Class Households Research Articles

Women's smoking and family health

Women's smoking behaviour, and the smoking behaviour of mothers in particular, is becoming an important focus of research in the area of health and inequality. Smoking among women is linked to social disadvantage, with the highest rates among white women in working class households. Evidence is accumulating of the effects of women's smoking on their health and on the health of their children. Women's smoking behaviour is also implicated in the process of childhood socialisation into smoking, with mother's smoking attitudes and practices identified as powerful influences on children's smoking behaviour. Despite the emphasis on maternal smoking in epidemiological studies, little attention has been paid in psychological and social research to the experience of smoking in the context of poverty and motherhood. Drawing on a study of 57 women caring for pre-school children in low-income families, the article explores some of the complex links between women's poverty, caring and smoking. The study suggests that, for a significant minority of mothers, poverty and caring combine with low levels of physical and emotional energy, with sleep problems and with feelings of social isolation. In this context, smoking appeared to provide a way of coping with caring-in-poverty: a way of coping alone with the demands of full-time caring and with the struggle of making ends meet.

Council House Sales and Residualization

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that council house sales will contribute towards a more general process of residualization of public sector housing. Empirical evidence is presented in this context derived from surveys of purchasers and non-purchasers of council dwellings in the city of Aberdeen. This evidence confirms that purchasers and non-purchasers exhibit different socio-economic characteristics and after only four years of the Right to Buy legislation significant numbers of households in social classes I, II and III have left the public sector via the mechanism of sales. The small number of sales relative to the stock as a whole, however, has meant that the overall contribution of sales towards residualization has been small. This evidence from Aberdeen is compared to evidence from elsewhere and related to the varying pattern of sales across the country as a whole.

Urban Indian Working Class Households

Urban Indian Working Class Households

Respiratory symptoms and peak flow associated with indoor and outdoor air pollutants in the southwest.

A symptom-stratified, geographic cluster sample of 117 middle class households was studied. Symptom daily diaries and peak flows were obtained for 211 subjects over a two-year period. Indoor sampling in a sample of houses was performed for O3, TSP, RSP, CO, temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH). Questionnaires determined type of stove and number of smokers In all households. Ambient pollutants (O3, TSP, CO, NO2), were monitored in or near the clusters, as were T and RH. Smoking in the household was significantly correlated with TSP and RSP. Indoor CO was significantly correlated with gas stove usage. Normal young adults under age 25 had daily peak flows (PEF) associated with outdoor O3 after adjusting for other factors). Asthmatics’ PEF was associated with smoking, gas stove use and outdoor NO2, and with outdoor O3 and temperature, after controlling for other factors. Indoor and outdoor factors affected asthmatic symptoms, after controlling for age, sex, smoking and other ambient environmental variables.

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model: A Rejoinder

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model: A Rejoinder

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model: Response to Laslett

Class Conflict and Household Structural Change: A Test of Laslett’s Model: Response to Laslett

THIRD WORLD MARKETS DEMAND HOUSEHOLD DATA FOR SUCCESSFUL CONSUMER GOODS MARKETING: MEXICO AS A CASE EXAMPLE

This paper examines influence in husband/wife purchasing decisions for durable goods among Mexican consumers in three income groups. Results indicate traditional husband dominance in less affluent households, and female participation through joint decision making in middle class households. A set of demographic variables in addition to income further differentiate traditional from joint influence households. Findings by product provide further distinctions between husband dominant and joint influence groups.

Imperfect capital markets and life-cycle consumption

This paper develops a long-range consumption planning model which, unlike conventional life-cycle theory, admits a disparity between borrowing and lending rates of interest. It is shown that, when capital markets are imperfect, optimal consumption depends not only upon an arithmetic average of the household's intertemporal income distribution, the traditional life-cycle income variable, but also upon current income and higher-order moments of that income distribution. The consumption function is estimated using the 1967–1968 CEDE budget survey of four major Colombian cities. A test is made to determine whether the assumption of perfect capital markets is acceptable for empirical approximation. The results strongly indicate that, for households in middle and lower income classes, the explanatory power of the consumption function can be raised by introducing a more flexible life- time budget constraint. The model is then estimated and used to compute the marginal consumption responses of Colombian households to transitory and permanent income changes.

