Class In Russia Research Articles

Dynamics of regional mortality from digestive diseases of different classes in Russia in 2019—2021

Dynamics of regional mortality from digestive diseases of different classes in Russia in 2019—2021

I.S. TURGENEV AND A.N. OSTROVSKY

In the early 1850s St. Petersburg writers-Westerners, close to Nekrasov’s Sovremennik, decided to involve A.N. Ostrovsky. In their circle, I.S. Turgenev, who visited the playwright in Moscow in January 1855. At the same time, Ostrovsky, represented by Turgenev, faced a serious competitor. Turgenev, not without reason, then claimed to renew and enrich the Russian theatrical repertoire. However, Turgenev the playwright could not stand the competition, left work on plays and recognized Ostrovsky’s priority. During the period of creating the national repertoire, our dramaturgy needed works of all-Russian sound, deeply immersed in folk culture. The refined dramaturgy of Turgenev was forced to give way to the more democratic and nationally rooted dramaturgy of Ostrovsky. The article reveals the hidden dispute between Ostrovsky and Turgenev in the comedy “The Poor Bride” and examines Turgenev’s polemical responses to this dispute in the comedy “Where it is thin – there it breaks” and in the story “Correspondence”. Unlike Ostrovsky, Turgenev poeticized spiritualized and incorporeal love, pure and sublime, but infinitely far from family joys and worries. Turgenev did not accept in Ostrovsky’s dramaturgy the idealization of merchant life and the parodic and satirical depiction of the Russian nobility. He believed that “the role of the educated class in Russia is to be the transmitter of civilization to the people”. The deep democratism of Ostrovsky’s work seemed limited to Turgenev. Hence, he highly appreciated the language of the national playwright, but often complained about the paucity of the content of his plays. At the same time, Turgenev actively sought to acquaint the Western European reader with the work of Ostrovsky, involving the Englishman Ralston and the Frenchman E. Durand in the translations of his dramas.

Features of designing and conducting an online course in business English for adult learners

Foreign language communication skills are crucial for today’s business professionals, as they provide opportunities for advancing their career and conducting efficient communication with partners world-wide. The present article and the underlying research explore the implementation of andragogical principles in an online course for Business English. One of the most important principles entails providing conditions for comfortable learning, including, above all, the format of interaction, which ultimately affects its efficiency and organization. The relevance of distance learning is confirmed by current national laws, as well as by social studies that indicate a demand for online classes in Russia. The use of digital technology for the development of adult learners’ foreign language communication allows them to be educated in a setting that simulates their working environment. This would suggest that when organizing adult education, it is recommended to rely on the learners’ professional experience, offer practice-oriented tasks, encourage autonomy and offer authentic, problem-oriented materials in order to facilitate interaction and set off discussions. With all the advantages of the distance learning format, adult learners may, however, encounter difficulties which are to be taken into account. This article presents an online course for Business English, taking into consideration the identified principles of andragogy, specific properties of workplace interaction and particular features of the distance learning format. The research findings may be of practical value for designing and organizing a course in Business English with its methodology based on adult learning theory principles.

Development of psychological and pedagogical classes of the Orenburg region

The paper contains the results of the study on the development of psychological and pedagogical classes in the Orenburg region. The relevance of the study is due to the growing importance of the profile training of senior students of general educational institutions, focused on the teaching profession. Based on the analysis of scientific sources and the accumulated pedagogical experience, the dynamics of the development of psychological and pedagogical classes from the moment of inception to the present day is traced. As the study showed, this phenomenon has not been fully studied in pedagogical science and practice. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the development of psychological and pedagogical classes in Russia and the Orenburg region. The basic methods were: the method of reconstruction, historical and genetic analysis, the method of analytical generalization. The source base of the study was made up of official normative legal documents regulating the development of psychological and pedagogical classes in the 19th21st centuries, as well as a set of publications on the problem under study. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the phenomenon under study has passed a long stage in its development. There are two key stages in its development the second half of the 19th century until the 1960s, when the pedagogical class was considered as one of the forms of training teachers, and from the 60s of the 20th century to the present day this is a form of pre-profile and profile training of students for the teaching profession. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are given on the need to introduce a systematic and productive practice of networking between general educational organizations, on the one hand, and pedagogical universities, on the other, with the organizational support of education authorities. The introduction of this model will make it possible to move forward in solving an urgent problem for the education system of the Russian Federation the lack of teaching staff.

