Class Names Research Articles

A land‐cover map for South and Southeast Asia derived from SPOT‐VEGETATION data

AbstractAim Our aim was to produce a uniform ‘regional’ land‐cover map of South and Southeast Asia based on ‘sub‐regional’ mapping results generated in the context of the Global Land Cover 2000 project.Location The ‘region’ of tropical and sub‐tropical South and Southeast Asia stretches from the Himalayas and the southern border of China in the north, to Sri Lanka and Indonesia in the south, and from Pakistan in the west to the islands of New Guinea in the far east.Methods The regional land‐cover map is based on sub‐regional digital mapping results derived from SPOT‐VEGETATION satellite data for the years 1998–2000. Image processing, digital classification and thematic mapping were performed separately for the three sub‐regions of South Asia, continental Southeast Asia, and insular Southeast Asia. Landsat TM images, field data and existing national maps served as references. We used the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) for coding the sub‐regional land‐cover classes and for aggregating the latter to a uniform regional legend. A validation was performed based on a systematic grid of sample points, referring to visual interpretation from high‐resolution Landsat imagery. Regional land‐cover area estimates were obtained and compared with FAO statistics for the categories ‘forest’ and ‘cropland’.Results The regional map displays 26 land‐cover classes. The LCCS coding provided a standardized class description, independent from local class names; it also allowed us to maintain the link to the detailed sub‐regional land‐cover classes. The validation of the map displayed a mapping accuracy of 72% for the dominant classes of ‘forest’ and ‘cropland’; regional area estimates for these classes correspond reasonably well to existing regional statistics.Main conclusions The land‐cover map of South and Southeast Asia provides a synoptic view of the distribution of land cover of tropical and sub‐tropical Asia, and it delivers reasonable thematic detail and quantitative estimates of the main land‐cover proportions. The map may therefore serve for regional stratification or modelling of vegetation cover, but could also support the implementation of forest policies, watershed management or conservation strategies at regional scales.

The myth of Hylas revisited: the frog name Hyla and other commentary on Specimen medicum (1768) of J. N. Laurenti, the “father of herpetology”

Laurenti's (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium is the source for the class name Reptilia and for many common genera, including Hyla, whose derivation is given incorrectly in dictionaries and source books. Laurenti explicitly based Hyla on the mythological boy Hylas, quoting Virgil's Eclogues in a long footnote abbreviated from Servius, the fourth-century Latin commentator on Virgil. Laurenti recognized the boy's name as masculine, but unambiguously treated the genus Hyla as feminine – a puzzling transfer of gender allowable by the modern Code of zoological nomenclature. An overview is provided of the taxonomy of Specimen medicum. Most of Laurenti's 28 generic names were obtained from earlier sources, including Linnaean species names, among them Rana hyla. Laurenti saw specimens for nearly a third of 242 included species. Other species, including twelve taxa ostensibly based solely on specimens, came from descriptions and especially illustrations in sixteenth- to eighteenth-century publications. Laurenti's taxonomic sources, variably abbreviated and usually undated, are identified and referenced. Authors have misinterpreted the literature basis for Laurenti's genus Caudiverbera, the type species of which is mythical, belonging neither to the Amphibia nor Reptilia.

Plutons, its not a particle, its the name of a new class of planets

Plutons, its not a particle, its the name of a new class of planets

A modular standard for the cadastral domain: Application to the Portuguese Cadastre

Following recent worldwide developments and initiatives by FIG (Cadastre 2014) and UN, an object oriented, conceptual model for the Cadastral Domain, adapted to Portuguese Cadastre and related Real Estate Register is presented, based on a previously proposed standard. After a brief description of present Cadastral and Land Registration situation in Portugal, UML (Unified Modeling Language) literate modeling was used to describe the top level classes by using a structured mix of UML Class Diagrams and natural text. Important contributions of this paper are the evaluation of the FIG core cadastral model by applying it to Portugal. It turns out that a limited number of the classes of the core model are currently not needed (but some of them might be used in the future) and that other classes were added specifically for the situation in Portugal. This is anticipated use of the core model and in case similar patterns occurs in several countries, the new version of the core model should be adapted accordingly within the FIG. In addition to these static model aspects, Activity Diagrams were used to model dynamic behavior concerning a number of chosen Cadastral Update tasks. Currently, the dynamic aspects are not yet present in the FIG core cadastral model, but in case similar dynamic patterns occurs in several countries, then this should be added to the core model. ( Notation: In this article, all class names appearing in the text are written in Italics, while the names of class methods are written in Bold Italics and names of attributes are in the in default text style. Where it exists a correspondence with the standard model, the original English name is referred within brackets.)

