education is becoming increasingly important. By integrating English language learning with digital learning media, it is hoped to create a more dynamic and student-centered learning environment. The goal is to facilitate students in achieving the set learning objectives. This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of interactive multimedia in improving English vocabulary comprehension in English subjects at the junior high school level. The research method employed is an experiment with a quasi-experimental design, involving pre and posttests in both control and experimental classes. The sample consists of 32 students from class VIII B (experimental group) and 32 students from class VIII C (control group) in SMPN 1 Jatisrono, selected using cluster random sampling from various classes. The experimental group receives treatment through learning activities using interactive multimedia, while the control group does not use interactive multimedia in the learning process. Data collection is conducted through attitude scale questionnaires filled out by junior high school students. The research findings indicate that the use of interactive multimedia significantly influences the improvement of students' English vocabulary comprehension. This is evidenced by the significant increase in students' English vocabulary knowledge after undergoing learning with interactive multimedia. Interactive multimedia is considered effective in influencing students' comprehension and helping them achieve learning objectives. Thus, interactive multimedia can be considered a suitable learning medium for English subjects at the junior high school level. The use of technology in such learning is crucial to keep up with the times and ensure that students have skills relevant to current global needs. This underscores the importance of integrating technology into education to create more effective and engaging learning experiences for students.

Outdoor Learning Methods on the Ability to Write Free Poetry in Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Malay-Indonesian Study Program Students South Korea

This study aims to determine the effect of using outdoor learning methods on the ability to write free poetry in Audio Visual A1 and A2 classes of Malay-Indonesian. The method used is an experimental method of the Quasi Experimental type using two classes, namely the experimental class of 37 students which given treatment in the form of outdoor learning methods and a control class of 35 students which was not given treatment as a comparison class. The data collection technique used a poetry writing essay test and a questionnaire to find out students' responses to the outdoor learning method. Based on the results of hypothesis testing data analysis using the t test at a significant level of 0.05, a T count of 2.592 and a T table of 1.997 are obtained. Because T count is greater than T table, namely 2.592 > 1.997. It can be concluded that accept H1, reject H0, thus it can be said that there is an influence on the use of outdoor learning methods. Based on the results of hypothesis testing data analysis using the t test at a significant level of 0.05, a T count of 2.592 and a T table of 1.997 are obtained. Because T count is greater than T table, namely 2.592 > 1.997. It can be concluded that accept H1, reject H0, thus it can be said that there is an influence on the use of outdoor learning methods.the ability to write free poetry for students of the Malay-Indonesian study program Hankuk University of Foreign Studies South Korea.

Cooperative Learning Type of Student Team Achievement Division on Learning Outcomes Writing Explanation Texts of Hufs Korea Students

This research aims to determine the effect of using student team achievement division type cooperative learning on the ability to write explanatory texts in Intermediate class students at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea. The method used is a Quasi Experimental type experimental method using two classes, namely the experimental class which is given treatment in the form of a cooperative learning method of the student team achievement division type and the control class which is not given treatment as a comparison class. The data collection technique uses essay writing tests and questionnaires to determine student responses to the student team achievement division type cooperative method. To analyze the data using the t test with a significance level of 0.05. The research population was all Intermediate class students, totaling 60 students. After being given cooperative method treatment, student team achievement division type, students' ability to write explanatory text increased. It can be concluded that accepting H1 rejects H0, thus it can be said that there is an influence of the use of cooperative learning methods of the student team achievement division type on the ability to write explanatory texts in the intermediate department class of Malay-Indonesia Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Korea.

Using Digital Game Wordwall in Supporting English Vocabulary Mastery

English, a global language, weaves through education, business, relationships, technology, and science. Mastering vocabulary is pivotal for English proficiency. Utilizing media for vocabulary learning engages and challenges students, rendering the process more enjoyable and effective. This study looks into the effectiveness of using the digital game Wordwall to assist English Vocabulary Mastery at SMP Negeri 8 Samarinda. This study is being undertaken with the eighth graders of SMP Negeri 8 Samarinda. In this study, the researcher uses a mixed method with quasi-experimental design to compare two classes. The focus of this research is eighth grade, namely VIII C and VIII D. VIII D is the experimental class with 21 students and VIII C is the control class with 27 students. The quantitative data is acquired using multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank tests. Qualitative data is gathered through interviews. The results suggest that Wordwall media is effective in improving the vocabulary. Furthermore, Wordwall is a game/application that adds excitement, enthusiasm, and enjoyment to the learning environment. Wordwall entices students to use the application because to its appealing interface, simple gameplay, and broad selection of games.