МЕСТО И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СРЕДНЕГО КЛАССА В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

Objective of the study is to consider the main factors influencing the situation of the modern Russian middle class, such as consumer ideology, under-consumption, the influence of global capitalism, the artificial environment formed in modern times on the state of the middle class in Russia. The structure of the study includes consideration of the specifics of the Russian middle class, then it is proved that the state of the middle class is determined by consumption, and its level differs depending on the distance of the regions. Next, we assess the negative impact of global factors and consumer ideology on the middle class, and consider the modern exploitation implemented in the sphere of not only production, but also consumption. It is assumed that in order to maintain the economic condition of the middle class, cooperative or associative forms of interaction are necessary, which contribute to the disclosure of collectively reproducible forms of human existence. In conclusion, the main results of the study are presented. The methodological basis of the research are the comparative method and the dialectical method, based on the theoretical propositions of Marxism. Research results. 1. The present situation of the middle class in Russia is revealed. 2. The nature of the impact of modern negative factors on society, including the middle class, is considered; 3. It is noted that the reason for the unstable situation of the middle class is consumerism and the underdevelopment of the material basis, so it is necessary to improve the material and spiritual sphere of society. Prospects of the study lie in the possibility of finding constructive ways to solve the problem associated with the scientific establishment of a specific status of the middle class in Russia in industrial and social relations as the basic superstructure foundations of society. To this end, the author substantiates the need to identify ways to improve the spiritual sphere of Russian society on the basis of a developed basis, as well as the formation of a stable middle class, which, with the help of cooperation, can overcome some instability associated with its position in the labor market. It is assumed that further development of opportunities for the expansion and development of the stability of the middle class will be possible while overcoming some of the negative aspects of the present time.  

Ways to Improve the Regulation of Projects of the “Megascience” Class

The creation of unique scientific facilities of the “Megascience” class is a very complex and lengthy organizational and technical process, for the implementation of which the resources of several states are usually involved. In connection with the participation in the creation and implementation of a scientific project of the “Megascience” class of several states, it becomes necessary to distribute the rights, duties, costs and powers of project management among the participants. Currently, the Russian Federation lacks a sufficient level of legal regulation of projects of the “Megascience” class. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign experience in the implementation of scientific projects of the “Megascience” class, the article presents proposals for improving the legal regulation of these projects being implemented on the territory of the Russian Federation. The article also discusses the specific problems that one has to face when implementing projects of the “Megascience” class in Russia, and the ways to solve them. In addition, the authors’ definitions of such key terms as “Megascience” class project, “unique scientific facility of the “Megascience class” and “scientific collaboration,” which are absent in the current legislation, are proposed. This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-29-15036mk “Models for legal regulation of unique scientific facilities of ‘Megascience’ class at the national and international levels in the context of technological development of the Russian Federation”).

“Narrative” of the women of Burachikha settlement as a source on the history of development of civil society in Vladimir province in the spring of 1917

This article reviews two documents stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation: “Narrative” of the women of Burachikha settlement (Glumovskaya Volost , Yuryevsky Uyezd of Vladimir Province) and the response of the Moscow Regional Council of the Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers' Deputies dated by April-May 1917. The “Narrative” reflects the concerns of peasantry, which was the largest social class in Russia of that time: shortage of firewood and food, ongoing World War I, unresolved land issue; confusion with the political changes taking place in the country due to lack of awareness and special literature. The attitude of rural population towards the pre-revolutionary authorities and Provisional Government is described. The document deserves special attention, as it demonstrates the position of women who were first granted the right to vote in the spring of 1917. Moscow Regional Council of Workers' Deputies supported the political activity of female rural population, although did not render any assistance. The conclusion is made that the published texts can be used in studying the development of civil society in provinces after the February Revolution of 1917. The content of these sources is also valuable for the researchers dealing with the gender problems, social history of the first quarter of the XX century, and the history of the February and October Revolutions of 1917.

