Class Of Inequalities Research Articles

Shortage of Black physicians: Florida Black medical student enrollment from 2013 to 2021

On average, Black patients have substantially better health outcomes when they are under the care of Black physicians. The percentage of Black physicians in America has remained at approximately 5% for nearly half a century, even though Black people comprise 14% of the United States population. We used data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and Florida medical schools to examine two important research questions. First, we hypothesized that since the state of Florida has the twelfth largest percentage of Black residents, Florida medical schools enrolled a higher percentage of Black first-year students compared to the national average. We found that Florida medical schools that provided data enrolled a higher percentage of Black first-year students (13.5%) than the national average (9%), which supported our first hypothesis. Second, we hypothesized that the percentage of Black first-year medical students enrolled nationally was higher in 2021 compared to 2013, correlating with the emergence and rise of social justice movements, including Black Lives Matter. We found that the national average of enrolled Black first-year medical students was 6% in 2013 and 9% in 2021, which supported our second hypothesis. An increase in the percentage of Black medical students and physicians could help diminish race-based health and class inequity in America, leading to a significant increase in the health of many Black people.

Weighted Milne-type inequalities through Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals and diverse function classes

<abstract><p>This research paper investigated weighted Milne-type inequalities utilizing Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals across diverse function classes. A key contribution lies in the establishment of a fundamental integral equality, facilitated by the use of a nonnegative weighted function, which is pivotal for deriving the main results. The paper systematically proved weighted Milne-type inequalities for various function classes, including differentiable convex functions, bounded functions, Lipschitzian functions, and functions of bounded variation. The obtained results not only contribute to the understanding of Milne-type inequalities but also offer insights that pave the way for potential future research in the considered topics. Furthermore, it is evident that the results obtained encompass numerous findings that were previously presented in various studies as special cases.</p></abstract>

Plazas, Social Class, and Spatial Inequality at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico

Plazas, Social Class, and Spatial Inequality at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico

Inequalities for meromorphic functions with prescribed poles

The extremal problems for functions of complex variables, as well as approaches for obtaining classical inequalities on the base of various methods of the geometric function theory, are known for various norms and for many classes of functions such as rational functions with various constraints and for various domains in the complex plane. It is important to mention that different types of Bernstein-type inequalities appeared in the literature in more generalized forms in which the underlying polynomial was replaced by a more general class of functions. One such generalization is the passage from polynomials to rational functions. In this paper, we prove some inequalities for meromorphic functions with prescribed poles and restricted zeros. These results not only generalize some Bernstein-type inequalities for rational functions, but also improve and generalize some known polynomial inequalities. These inequalities have their own importance in the approximation theory.

Comparison inequalities between polynomials with constraints on their zeros

The goal of this paper is to obtain some comparison inequalities for a linear operator between polynomials in the plane. The polynomials under study have constraints on their zeros and the estimates obtained turn out to be generalizations of many classical inequalities for polynomials, including the well known Erd?s-Lax inequality and inequality of the Ankeny-Rivlin theorem.

SOME NEW INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES VIA CAPUTO-FABRIZIO FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL OPERATOR

In this note, we have established some new integral inequalities
 for product of two integrable functions by using Young inequality with a wellknown
 classical inequality via Caputo-Fabrizio fractional integral operators.
 Then, we have given some special cases of the main findings. The main results
 have potential to usage in inequality theory.

On the intertextuality of Paria [The Pariah] by Chęciński and Moniuszko

Stanisław Moniuszko’s opera about Pariah which was based on Casimire Delavigne’s tragedy from 1821, expressed the composer’s dream of creating a cosmopolitan and ‘European’ work with universal message. Usually, the researchers review this aspect from the perspective of music and culture studies, e.g. searching for a relationship between The Pariahand Moniuszko’s contemporary opera music or focusing on the 19th-century views on the effect of class inequalities and social exclusion. However, equally interesting are the diverse and complex relationships of The Pariah’s libretto with 19th-century literature, rarely taken up and investigated in the research into Moniuszko’s legacy. Jan Chęciński’s text, apart from the obvious dependence of the story and playwriting on the French playwright’s tragedy, has its theme and linguistic style deeply rooted in Polish and European 19th-century literary tradition created, among others, by Mickiewicz, Malczewski, Byron and Scribe. Given Moniuszko’s desired cosmopolitanism and universality of The Pariah, this is an issue which is undoubtedly very important.

