Class Gastropoda Research Articles

Habitat Condition and Diversity of Macrozoobenthos and Nekton Species in The Laut Mati Tasi Ana Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara

Abstract
 Lake Laut MatiTasi Ana is located in Daeurendale Village, Landuleko Sub-District of Rote Ndao Regency East Nusa Tenggara Province. The conditions and characteristics of water habitat of this Lake greatly affect the diversity of existing biota. Insofar, data and information about the diversity of macrozoobenthos and nekton in this lake arestill are not available. This study aims to identify the diversity of macrozoobenthos and nekton that exist in the lake as well as their habitat condition parameters. The samples of data were collected from four predetermined stations of coordinate points (1.Oemasapoka, 2.Olokama, 3.Kaluoen, 4. Lolokaslain) by using cruise method. The study found that in this lake there exist eight species of macrozoobenthos which include Parathelphusaconvexa, Melanoidesturricula, M. tuberculata, M. maculata, Neritaundata, Mytilusedulis, Acar squamosa, Cerastodermaglaucum. Most of those macrozoobenthos belong to Gastropod class. In addition, there are four species of nekton namely Oreochormis niloticus, O. mossambicus, Paracheirodon simulans, Channa sp. All of these nektons are found only in station 1 (Oemasapoka). It is conceivable asthe watersalinity of this station is 30 0/00 and the pH level is 9.29. Such condition allows the existence of the nektons.

BEKICOT (ACHATINAFULICA) MICROBIOLOGY TEST BASED ON THREE WAYS TREATMENT AND STORAGE DURATION

Bekicot (Achatinafulica) is a gastropod class animal consumed by TNS community. It is processed in several ways including fried, boiled, and roasted. This study aims at determining the amount of bacteria found in snails that are processed in accordance with the habits of the community and stored for 3 hours, 6 hours, and 9 hours. This type of research is a descriptive study to see the quality of bicrobiology. This research was conducted in TNS sub-district for sampling and a microbiology test was carried out in the Basic Laboratory of Biology Education at Pattimura University. The results showed that among the three treatments, the lowest number of colonies was 3 hours treatment. The lowest amount of bacteria was found in bekicot meat by roasting with an average of 11.3 Cfu / g. In the storage period of 6 and 9 hours the meat is not safe to be consumed because it contains more than 5x105 Cfu / g bacteria, the highest number of bacteria or cannot be counted (CNbC) is found in meat by boiling.

Variation of the community structure of terrestrial gastropods in different plant associations from the Coatán River watershed, southeastern Chiapas, Mexico

The Gastropoda class is the only one on Mollusca phylum to have terrestrial representatives. These organisms are used as ecosystem indicators due to being closely related to environmental variables such as soil and relative humidity, pH, temperature, and plant association, variables sensitive to habitat alteration. The original ecosystems of the watersheds in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico are suitable for the presence of terrestrial gastropods, however, has experimented severe loss of the original plant association, the objective of the research was to determine the diversity of terrestrial gastropods and its changes in the Coatán River watershed. Sampling was carried out at three sites according to their plant association (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, and crops), within three zones of the watershed (upper, middle, and lower zone). A total of 342 organisms was obtained and classified into 16 families, 29 genera and 43 species, of these totals, 89% were Heterobranchia and 11% Caenogastropoda-Neritimorpha, which are mainly present in the middle zone. Five species are new records for Mexico and 10 species for Chiapas and extend the range distribution of several Central America species. The results of changes in diversity and abundance occurred at zone level and were influenced by environmental variables, mainly relative humidity and tree covered plant association. Low diversity patterns were related to high environmental temperature and low relative humidity, both related to the degree of disturbance and loss plant covered. The human activity in the Coatán watershed has an adverse effect on terrestrial gastropod diversity.

Macrozoobenthos Diversities in Ciwulan River, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java