Personal income tax: Reforms in Russia and their impact on the income inequality

The article explores the problem of income inequality of the population in the con? text of the income taxation. Methodologically, the study relies on the theoretical propositions of monetary inequality and individual income taxation. The research methods include structural-logical analysis, comparison, identification of cause-and-effect relationships, and data ranking. The author generalises about the methods for measuring the level of monetary inequality of incomes, determines their specifics and reliability. The paper presents the results of calculations of the income inequality level in the Russian Federation against the background of the configuration and stratification alternatives of income inequality in other countries. The researcher concludes that the level of income inequality in the Russian Federation is higher than in the European countries and lower than in the BRICS countries; the gap between the richest one percent and the middle class in Russia is the largest in the world, while there is no extreme poverty. The analysis of the individual income taxation in the OECD countries reveals that the majority of the countries adopt a progressive scale with 2–19 schedules and non-taxable amounts. The paper proposes introducing in the Russian Federation a progressive personal income tax scale consisting of 4–6 schedules with a maximum rate of about 40 % for rich and super-rich taxpayers. Simultaneously, a standard tax deduction in the amount of at least two subsistence rates should be established. The findings of the study of? fer prospects for further reforming of income taxation in Russia to stimulate economic growth.

Trotsky, the Red Army and Uneven and Combined Development

Discussions of Leon Trotsky’s theory of uneven and combined development tend to ignore one of the major components of his revolutionary praxis: his role in the creation and development of the Red Army. Trotsky’s military work is a concrete if implicit expression of what would become his theory of uneven and combined development. The Red Army was instrumental in ensuring the consolidation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, but given the relatively small working class in Russia this army would have to be a largely peasant army under proletarian leadership. Trotsky rejected calls for a ‘unified’ or ‘proletarian’ military strategy as vulgar economic determinism, arguing instead for the objective necessity for the Red Army to make use of existing military science and of military specialists from the former Tsarist army. Given the relatively underdeveloped material and cultural conditions which characterized Soviet Russia, the Red Army could not avoid being an amalgamation of elements from both relatively advanced and relatively retrograde modes of production.

Perspective for the becoming of the middle class in Russia

Perspective for the becoming of the middle class in Russia

The study of the conditions for the formation of the middle class in Russia using the factor model of the quality of life of people

The article substantiates the need to study the conditions for the formation of the middle class. Various approaches to the assessment of the middle class are considered and the author's approach based on factor modeling of balanced personality development is justified. The model clearly allows us to understand the reasons for the extremely low share of the middle Russian class, the lack of coordination of institutional changes with the harmonious development of the individual. This is due to the unevenness of ownership of production elements, the factors of the impossibility of changing the social status for people with higher education and demanded qualifications. Based on the simulated factors of life satisfaction and comfort of living of the population, a sociological survey was carried out, the results of which were processed using economic and mathematical methods and presented in graphic form. The author substantiates the use of the factor model of population quality of life management for the formation of methods and technologies for managing a set of measures that allow influencing the increase in the share of the middle class.

Определение величины среднего класса в России по совокупности критериев «уровень образования – профессиональный статус»

The Middle class of society performs many useful and significant functions in the development of any state. To conduct a balanced socio-economic policy, the state needs to know the social structure of society, including the share of the middle class in the total population, as well as the dynamics of its development. To this end, the paper substantiates the author's criteria for distinguishing the middle class among employees by level of education and professional status. The size of the middle class in Russia is determined for each of the above criteria separately and in their entirety. A comparative analysis of the results obtained is presented, based on which, at the end of the work, directions for increasing the middle class in the country are proposed.