Understanding chemical terminology

This paper describes the formal properties of a system that understands organic chemical terminology. The system recognises terms in texts, analyses these terms, reconstructs their molecular structure (to the extent it is made explicit in the term), and classifies these terms according to functional and structural properties. The system is able to deal with fully specified chemical terms, underspecified terms such as deoxypentose, class names and terms that are built up by subterms from any of these. Not only the depth of analysis but also its ability to cope with underspecification and class names distinguishes it from other existing systems.

Placental transfer of antibiotics administered to the mother: a review

The purpose of antibiotic treatment in pregnant women is to treat the mother and/or the fetus since it is known that antibiotics administered to the mother cross the placenta and reach the fetus. A comparison of the drug concentration in maternal and fetal plasma gives an indication of the exposure of the fetus to the maternally administered antibiotics. The aim of this study was to review the literature pertaining to the placental transfer of antibiotics in man and to classify the antibiotics according to the type of transfer involved. A table has been developed for use by physicians that lists the name of the antibiotic, the drug concentration in the cord and maternal plasma at delivery and the type of transfer involved. An initial medline search was performed with the key words "placental transfer of antibiotics" with the limit of "human". A second medline search was performed with the key words "placental transfer of..." followed by the class names of the antibiotic such as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and macrolides. The bibliographic search on the placental transfer of antibiotics covered the period up to July 2005. 3 types of placental transfers were identified. A few antibiotics cross the placenta rapidly and equilibrate in the maternal and cord plasma; this type of transfer is termed "complete" and include the antibiotics ampicillin, methicillin, cefmenoxime and cefotiam. Antibiotics which show incomplete transfer to the placenta where concentrations are lower in the cord than maternal plasma are said to have "incomplete" transfer and these include azlocillin, dicloxacillin, piperacillin, sulbenicillin, cefoxitin, amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, fosfomycin, thiamphenicol, griseofulvin, vancomycin and colistimethate. Ceftizoxime is the only antibiotic so far known whose concentrations are higher in the cord than maternal plasma. This type of transfer is called "exceeding" transfer. All examined antibiotics cross the human placenta including those with a molecular weight greater than 1000 kDa such as vancomycin and colistimethate but there are 3 distinct types of placental transfer: complete, incomplete and exceeding and most antibiotics exhibit incomplete transfer.

A Design for Type-Directed Programming in Java

Type-directed programming is an important and widely used paradigm in the design of software. With this form of programming, an application may analyze type information to determine its behavior. By analyzing the structure of data, many operations, such as serialization, cloning, adaptors and iterators may be defined once, for all types of data. That way, as the program evolves, these operations need not be updated—they will automatically adapt to new data forms. Otherwise, each of these operations must be individually redefined for each type of data, forcing programmers to revisit the same program logic many times during a program's lifetime.The Java language supports type directed programming with the instanceof operator and the Java Reflection API. These mechanisms allow Java programs to depend on the name and structure of the run-time classes of objects. However, the Java mechanisms for type-directed programming are difficult to use. They also do not integrate well with generics, an important new feature of the Java language.In this paper, we describe the design of several expressive new mechanisms for type-directed programming in Java, and show that these mechanisms are sound when included in a language similar to Featherweight Java. Basically, these new mechanisms pattern-match the name and structure of the type parameters of generic code, instead of the run-time classes of objects. Therefore, they naturally integrate with generics and provide strong guarantees about program correctness. As these mechanisms are based on pattern matching, they naturally and succinctly express many operations that depend on type information. Finally, they provide programmers with some degree of protection for their abstractions. Whereas instanceof and reflection can determine the exact run-time type of an object, our mechanisms allow any supertype to be supplied for analysis, hiding its precise structure.