THE EFFECT OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING MODEL ON STUDENTS' PHYSICS LEARNING OUTCOMES

The purpose of this study is to measure student learning outcomes using problem-based learning models on students' physics learning outcomes. The research method is using experimental research. The research design used is Posttest-Only Control Design. The sampling technique used in the study was simple random sampling, so one class was obtained as a control class, namely class X mathematics science 2 and one class as an experimental class. With Data Analysis Techniques using Descriptive Analysis and inferential analysis. The results of the study showed that students who were taught with problem-based learning models had high average physics learning outcomes scores, while students who were not taught with this model had average physics learning outcomes scores that were in the low and sufficient categories. This study also found a significant difference in physics learning outcomes between the two groups, indicating that problem-based learning models have a positive effect on students' physics learning outcomes. This study provides a new perspective in measuring the effectiveness of problem-based learning models, especially in improving students' physics learning outcomes, which have not previously been widely studied in the context of physics learning in Indonesia.

Research on Adaptive Closed-Loop Control of Microelectromechanical System Gyroscopes under Temperature Disturbance.

Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) gyroscopes are inertial sensors used to measure angular velocity. Due to their small size and low power consumption, MEMS devices are widely employed in consumer electronics and the automotive industry. MEMS gyroscopes typically use closed-loop control systems, which often use PID controllers with fixed parameters. These classical PID controllers require a trade-off between overshoot and rise time. However, temperature variations can cause changes in the gyroscope's parameters, which in turn affect the PID controller's performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes an adaptive PID controller that adjusts its parameters in response to temperature-induced changes in the gyroscope's characteristics, based on the error value. A closed-loop control system using the adaptive PID was developed in Simulink and compared with a classical PID controller. The results demonstrate that the adaptive PID controller effectively tracked the changes in the gyroscope's parameters, reducing overshoot by 96% while maintaining a similar rise time. During gyroscope startup, the adaptive PID controller achieves faster stabilization with a 0.036 s settling time, outperforming the 0.06 s of the conventional PID controller.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Video Pembelajaran terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran PAI di SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek

This investigation was motivated by the low average academic achievement of Islamic Religious Education students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. In the 2022/2023 academic year, the low midterm exam scores of students in class IX 1 of SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek provided empirical support for the statement. A total of 25 student responses were received for the exam; however, only five students achieved the minimum score of 75 required to complete SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. A prospective approach to improving Islamic Religious Education learning outcomes at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek is to incorporate video media into the established curriculum. This study aims to determine whether the application of video media affects the academic achievement of Islamic Education students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not there is an effect of the application of video media at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek on PAI learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the adoption of video media has an impact on the academic achievement of PAI students at SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek. This research was categorised as a pseudo-experiment and used posttest control group design as the only research methodology. The student participants in this study were members of grade IX. In this investigation, purposive sampling, a type of non-probability sampling, was used. The experimental class in this study consisted of students of grade IX 3, while the control class consisted of students of grade IX 1. Data for this investigation was collected through assessment of students' progress in Islamic Religious Education. The Sig α value was ascertained to be 0.00 ± 0.05, based on the results of hypothesis testing conducted using SPSS software. Thus, it can be concluded that the utilisation of video media is able to influence the academic achievement of Islamic Religious Education students attending SMPN 2 Ampek Angkek.

The Effect of Story Face Strategy Towards Students' Reading Comprehension of Recount Text

This study aims to determine whether using the story face strategy affects students’ reading comprehension in tenth-grade recount texts for the academic year 2022/2023. The research was conducted on tenth-grade MIA students at SMAN 2 Bangkinang Kota. The study involved 56 students who were divided into 2 classes, namely class X MIA 3 as the control class and X MIA 5 as the experimental class. Each class consists of 28 students. The experimental class uses the story face strategy as a learning strategy and the control class is taught using an English textbook. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 25 program. Based on the results obtained, the average value of students in the experimental class was 70.89 and 48.93 in the control class. The data obtained showed a significance (2-tailed) 0.001 < 0.05. This means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This shows that there are differences in students’ reading comprehension between students who are taught using the story face strategy and students who are taught using English textbooks. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the story face strategy is effective for students’ reading comprehension of recount text.