Ciwulan River is one of the longest rivers in Tasikmalaya Regency with a diversity of macrozoobenthos as one of the biota contained therein. The purpose of this study was to describe the diversity of macrozoobenthos in The Ciwulan River, Tasikmalaya Regency. This research is important because macrozoobenthos is a component in determining river bioindicators. The method used in this study is exploratory with a purposive sampling technique. Sampling of macrozoobenthos is done using a surber net and measurement of environmental indicators is done in situ at the observation station. Samples of macrozoobenthos were taken from three different stations including upstream Station I (Salawu), middle part II (Sukaraja), and downstream Station III (Cikalong). Data collection was carried out in November 2019-April 2020 in the Ciwulan River, Tasikmalaya Regency. Analysis of the observed data was then calculated relative abundance, cumulative abundance, diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index. The results showed that the macrozoobenthos were found to have 24 species with 476 individuals/m 2 belonging to the gastropod class as many as 21 species with 433 individual/m 2 , bivalve class two species with 37 individuals/m 2 and crustacean class one species with six individuals/m 2 . Macrozoobenthos that are commonly found are Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 totaling 222 individuals/m 2 . The highest relative abundance was found in Station I with the Tarebia granifera Lamarck species, 1822 which was 0.65%. and the lowest relative abundance was found in Station II with the species Lymnaea (Radix) rubiginosa Michelin, 1831 and Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton, 1849 by 0.006%. Cumulative abundance values range from 54-350 individuals/m 2 . Diversity index values range from 1.02-1.67 with the category of moderate diversity. Uniformity index values ranged from 0.58 to 0.73 with a high category. The dominance index value ranges from 0.33 to 0.47 with the low category. Overall based on environmental parameters and ecological index measurements, the Ciwulan River is classified as not yet polluted and the conditions are suitable for macrozoobenthos life and have a moderate diversity of categories with relatively stable environmental conditions

A New Late Paleozoic Gastropod Genus Alanstukella gen. nov. (Trochonematidae)

A new gastropod genus Alanstukella gen. nov., from the family Trochonematidae is described. The type species A. rossica (Stuckenberg, 1905), belongs to a small group of the largest Late Paleozoic representatives of the class Gastropoda. A. rossica has been shown to have pedomorphic features. Despite the extreme rarity of finds, the species has a wide geographical and stratigraphic distribution: the East European Craton, the South Urals and the Fergana Valley; Upper Pennsylvanian–Lower Permian (from the basal Kasimovian to the basal Sakmarian).

KEANEKARAGAMAN KOMUNITAS MAKROBENTHOS PADA EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI DESA BANYUURIP KECAMATAN UJUNG PANGKAH KABUPATEN GRESIK

Mangrove Ecosystem in the Banyuurip Village Ujung Pangkah District Gresik Regency is a coastal area that has a fairly extensive mangrove forest and human activities are also increasing, it will directly affect the existence of biota in the mangrove ecosystem, one of the affected biota are macrobentos. The purpose of this study is to determine the community structure (species composition, average abundance, and relative abundance) and Ecological Index (Diversity Index and Dominance Index) macrobenthos. Determination of the station based on the condition of mangrove forests, substrate and surrounding activities, consisting of 3 stations namely station 1 in residential areas, station 2 at the residents' water gate, station 3 at the river mouth near the ocean. The results obtained were 15 species of macrobenthos diversity, divided into 10 types of Gastropoda class, 4 types of Malacostraca class and 1 type of Polychaeta class. Makrobentos abundance between 114 ind / m2 to 159 ind / m2. Diversity Index between 1.6605 and 2.5737. Dominance Index between 0.0803 to 0.2669. The structure of the macrobenthos community is stable with a diversity of species and the distribution of the number of individuals of each species is evenly distributed, the community is uniform and there are no species that dominate so that the environmental conditions in the Mangrove Ecosystem in Banyuurip Village District Ujung Pangkah Gresik Regency is said to be still good.

Molluscs Combing on The Coast of Karang Hawu, West Java

Karang Hawu Beach faces the Indian Ocean, so the presence of mollusks in the area varies widely and can increase in variety due to natural phenomena, such as earthquakes and tsunami outbreaks. The research objective was to obtain gastropods and bivalves (mollusks) by sweeping the Karang Hawu beach, West Java. Samples were collected from the coastal waters of Karang Hawu, West Java using the coastal sweeping method, then the samples were identified. The results showed that there were 3 classes of mollusks, namely: Cephalopod class, Bivalvia class, and Gastropod class with 42 families and 146 species of mollusks. Mollusks, with the highest gastropod class (38 families, 140 species), Bilavia class (3 families, 5 species), and Cephalopod class (1 family, 1 species). Results of the study concluded that based on the Molluscs sweeping the coast of Karang Hawu, West Java, it has a diversity of Molluscs, namely 146 species of mollusks from 3 classes, which were Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods.

ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ ВОД р. ВОРСКЛА ЗА ОРГАНІЗМАМИ МАКРОЗООБЕНТОСУ У МЕЖАХ ГЕТЬМАНСЬКОГО НПП

У статті розглянуто результати польового дослідження структурних характеристик макрозообентосу р. Ворскла у межах Гетьманського національного природного парку на десяти станціях спостереження, проведеного вперше в червні 2020 р. На цій природоохоронній території виявлено представників 36 нижчих ідентифікованих таксонів донних макробезхребетних. У складі дослідженої біоти за видовим багатством та чисельністю переважали клас Gastropoda (7 видів) та ряд Odonata (6 видів). Представники двох провідних таксономічних груп складають 36% від загальної кількості видів та 56% від загальної чисельності на усіх станціях спостереження. Варто відмітити присутність на усіх досліджених ділянках р. Ворскла виду Anax parthenope – звичного на півдні України виду бабок, який поступово з’являється у північних регіонах. На основі показників видового багатства та видового різноманіття проведено біологічну індикацію якості поверхневих вод. Розраховано такі широковживані біотичні індекси: Trent Biotic Index, Belgian Biotic Index, Biological Monitoring Working Party Index. Для оцінки рівня органічного забруднення розраховано індекс сапробності Зелінки — Марвана. Видове різноманіття донних безхребетних оцінювали за індексом Шеннона, а схожість видового складу оцінювали за індексом Жаккара з проведенням подальшого кластерного аналізу. На більшості станцій спостереження біотичні показники вказують на високу якість вод р. Ворскла – класи якості вод характеризуються переважно як «добрий» та «відмінний». Найгіршими результатами за усіма показниками характеризується станція 8, розташована поблизу населеного пункту Лутище. Найгірші значення за розрахунками індексів Шеннона та Жаккара також зареєстровано на цій станції. Також варто відмітити зниження видового багатства між станціями 9 та 10, розділеними греблею через р. Ворскла. Припускаємо, що зниження видового багатства вищезазначених ділянок ріки спричинене антропогенним впливом. Розраховані значення індексу сапробності Зелінки — Марвана вказують на низький рівень забруднення вод р. Ворскла органічними речовинами. На усіх станціях спостереження встановлено переваження оліготрофних (за чисельністю) α-олігосапробних та β'-мезосапробних вод.

Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone

ABSTRACT We investigated the spatial variation of molluscan assemblages with different habitat-forming species and bare rock habitat in a rocky intertidal zone in northeastern Brazil. The high intertidal zone substrate was covered predominantly of barnacles [Chthamalus bisinuatus (Pilsbry, 1916)], the mid-intertidal of mussels [Brachidontes exustus (Linnaeus, 1758)] and the low intertidal of macroalgae chlorophytes [Gayralia oxysperma (Kützing) K. L. Vinogradova ex Scagel et al., 1989 and Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, 1753], phaeophytes [Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh] and rhodophytes [Palisada flagellifera (J.Agardh) K. W. Nam, 2007]. A total of 3,861 mollusks were recorded, belonging to the classes Gastropoda (9 species; 3,800 individuals), Bivalvia (3 spp.; 54 ind.), and Polyplacophora (1 sp.; 7 ind.). Functional diversity was accessed through the trophic structure, in which we identified food guilds: suspension feeders, grazers, herbivores, and carnivores. The analysis revealed significant differences in mollusk abundance, species richness, diversity indices, and trophic diversity among barnacle belts, mussel beds, algae habitat, and bare rock habitats. The highest species richness and trophic diversity were detected in algae habitat and mussel beds, which showed low abundance. In contrast, barnacle belts registered low species richness and trophic diversity and a high number of individuals. Bare rock recorded low values in all surveyed indices. This result points to the effect of environmental modification caused by habitat-forming species in this system. These species increase environmental complexity and enable the establishment of organisms through facilitation processes. The various food guilds found in this study reaffirm the role of habitat-forming species in providing niches that support different occupation patterns.

Biodiversity of microbial communities on some species in the class Gastropoda common in coastal waters in Central Vietnam

Gastropoda is a large class in coastal waters in Central Vietnam. The interaction between microorganisms and Gastropoda mainly consists of symbiotic and parasitic relationships. In this study, biodiversity of microbial communities on some species of Gastropoda is evaluated, thereby predicting their interaction. From 12 samples of Gastropoda including 3 species: Trochus maculatus , Cypraea eglantica , Chicoreus bruneus , 101 microorganism strains including 79 bacterial strains (78.2%), 18 yeast strains (17.8%) and 4 actinomycetes strains (4.0%) were isolated. There were 15 strains (including 8 yeast strains, 5 bacterial strains and 2 actinomycetes strains) selected to identify based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region (yeast) and 16S rRNA gene (bacteria and actinomycetes). Based on the identification results, it is possible to predict the nutritional relationship between microorganisms and species of Gastropoda.