Linguistic Gender Marking and Categorization

Gender markers provide syntactic structure and a categorization schema to language. Brand name gender is a function of both formal, structural aspects of the brand name and semantic properties of the brand's product class. In the formal gender system of Spanish, consistent formal gender marking enhances brand recall, whereas semantic product associations drive brand evaluation. In the semantic gender system of English, formal cues determine initial brand name gender, but congruent semantic associations between brand name and product category drive improved brand evaluations and brand recall. Three studies across two languages demonstrate that gender's role as a categorization tool underlies these effects.

Shape understanding system: Visual intelligence tests: Research Articles

Understanding is based on a large number of highly varied abilities called intelligence that can be measured. In this paper understanding abilities of the shape understanding system (SUS) are tested based on the methods used in intelligence tests. These tests are formulated as tasks given to the system and performance is compared with the human performance of these tasks. The main novelty of the presented method is that the process of understanding is related to the visual concept represented as a symbolic name of the possible class of shapes. The visual concept is one of the ingredients of the concept of the visual object (the phantom concept) that makes it possible to perform different tasks that are characteristic for visual understanding. The presented results are part of the research aimed at developing the shape understanding method that would be able to perform complex visual tasks connected with visual thinking. The shape understanding method is implemented as the shape understanding system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 20: 799–826, 2005.

Ancient differentiation of the H and I haplomes in diploid Hordeum species based on 5S rDNA

5S rDNA clones from 12 South American diploid Hordeum species containing the HH genome and 3 Eurasian diploid Hordeum species containing the II genome, including the cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare, were sequenced and their sequence diversity was analyzed. The 374 sequenced clones were assigned to "unit classes", which were further assigned to haplomes. Each haplome contained 2 unit classes. The naming of the unit classes reflected the haplomes, viz. both the long H1 and short I1 unit classes were identified with II genome diploids, and both the long H2 and long Y2 unit classes were recognized in South American HH genome diploids. Based upon an alignment of all sequences or alignments of representative sequences, we tested several evolutionary models, and then subjected the parameters of the models to a series of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses and various tests, including the molecular clock, and to a Bayesian evolutionary inference analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The best fitting model of nucleotide substitution was the HKY+G (Hasegawa, Kishino, Yano 1985 model with the Gamma distribution rates of nucleotide substitutions). Results from both ML and MCMC imply that the long H1 and short I unit classes found in the II genome diploids diverged from each other at the same rate as the long H2 and long Y2 unit classes found in the HH genome diploids. The divergence among the unit classes, estimated to be circa 7 million years, suggests that the genus Hordeum may be a paleopolyploid.

Tool Writing: A Forgotten Art?

The author decided to create a tool to fit the needs. In the process, the author discovered something important: writing stand-alone tools that you can combine efficiently with others to handle more demanding tasks appears to be becoming a forgotten art. The author created a metric tool, named ckjm, using the design principles the author outlined earlier. The tool operates on a list of compiled Java classes specified as arguments or read from its standard input. It then prints to its standard output a single line for each class, containing the class name and the six metrics values. Ant Java-based build tool and adding an XML output option.

Le Cluny, le Champollion : d'un emploi non prototypique de nom propre modifié

Beside the French pattern Le Hugo de 1870, la Bretagne des années 30, another naming structure which has not been studied yet can be found: it combines a syntactical modifying process and a semantic feature in a new type of proper name allowing a speaker to refer to individuals such as a restaurant (le Cluny), a theater (le Champollion), a litterature prize (le Goncourt)… Through a morphosyntactical analysis, one first naming pattern can be isolated; this pattern is characterized by a speaker’s choice between a type LE N Npr (le prix Goncourt) and a shorter one, LE Npr (le Goncourt). Another type can be found where the actual naming form is the shorter one: Le Cluny vs ?le restaurant Cluny; le Champollion vs ?le cinéma Champollion. Then we assume that the definite article can be interpreted in a naming theory model where a proper name like Cluny in Le Cluny is no longer a true proper name but a special sort of uniquely qualifying predicate. We finally show that the choice between LE N Npr and LE Npr is based upon a sort of pragmatic regulation we call a descriptive naming (signalétique de nomination) which can be exemplified in the same way, but in the field of class naming, by modified trade names like un Renault, un Bic.

