Class Of Classification Research Articles

A formal systems approach to solver design-hill climbing method with push down stack

This paper presents a formal approach to design of a solver of an intelligent management information system and its implementation. The approach implies set theoretic modeling based on the general systems concepts and implementation in the extProlog. There are research efforts which attack (optimization) problems using the set theory and logics. Furthermore, they use logic programming languages for their implementation. Although their methods look quite similar to the approach of this paper, there are clear differences between them. This paper is interested in exploration of the solving system rather than algorithms. The paper first presents a design and implementation procedure of a solver. Then, classification of problems is discussed. The least structured class of the classification is the target of this paper. A data mining system is an example of the class. Formal theories are derived for the design procedure assuming the least structured case. A solving strategy, which is called a hill climbing method with a push down stack, is proposed on the theories. A data mining system is used as an example to illustrate the results. Finally, a full implementation in extProlog is presented for the data mining system.

The Normalization of the Micropore-Size Distribution Function in the Polanyi–Dubinin Type of Adsorption Isotherm Equations

The problem of the normalization of the micropore-size distribution (MSD) based on the gamma-type function is presented. Three cases of the integration range (widely known in the literature) of MSD, characterizing the geometric heterogeneity of a solid, are considered (val(≡B, E0, and/or x)) i.e., from zero to infinity, from valmin to infinity, and the finite range from valmin up to valmax—due to the boundary setting of an adsorbate-adsorbent system. The physical meaning of the parameters of the gamma-type function (ρ and ν) is investigated for the mentioned intervals. The behavior and properties of this MSD function are analyzed and compared with the fractal MSD proposed by Pfeifer and Avnir. The general conclusion is that if adsorption proceeds by a micropore filling mechanism and the structural heterogeneity is described in the finite region (valmin, valmax), for all cases of the possible values of the parameters of the MSD functions, the generated isotherms belong to the first class of the IUPAC classification (i.e., Langmuir-type behavior is observed). For the other cases (val∈<0, ∞) and val∈<valmin, ∞)) some erroneous and ambiguous results are obtained.

An investigation of the geological and geomorphological features of Fowlers Gap using thermal infrared, radar and airborne geophysical remote sensing techniques.

This study summarises the application of several remote sensing techniques to investigate various components of a land surface in the semi-arid environment of Fowlers Gap. These remote sensing techniques included NASA's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and CSIRO's Mid-Infrared Airborne CO, Laser Spectrometer (MIRACO,LAS), NASA's AIRSAR radar and geophysical airborne radiometrics. Linear spectral unmixing of extracted emissivities from the TIMS data produced four endmembers: quartz, clay minerals, dry vegetation (cellulose) in fine soils, and green vegetation/moisture. MIRAC0,LAS data identified spectral signatures similar to the spectra of endmembers derived from TIMS data. The sensitivity of both thermal infrared remote sensing techniques to the quartzklay contents and textures of the soils and sediments was confirmed by detailed laboratory spectral measurements. Surface roughness information from AIRSAR's band C radar backscatter assisted the discrimination of alluvial and colluvial quartz and clay-rich deposits from the outcropping geological units. In particular the C band AIRSAR radar discriminated the coarse grained sandstone and quartzite scree within the colluvial pediments, from the finer grained quartz-rich 'radar smooth' alluvium in the scalds. Airborne radiometrics were also found useful for further discriminating potassium and thorium- bearing phyllosilicate/clay minerals, within shales and ghyllites, from the kaolinite and montmorillonite- rich alluvium. This study found that TIMS data could identify some of the geomorphological features at Fowlers Gap, such as colluvial pediments, depositional scalds and gilgai landforms, that characterise some of the land systems in the Lowlands and Plains relief class of the Fowlers Gap land system classification. Thermal infrared remote sensing techniques also proved capable of discriminating areas of cellulose-rich dry vegetation and fine grained soils within the Plains relief class. The sensitivity of AIRSAR radar for topographic relief and surface roughness suggests that it is useful for distinguishing land systems in the Ranges relief class. Radiometrics appeared useful for land system definition when outcropping argillaceous units and alluvium assisted their classification. Key words: remote sensing, Fowlers Gap, thermal infrared, land system, spectral unmixing

Clinical significance of QT dispersion after exercise in patients with previous myocardial infarction