New working class as a political subject

The authors consider the new working class as consisting of both industrial workers and employed in the service sector. The article aims at identifying changes in the social-political status of the new working class and at describing the civil-political component of its political subjectivity. The authors attempt to theoretically reconstruct the idea of the working class as a political subject. The first part of the article presents conceptual approaches to the analysis of the working class as a political subject. The authors identify three periods: 1) classical works that laid the foundation for the study of the working class as a political subject and its special historical role; 2) studies of the marginal political status of the working class in Western countries, when leading theorists described the transformation of workers into an object of manipulation in the era of mass communications and the widespread consumerism ideology; 3) works of contemporary authors (including the new working class studies) opposing the policy of the traditional industrial working class and the new working class exclusion from the social-political space, which is pursued by the ruling class of the neoliberal international. The empirical part of the article describes the political subjectivity of the working class in Russia and its position in the political space at the institutional and individual levels. Despite the underrepresentation of workers in politics, since 2010, we have witnessed a return of the working class to the public space. The representative survey conducted in three regions of the Ural Federal District and narrative interviews prove a weak interest of the new working class youth in politics, their tendency of non-participation in it, and a high level of national patriotic identity.

Organizational and legal models of international scientific and technical cooperation for the creation and operation of a global research infrastructure in the nuclear field

Legal science faces the urgent task of researching existing legal forms and models of international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC) on the creation and use of global research infrastructure (GII) in the nuclear field, identifying their advantages and disadvantages, possibilities of application and adaptation to projects of the "megasience" class in Russia. The key factors for determining the legal aspects of the creation and use of GII are two factors: the organizational and legal formalization (the establishment of a separate independent entity or the use of existing "umbrella" legal structures) and what legal tools are used, what law is subordinate to the activity. В В В В В В В The organizational and legal model of the ISTC, both using existing international intergovernmental organizations of the framework type or legal entities, and by establishing special entities, can be schematically represented in the form of a four-level system. The advantage of using umbrella-type models in the nuclear field is the readiness of most of its tools and mechanisms, which only require adaptation to specific projects, and the possibility of implementing a significant number of projects. If it is necessary to ensure a clear equity participation of partners, financial obligations and a management structure dependent on them, then the appropriate form is the creation of a special project-type entity. Based on the "legal environment", the use of MMPO implies certain immunities and privileges, exemptions from the jurisdiction of the host State, etc. It is also important in modern conditions that it is more difficult to subject MMPO to politically motivated unilateral restrictive measures ("sanctions"). But the use of the construction of a legal entity can provide greater efficiency, flexibility and managerial cheapness of the process, especially since exceptions from national law can also be provided for them.The most successful seems to be the development of a special organizational and legal form mentioned in the draft federal law "On Scientific, Scientific, technical and innovative activities in the Russian Federation" - an international research organization.

The Future of the Middle Classes as in the «Logic» of the Historical Process in the 20th Century

The Object of the Study. Middle classes in the logic of the historical process in the 20th century. The Subject of the Study. Production relations that determine the fate of the middle classes in capitalist and noosphere - socialist societies. The Purpose of the Study. Development of methodological grounds for predictive research on the problem of the historical fate of the middle classes. The Main Provisions of the Study. The author reveals a theoretical system-a concept that determines the future of the middle classes in Russia and in the world, taking into account the era of the Great Evolutionary Change. The scientific and philosophical essay is a kind of theoretical reflection on the problems and assessments that are set and disclosed in the monograph "Middle Classes in Capitalist Russia".

Mechanism for financing scientific projects of “Megascience” class in Russia

This article is dedicated to consideration of legal framework for financing scientific projects of Megascience class in the territory of the Russian Federation in terms of “PIK” reactor and NICA collider. These projects intend new breakthrough research practice aimed at acquiring knowledge important for development of the whole humanity. Successful accomplishment of these projects integrally depends on financing, its sufficiency and promptness. As far as projects of megascience class are first of all aimed at receipt of fundamental knowledge, the leading role for financing is played by public funds contributed in Russia in the framework of state programs. Furthermore it is possible to attract extra-budgetary funds from different sources. It is defined that global character of research practice determines engagement of foreign financing inclusively. Therefore, today megascience projects are accomplished basing on the principle of financing sources multiplicity.