Understanding of the concave polygon object in the shape understanding system

In this paper a method of understanding of the concave polygon object is presented. The proposed method of understanding the concave polygon object is part of the shape understanding method. The main novelty of the presented method is that the process of understanding of the concave polygon object is related to the visual concept represented as a symbolic name of the possible classes of shape. The possible classes of shape, viewed as hierarchical structures, are incorporated into the shape model. At each stage of the reasoning process that led to assigning of an examined object to one of the possible classes, the novel processing methods were used. These methods, implemented as modules of the shape understanding system (SUS) and tested on the broad classes of shapes, are very efficient because they deal with a very specific classes of shape. The system consists of different types of experts that perform different processing and reasoning tasks. The concave polygon class models and processing methods are also described.

A comprehensive classification system for lipids

Lipids are produced, transported, and recognized by the concerted actions of numerous enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors. A comprehensive analysis of lipid molecules, "lipidomics," in the context of genomics and proteomics is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and pathology; consequently, lipid biology has become a major research target of the postgenomic revolution and systems biology. To facilitate international communication about lipids, a comprehensive classification of lipids with a common platform that is compatible with informatics requirements has been developed to deal with the massive amounts of data that will be generated by our lipid community. As an initial step in this development, we divide lipids into eight categories (fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides) containing distinct classes and subclasses of molecules, devise a common manner of representing the chemical structures of individual lipids and their derivatives, and provide a 12 digit identifier for each unique lipid molecule. The lipid classification scheme is chemically based and driven by the distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements that compose the lipid. This structured vocabulary will facilitate the systematization of lipid biology and enable the cataloging of lipids and their properties in a way that is compatible with other macromolecular databases.

Shape understanding system: understanding of the complex object

In this paper the method of understanding of the complex object concept is presented. The proposed method of understanding the concept of the complex object is part of the shape understanding method developed by the authors. The main novelty of the presented method is that the process of understanding is related to the visual concept represented as a symbolic name of the possible class of shapes. The possible class of shapes, viewed as the hierarchical structures, is incorporated into the shape model. At each stage of the reasoning process that led to assigning of an examined object to one of the possible classes, the novel processing methods were used. These methods are very efficient because they dealt with a very specific class of shapes. These methods are implemented as a module of the shape understanding system and tested on the broad classes of shapes. The system of shape understanding is able to perform different tasks of shape analysis and recognition based on the ability of the system to understand the different concepts of shape at the different levels of cognition. The system consists of different types of experts that perform different processing and reasoning tasks.

GoF 디자인 패턴기반 객체지향 오염총량제 소프트웨어 설계

객체지향 모델링에서 컴포넌트기반 방법을 사용하는 목적은 반복되는 시간 및 공간 복잡성을 줄여 연산능력을 높이는 것이다. 이러한 컴포넌트기반 방법의 많은 성과에도 북구하고 디자인 패턴과 그 표준화로 컴포넌트기반 방법의 재사용성을 놀이는 연구가 필요하다. 그러나 디자인 패턴을 표준화하는 방법으로 성급하게 메타패턴언어나 패턴저장소를 구축하는 방법은 오히려 소프트웨어 개발에 패턴을 적용하는 것을 더욱 복잡하고 어렵게 만들 수가 있다. 본 연구는 환경분야의 TMDL(오염총량제) 소프트웨어의 선계에 GoF 디자인 패턴을 적용함으로써, 과도하게 추상화된 메타패턴언어나 부가적인 패턴저장소를 두지 않고도 적용패턴을 검색, 추적할 수 있도록 설계단계에서 클래스이름에 패턴이름을 명시하는 방법을 제안하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 환경소프트웨어 개발과정에서 빈번하게 발생하는 반복과 중복을 줄일 수 있는 이점이 있다. The purpose of using CBD in the object-oriented modeling is to improve the software capability by reducing iterative time and space complexity. Despites many achievements of CBD, it is needed to study about design patterns and it's standardization for the increment of CBD design reusability. However, it is rather possible that impetuous constructing meta-pattern languages and pattern repositories make adapting patterns to software development more complicate and difficult. By applying GoF design patterns to the design of the TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load) environmental software discipline, this study suggests a method which specifies Pattern names at class names for retrieving, exploring the adapted patterns on the stage of software design without meta-pattern language which is a redundant abstraction, nor additional pattern repositories. Thus, this study can contribute on the reducing iterations and repetitions that are frequently occurred in the process of the environmental software developments.