On natural approaches related to classical trigonometric inequalities

In this paper, we establish sharp inequalities for trigonometric functions. We prove in particular for \(0 < x < \frac{\pi}{2}\) and any \(n \geq 5\) $$0 < P_n(x)\ <\ (\sin x)^2- x^3\cot x < P_{n-1}(x) + \left[\left(\frac{2}{\pi}\right)^{2n} - \sum_{k=3}^{n-1} a_k \left(\frac{2}{\pi}\right)^{2n-2k}\right] x^{2n} $$ where \(P_n(x) = \sum_{3=k}^n a_k x^{2k+1}\) is a \(n\)-polynomial, with positive coefficients (\(k \geq 5\)), \(a_{{k}}=\frac{{2}^{2\,k-2}}{\ \left( 2\,k-2 \right) ! } \left( \left| {B}_{ 2\,k-2} \right| +{\frac { \left( -1\right) ^{k+1}}{ \left( 2\,k-1 \right) k}} \right),\) \( B_{2k} \) are Bernoulli numbers. This improves a lot of lower bounds of \( \frac{\sin(x)}{x}\) and generalizes inequalities chains. Moreover, bounds are obtained for other trigonometric inequalities as Huygens and Cusa inequalities as well as for the function $$g_n(x) = \left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)^2 \left( 1 - \frac{2\left(\frac{2 x}{\pi}\right)^{2n+2}}{1-(\frac{2x}{\pi})^2}\right) +\frac{\tan(x)}{x}, \ n\geq 1 $$

Bohr Inequalities for Certain Classes of Harmonic Mappings

Bohr Inequalities for Certain Classes of Harmonic Mappings

Determinants and inequality of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in an Indonesian population: a cross sectional study

IntroductionRecurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is the most common type of ulceration in the oral cavity which can occur due to several factors.AimsTo determine the factors related to the incidence of RAS and examine the social class inequality in RAS among the Indonesian population using data from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5) in 2014.MethodsThis study is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design using secondary data from IFLS5 data in 2014 (n = 28,410). Socio-economic position (SEP) was calculated by Adult Equivalent Scale and categorized into 4 classes. Outcome is RAS. Mediating factors were psychosocial (stress), eating behavioral (food consumption), and systemic diseases. Descriptive analysis, chi-square and a series of logistic regressions were performed to analyze the data. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to report the results.ResultsOnly 18.39% of IFLS5 respondents experienced the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 2014. The bivariate (chi-square) results showed that there was a relationship between the incidence of RAS and the related independent variables. Logistic regression showed the highest possibility of RAS in respondents aged 18–34 years, female, unmarried, high school education level, living in the city, having frequent stress levels, having food habits that frequently drinking soda, sweet foods, chili sauce, fried food and has systemic diseases such as, asthma, cancer, rheumatism, and digestion. The lowest SEP group had the highest probability of occurrence of RAS over the other groups among the different models.ConclusionsThere are several factors that determine the incidence of RAS. There was a monotonic gradient of inequality in RAS according to SEP group. This study might be useful to provide information regarding the relationship of determinants factors with the incidence of RAS to prevent it and promote oral health in the future.

Inequalities in Online Representation: Who Follows Their Own Member of Congress on Twitter?

Members of Congress increasingly rely on social media to communicate with their constituents and other members of the public in real time. However, despite their increased use, little is known about the composition of members' audiences in these online spaces. We address these questions using a panel of Twitter users linked to their congressional district of residence through administrative data. We provide evidence that Twitter users who followed their own representative in the 115th, 116th, and 117th Congresses were generally older and more partisan, and live in wealthier areas of those districts, compared to those who did not. We further find that shared partisanship and shared membership in historically marginalized groups are associated with an increased probability of a constituent following their congressional representative. These results suggest that the efficiency of communication offered by social media reproduces, rather than alters, patterns of political polarization and class inequalities in representation observed offline.

The Onsager–Machlup action functional for degenerate stochastic differential equations in a class of norms

In this note, we show that the existence of the Onsager–Machlup action functional for degenerate stochastic differential equations in a large class of norms. The main ingredient of the proof is Girsanov transformation and some classical conditioned exponential inequalities.

Solving quasimonotone and non-monotone variational inequalities

AbstractWe present a simple iterative method for solving quasimonotone as well as classical variational inequalities without monotonicity. Strong convergence analysis is given under mild conditions and thus generalize the few existing results that only present weak convergence methods under restrictive assumptions. We give finite and infinite dimensional numerical examples to compare and illustrate the simplicity and computational advantages of the proposed scheme.

Fujiwara’s inequality for synchronous functions and its consequences

Summary The theory of inequalities is an essential tool in all fields of the theoretical and practical sciences, especially in statistics and biometrics. Fujiwara’s inequality provides relationships between expected values of products of random variables. Special cases of this inequality include important classical inequalities such as the Cauchy–Schwarz and Chebyshev inequalities. The purpose of this article is to prove Fujiwara’s inequality in abstract probability spaces with more general assumptions for random variables than those associated with monotonicity as found in the literature. This newly introduced property of random variables will be called synchronicity. As a consequence, we obtain inequalities originated by Chebyshev, Hardy–Littlewood–Pólya and Jensen–Mercer under new conditions. The results are illustrated by some examples constructed for specific probability measures and specific random variables. In biometrics, the obtained inequalities can be used wherever there is a need to compare the characteristics of experimental data based on means or moments, and the data can be modeled using functions that are synchronous or convex.

Imbalanced class distribution and performance evaluation metrics: A systematic review of prediction accuracy for determining model performance in healthcare systems.