Российское отходничество: вехи многовековой истории

<p class="_1Vvodka">Отходники<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span>–<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span>самоназвание внутренних временных трудовых мигрантов в России, которые могут быть как самодеятельными предпринимателями, так и наёмными работниками. Ключевые особенности отходников: 1) жители сельской местности и малых городов, ищущие работу в столицах и центрах промышленного развития (в последнем случае синоним<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span>–<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span>вахтовики); 2) не намерены менять место постоянного жительства ради работы; 3) основная трудовая мотивация состоит в повышении благосостояния семьи; 4) самостоятельность, самодеятельность, инициатива<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span>–<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span>основные трудовые качества отходника.</p><p class="_1Vvodka">В статье кратко рассмотрена пятивековая история российского отходничества и выделены основные причины отхода в имперский и современный периоды, а также факторы, стимулирующие или подавляющие отхожую активность провинциального населения. Представлены авторские оценки современной численности отходников и оценки других исследователей, позволившие описать вековую динамику численности. Даны оценки структуры отходничества по видам занятости с 1990-х годов до последнего времени. Описана эволюция современного отходничества, особенностями которой являются динамизм, изменчивость и экспансия. Автор имеет основания полагать, что отходники<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span>–<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span>авангард пресловутого «нового опасного класса<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceBefore"> </span>–<span class="myHorizontalScaleForEmDashSpaceAfter"> </span>прекариата» в современной России.</p>

PEER REVIEW IN EFL WRITING CLASSROOMS AT RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES: CULTURAL FACTORS

The article addresses the issue of using peer review in writing within the field of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at the university level in Russia. Although peer review has been recognized by teachers around the world as an effective technique for improving students writing skills, there are very few publications on this topic in Russia. The research aims to determine how often peer review is used in EFL writing classes at Russian universities, what attitudes teachers and students have toward peer review and whether these attitudes are influencedby inherent cultural characteristics.The data for analysis was obtained through online and offline anonymous surveys conducted in a number of Russian universities among random samples of teachers and students.Based on the findings of these surveys, the authors conclude that peer review is not a very common practice in EFL writing classes in Russia although it is viewed mostly in a positive way by both faculty and students. The study also shows that limitations on using peer review are caused by such inherent cultural characteristics as a high degree of collectivism and high power distance. These cultural values, believed to be typical of Russians, are manifested in educational settings; yet, there is no unanimity among faculty and among students about the extent of this manifestation. Moreover, there is a considerable discrepancy between teachers and students views on whether learning should be student- or teacher-centered.

The Democratization Potential of the Middle Class in Russia

The paper on the case study of the contemporary regime in Russia questions the classical theory of the positive influence of middle classes on democratization processes. The author introduces arguments for the following three hypotheses. (1) An essential part of the middle class in Russia is dependent on the state, predominantly in the form of employment in the state sector. (2) This dependence is the main reason why the middle class in Russia keeps preserving the status quo. (3) The middle class in contemporary Russia, therefore, does not serve as a support for the democratic transformation of the regime. The author employs a method of statistical data analysis and concludes that the Russian middle class prefers a strong state to individual freedom and expresses deeper support for the state institutions than the lower class. The author offers the explanation based on the strong relations between the middle class and the state in Russia, supported by the data showing that public sector employees are the fastest growing segment of the Russian middle class.

STRATIFICATION OF MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: METHODOLOGY, ANALYSIS AND TREND

The conducted research in modern conditions allows to allocate such classes in society as rich, average, poor and beggar. Stratification is basing on four criteria, established and justified by the author. The offered technique of social stratification includes 34 indicators, grouped in four blocks. Its transparency, clarity of reflection of vital realities in concrete indicators and availability of information on the specified criteria provide practicality of its realization in life. By results of the conducted survey of 200 experts (as of 01.01.2019), classes are represented in the following order of types and ratios: rich 7-9 %, average 20,9 %, the others – poor and beggar classes. Unfortunately, the trend of increasing reduction of the middle class in Russia and exhaustion of its potential is observed.