Polymorphic bytecode

We define compositional compilation as the ability to typecheck source code fragments in isolation, generate corresponding binaries,and link together fragments whose mutual assumptions are satisfied, without reinspecting the code. Even though compositional compilation is a highly desirable feature, in Java-like languages it can hardly be achieved. This is due to the fact that the bytecode generated for a fragment (say, a class) is not uniquely determined by its source code, but also depends on the compilation context.We propose a way to obtain compositional compilation for Java, by introducing a polymorphic form of bytecode containing type variables (ranging over class names) and equipped with a set of constraints involving type variables. Thus, polymorphic bytecode provides a representation for all the (standard) bytecode that can be obtained by replacing type variables with classes satisfying the associated constraints.We illustrate our proposal by developing a typing and a linking algorithm. The typing algorithm compiles a class in isolation generating the corresponding polymorphic bytecode fragment and constraints on the classes it depends on. The linking algorithm takes a collection of polymorphic bytecode fragments, checks their mutual consistency, and possibly simplifies and specializes them. In particular, linking a self-contained collection of fragments either fails, or produces standard bytecode (the same as would have been produced by standard compilation of all fragments).

An Approach to Ontology Alignment Problems based on Category Matching Technique

When ontology description data by different authors would become widespread in the world, we will be faced with the difficulties of the ontology alignment (OA) problem required for integration and interoperability of ontologies. The OA problem is the problem to find couples of semantically same classes / properties between two ontologies, and includes points of different naming of classes / properties, polysemous naming of classes / properties, different granularity of classes / properties, different hierarchical structures, and so on. We applied our semantic category matching (SCM) tool to the ontology alignment problems. Our approach found pairs of semantically corresponding categories from two different classification hierarchies such as Yahoo directory or library classification as UDC or NDC, based on natural language processing, similarity searching of huge vector spaces, and structural consistency analysis. We tackled problems of the EON2004 Ontology Alignment Contest. For examples, the Contest's random name problems (#201, #202) could not be solved using conventional character string resemblance techniques. However, when we applied SCM to these problems, the results showed that SCM had improved the accuracy as compared to the conventional method (F-measure: 0.021=>0.949, 0.021=>0.580), and exceeded the accuracy average in all problem areas by over 10 % as compared to conventional methods. Our team participated as a competitor in EON OA Contest and could obtain satisfactory results.

Shape understanding system: Visual intelligence tests

Understanding is based on a large number of highly varied abilities called intelligence that can be measured. In this paper understanding abilities of the shape understanding system (SUS) are tested based on the methods used in intelligence tests. These tests are formulated as tasks given to the system and performance is compared with the human performance of these tasks. The main novelty of the presented method is that the process of understanding is related to the visual concept represented as a symbolic name of the possible class of shapes. The visual concept is one of the ingredients of the concept of the visual object (the phantom concept) that makes it possible to perform different tasks that are characteristic for visual understanding. The presented results are part of the research aimed at developing the shape understanding method that would be able to perform complex visual tasks connected with visual thinking. The shape understanding method is implemented as the shape understanding system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 20: 799–826, 2005.

Le Cluny, le Champollion : d'un emploi non prototypique de nom propre modifié

Beside the French pattern Le Hugo de 1870, la Bretagne des années 30, another naming structure which has not been studied yet can be found: it combines a syntactical modifying process and a semantic feature in a new type of proper name allowing a speaker to refer to individuals such as a restaurant (le Cluny), a theater (le Champollion), a litterature prize (le Goncourt)… Through a morphosyntactical analysis, one first naming pattern can be isolated; this pattern is characterized by a speaker’s choice between a type LE N Npr (le prix Goncourt) and a shorter one, LE Npr (le Goncourt). Another type can be found where the actual naming form is the shorter one: Le Cluny vs ?le restaurant Cluny; le Champollion vs ?le cinéma Champollion. Then we assume that the definite article can be interpreted in a naming theory model where a proper name like Cluny in Le Cluny is no longer a true proper name but a special sort of uniquely qualifying predicate. We finally show that the choice between LE N Npr and LE Npr is based upon a sort of pragmatic regulation we call a descriptive naming (signalétique de nomination) which can be exemplified in the same way, but in the field of class naming, by modified trade names like un Renault, un Bic.