To evaluate the clinical significance of QT dispersion after exercise in patients with previous myocardial infarction, QT dispersion (QTd) and corrected QTd (QTcd) were assessed with standard 12 leads electrocardiogram in 90 patients with previous myocardial infarction and 30 healthy persons before and 3 min after a treadmill exercise test. In addition, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram and echo-cardiography were examined in all the subjects studied. Patients were followed up for 37.25±10.71 months. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the QTd and QTcd between the patients and the controls before exercise (36.11±13.42 ms versus 34.81±12.32 ms, P>0.05, 41.22±13.49 as versus 39.91±13.56 ms, P>0.05). Compared with those before exercise, QTd and QTcd were significantly increased in the patients 3 min after the exercise test (36.11±13.42 ms versus 47.20±14.41 ms, P<0.01, 41.22±13.49 ms versus 59.57±18.90 ms, P<0.01), but not in the controls (34.81±12.32 ms versus 38.76±12.09 ms, P>0.05, 39.91±13.56 ms versus 43.27±17.77 ms, P>0.05). The incidences of abnormal contraction of the left ventricular wall, aneurysms, NYHA III class, >III class of Lown's ventricular arrhythmia classification and cardiac sudden death were significantly higher in group A with QTcd >50 ms than that of group B with QTcd <50 ms ( P<0.01). These findings indicate that the increased QT dispersion after exercise in 12 standard leads electrocardiogram might be associated with high incidences of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia in the patients with previous myocardial infarction.

On the Hardness of Approximating Some Optimization Problems That Are Supposedly Easier Than MAX CLIQUE

We focus our attention on the class RMAX(2) of NP optimization problems. Owing to recent developments in interactive proof techniques, RMAX(2) was shown to be the lowest class of logical classification that contains problems hard to approximate. Namely, the RMAX(2)-complete problem MAX CLIQUE (of finding the size of the largest clique in a graph) is not approximable in polynomial time within any constant factor unless NP=P.We are interested in problems inside RMAX(2) that are not known to be complete but are still hard to approximate. We point out that one such problem is MAXlog n, n, considered by Berman and Schnitger: given m conjunctions, each of them consisting of log m propositional variables or their negations, find the maximal number of simultaneously satisfiable conjunctions. We also obtain the approximation hardness results for some other problems in RMAX(2). Finally, we discuss the question of whether or not the problems under consideration are RMAX(2)-complete.

Detection of fms-oncogene-specific tyrosine kinase activity in human leukemia cells

The c-fms protooncogene encodes the receptor for the colony-stimulating factor 1 of macrophages. Its transforming counterpart, the v-fms oncogene has previously been recognized as the transforming gene of the McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus. We have isolated rabbit antisera against a 115-kDa recombinant polypeptide containing the 926 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the v-fms protein. All antibodies recognized the cytoplasmic domain of the v-fms protein, which is 95% homologous to the corresponding domain of human c-fms proteins. These sera were applied in a survey of various human cancer cell lines, such as peripheral blood mononuclear (HL60) and choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells, as well as leukemic cells from 58 patients with acute myelocytic, chronic myelocytic or acute lymphocytic leukemias (AML, CML, ALL). Significantly enhanced levels of fms-specific tyrosine kinase activity were detected in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced HL60 and in BeWo cells, and in 7 out of 24 samples from AML patients, whereas no activity could be detected in 9 ALL or in 25 CML cell preparations. The AML cells were classified according to the FAB criteria. The highest incidence of increased fms activity was found in cells assigned to the M4 class (four out of five cases). While no activity was found in material belonging to FAB classes M2 or M3, one of the two cases of the M5 class was kinase-positive. Interestingly, two out of seven cases of the M1 class cells exhibited enhanced levels of fms kinase. These data suggest that the determination of the fms kinase may be useful to subdivide the M1 class of the FAB classification into monocytic and non-monocytic precursor leukemia cells.

Elimination of recursion schemas in the Grzegorczyk ?2 class

The existence of a finite basis with respect to composition in the ℰ2 class of Grzegorczyk classification is proved.

Comparative Performance of Coals of Different Rank in a Film-Cooled Gas-Turbine Combustor

Abstract Development of a combustor adapted to a coal-burning gas turbine for locomotive use was undertaken for the Locomotive Development Committee by Battelle Memorial Institute some years ago. The coal used in the course of this development was from Ohio No. 8 seam, and no systematic study was made of the effect of variation of coal properties on combustor performance. This phase of the general investigation was undertaken by the Fuels Division of the Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The present paper gives a report on 23 coals of various groups within the bituminous class of the ASTM classification by rank.