Focus on predictive algorithm and its performance evaluation is extensively covered in most research studies to determine best or appropriate predictive model with Optimum prediction solution indicated by prediction accuracy score, precision, recall, f1score etc. Prediction accuracy score from performance evaluation has been used extensively as the main determining metric for performance recommendation. It is one of the most widely used metric for identifying optimal prediction solution irrespective of dataset class distribution context or nature of dataset and output class distribution between the minority and majority variables. The key research question however is the impact of class inequality on prediction accuracy score in such datasets with output class distribution imbalance as compared to balanced accuracy score in the determination of model performance in healthcare and other real-world application systems. Answering this question requires an appraisal of current state of knowledge in both prediction accuracy score and balanced accuracy score use in real-world applications where there is unequal class distribution. Review of related works that highlight the use of imbalanced class distribution datasets with evaluation metrics will assist in contextualizing this systematic review.

Designing An Instrument For Gauging Equity Literacy

Equity literacy refers to the skills and mindsets needed to recognize, respond to, and redress conditions that deny equitable access to education. It involves understanding how identities such as ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, language, religion, immigration status, and disability intersect and contribute to class inequities. More than mere awareness, equity literacy demands a commitment to deepening individual and institutional understandings of the dynamics of equity and injustice within organizations and communities. Its goal is to pinpoint disparities, eradicate inequities, and actively foster a culture of equity. Evaluating equity literacy is essential to understand how educational disparities impact access to equitable opportunities free from bias and discrimination. Considering the existing deficiency in tools for assessing equity literacy, this study introduces a survey instrument designed to assess equity literacy in educational institutions. This survey was developed based on Gorski's equity literacy framework (2016). To establish its validity, the survey was reviewed by experts and refined using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Items with CVR scores below the established threshold were removed. The revised 20-item survey was administered to 34 individuals to assess reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. The survey demonstrated robust reliability with an alpha of 0.87. Additionally, the survey categorizes total scores into four rubric levels of equity literacy: exceptional, fair, developing, and little/none. This survey serves as a foundational tool for implementing this framework, thus empowering educators to challenge prevailing mindsets and cultural deficits.

«Ускользающий мир» и «текучая современность»: образ социальности в британской постнеклассической социологии

The content of the article is focused on analyzing the problems of reflecting social instability and searching for vectors of development in contemporary British postnonclassical sociology. The issues of class inequality, di-chotomy of freedom and order, egalitarianism and elitism, past and future, local and global dimensions are highlighted and analyzed. It is emphasized that contemporary British postnonclassical sociology is seriously influenced by the factors of social instability, total risks, and the lack of a distinct positive image of a desirable future. Bauman’s “liquid modernity” is presented. Common postulates of the theories are revealed, such as instability of the present and unpredictability of the future, frustrated and loneliness of personality in modern society. Differences in the accents of constructing the model of modern sociality by these scientists are noted. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that British postnonclassical sociology, represented by its two most prominent representatives, is clearly oriented towards the search for integration of the poles of the dichotomies under study, which is manifested in Giddens’ category of trust and Bauman’s category of dialog. This testifies to the gradual penetration of the axiological component into the paradigm of modern sociology.

Constructed educational inequality, philanthropy, and power relations in educational public–private partnerships in South Africa

There is a robust debate about innovative ways to improve educational outcomes and governance in public schools located in the poorest townships in South Africa. This article looks at one recent innovation, a new model for providing basic education called ‘collaboration schools’, based on the British academy schools. We seek to understand what these partnerships between philanthropists, government, and parents entail, the specific problems the partners seek to address, the key actors involved, and the power relations that have emerged. Based on interviews with key local actors and a close reading of partnership agreements, the authors argue that although well-intentioned, the experts taking over schools have faced considerable resistance as well as deep structural challenges related to the social and economic decline in black townships. We also point to policy weaknesses linked to unsettled issues of class inequalities and apartheid spatial legacies.

The Ethics of Self‐Care: Risk, Responsibility, and Reproduction in Chile

AbstractThe meanings of self‐care are complex, ranging from radical political warfare to structural biopolitical governmentality. This paper explores lived tensions of self‐care by analysing women's experiences negotiating pregnancy in Santiago de Chile. Drawing on 40 life story interviews, the findings show that although sexual education, contraception, and abortion remain constrained and structured according to class inequalities, women are expected to care for themselves by managing the risk of pregnancy and assuming responsibility for their reproductive outcomes. I argue that politics of reproduction in Santiago de Chile are shaped by a neoliberal ethics of self‐care that outlines women as autonomous, rational, and self‐regulating agents while neglecting structural constraints that affect whether and when to have children. This neoliberal ethics of self‐care reinforces the overburdening of the self, the feminisation of reproduction, the privatisation of care, and the institutionalisation of carelessness, undermining the subversive and emancipatory potential involved in caring for oneself.

Arakelov inequalities in higher dimensions

AbstractWe develop a Hodge theoretic invariant for families of projective manifolds that measures the potential failure of an Arakelov-type inequality in higher dimensions, one that naturally generalizes the classical Arakelov inequality over regular quasi-projective curves. We show that, for families of manifolds with ample canonical bundle, this invariant is uniformly bounded. As a consequence, we establish that such families over a base of arbitrary dimension satisfy the aforementioned Arakelov inequality, answering a question of Viehweg.