Recent Studies of the Russian Peasant

THERE is a vast literature on the Russian peasant. In the 19th century the Russian peasant became known to the west through the writings of Russian novelists, especially Leo Tolstoi, and of foreign travellers. These latter include A. von Haxthausen (1844-1852), an incisive survey unfortunately involved in an outmoded controversy over the original forms of Russian peasant life; P. von Kippen (1852), a statistical treatment of the Don Cossacks and the south-central Russian peasant; J. Engelmann (1884), an excellent study of the condition of the Russian peasant before and after emancipation from serfdom in the 1860s; the keen if somewhat romanticized, notes on the peasant by a Scotsman, Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace (1912); and above all, Frederic Le Play (1877). Le Play, one of the founders of sociology, studied the peasant household of central and southern Russia in the mid-19th century, as well as working class households of the Urals, with particular reference to his specialty, family budgets. At this time the Russians themselves were also developing the study of their native peasantry, and they produced a literature which was unsurpassed in scope and comprehensiveness by any other national tradition. One of the most impressive studies is a six volume series on the Russian peasant, Etnograficheskii Sbornik (1853-1864). The Russian Geographical Society was charged with these studies down to the Soviet period. Even more compendious was a 19 volume series, Materialy dlia Geografii i Statistiki Rossii (1860-1864). This series is a vast reservoir of information gathered province by province on the demography, family life, village organization and social relations of the peasants. The journal of the ethnographic section of the Russian Geographic Society, Zhivaia Starina (The Living Past), in virtually every issue for a 25 year period from 1891 to 1916 published important contributions on the Russian peasant economy, ceremonials, agricultural round, family relations including the position of women, settlement patterns, customary law, house types, and folklore. A collection edited by V. P. Semenov-Tian-Shanskii (1899-1914) devoted some nine volumes to a systematic survey of the Russian peasant, among other subjects such as Russian geography, history, etc. At this time a number of individual scholars were examining the peasant life. Among the most outstanding of these is V. I. Semevskii (1888). Peasant customary law has been covered by a number of legal specialists, the chief of whom is undoubtedly V. I. Sergeevich (1902-1911); despite the somewhat oldfashioned conception his book is a vast compendium of peasant customary law. In any survey of prerevolutionary Russian literature on the peasant, a high place must be assigned to Aleksandra Efimenko (1884), whose work is of great significance in method, theory, and presentation of detail.

WORKING CLASS INCOME AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE JUNE, 1944.

Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & StatisticsVolume 7, Issue 2 p. 17-30 WORKING CLASS INCOME AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE JUNE, 1944. T. SCHULZ, T. SCHULZSearch for more papers by this author T. SCHULZ, T. SCHULZSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 3, 1945 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1945.mp7002001.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume7, Issue2February 3, 1945Pages 17-30 RelatedInformation

Economic Welfare and Family Responsibility

STATISTICAL inquiry into the circumstances of working class households has resulted in numerical answers to certain important questions; the answers are useful in checking current opinions as to the results of the industrial system on people's lives, but there are other questions of almost equal importance which are left in doubt. In days when some wage adjustments are being made by the aid of index numbers of retail prices and when endowment is freely debated, it becomes necessary to attempt a more thorough exploration of what may be called family The following pages amplify information which has appeared elsewhere and stress certain neglected features of economics. Poverty has been regarded hitherto as an attribute which will be found in a proportion of families: the basis of the Poverty Line calculation is noted as conventional rather than absolute and the work of classifying a sample population is fairly simple when such a convention has been set up. This view is the result of the urgency of questions first raised as to the extent of poverty, and while sufficient for that purpose, it lacks balance as a complete description of the sample examined. In fact, poverty is a short range at the bottom of a scale of economic well being, and in a complete view, should no more be used alone, than its opposite, the range which includes all people living above some arbitrary standard. Family welfare should indeed be understood as a variable which can be traced over the whole population or over important sub-classes of the population. An attempt is made to bring this conception to the front in later sections of this paper; the poverty line being taken as datum level, the scale of economic welfare is extended upwards from it. An effect of this method is that the scale can claim no higher degree of accuracy