Distribution and diversity of mollusca at migratory bird visiting and non-visiting lakes of Jahngirnagar University, Savar

This study was conducted to compare mollusc diversity in migratory bird visiting and non-visiting lakes of Jahangirnagar University campus, Savar, Bangladesh from July, 2016 to June, 2017. A total of 13 species belonging to 6 families under 2 classes of Mollusca were encountered. The class Gastropoda dominated the faunal composition (91%) with 11 species under 5 families and the class Bivalvia constituting (9%) with 2 species under single family. Among them Bellamya bengalensis, Lymnaea accuminata, Indoplnorbis exeutus, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Melanoides tuberculata and Lamellidens marginalis were the most dominating taxa. The highest number of molluscan taxa was from the family Viviparidae (3 spp.) 29% followed by Planorbidae (2 spp.) 27%, Lymnaedae (3 spp.) 23%, Unionidae (2 spp.) 9%, Thiaridae (1 sp.) 8% and lowest from Piladae (2 spp.) 4%. Seasonal variation showed maximum density in the summer and minimum in the monsoon. Correlation (p> 0.05) indicate that B. bengalensis, L. accuminata, I. exustus, L. marginalis had close dependency to soil pH, soil organic Carbon, Soil organic matter and sand particle whereas M. tuberculata and G. convexiusculus show significant positive correlation with silt and clay particle. Biodiversity indices indicating low species diversity and richness of molluscs in both migratory bird visiting and non-visiting lakes. These findings emphasized the importance of protection and management of molluscs fauna in the lakes for supporting the food for the migratory birds.
 Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(2): 355-366, 2019

Multi-omics investigations within the Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda: from ecological application to breakthrough phylogenomic studies.

Gastropods are the largest and most diverse class of mollusc and include species that are well studied within the areas of taxonomy, aquaculture, biomineralization, ecology, microbiome and health. Gastropod research has been expanding since the mid-2000s, largely due to large-scale data integration from next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry in which transcripts, proteins and metabolites can be readily explored systematically. Correspondingly, the huge data added a great deal of complexity for data organization, visualization and interpretation. Here, we reviewed the recent advances involving gastropod omics ('gastropodomics') research from hundreds of publications and online genomics databases. By summarizing the current publicly available data, we present an insight for the design of useful data integrating tools and strategies for comparative omics studies in the future. Additionally, we discuss the future of omics applications in aquaculture, natural pharmaceutical biodiscovery and pest management, as well as to monitor the impact of environmental stressors.

Structure of Macrozoobenthos (Gastropods) Community in Mangrove Forest Ecotourism Pandansari Kabupaten Brebes, Central Java

Aims: This research aimed to analyze the abudance and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the Gastropod Class in the Ecotourism Waters of Pandansari Mangrove Forest, Brebes Regency, Central Java.
 Study Design: The research was conducted by survey.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out for 3 months between December 2018 until February 2019 in Ecotourism Forest Areas in Bakau Pandansari, Brebes Regency, Central Java.
 Methodology: The method used in this research was survey methods using primary data in the form of physical chemistry of aquatic data, gastropod abundance, diversity index, equitability index. Data collection techniques using purposive sampling in determining 3 stations and 3 repetitions. Data analysis in this research used descriptive statistics.
 Results: Research results found 9 species of Gastropods inhabiting the mangrove ecosystem, namely Casidulla aurisfelis, Cerithidea sp, Cerithidea alata, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea obtusa, Polinices sp, Puperita sp, Telescopium telescopium and Turiculla nellial-suprius. Gastropod abundance ranged from 67 - 166 ind / m2. Gastropod diversity index in the medium category 2 <H’ ≤ 3. Uniformity values ranged from 0.79 to 0.81 with a high category. The relationship between water quality and gastropods had an R2 value of 97%, water quality can affect gastropod life and as much as 3% is influenced by other factors.
 Conclusion: Based on the results of this research that has been done, it can be concluded that in general environmental parameters in the Pandansari mangroves are still favorable in supporting the survival of the gastropods inhabiting them.

New data on the taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in marine habitats from the Livingston Island, Antarctica

Antarctic marine organisms are characterised by a significant level of endemism. This is due to geological, climatological and oceanographic reasons, such as the break-up of Antarctida from Gondwana during the Cretaceous; the formation of a circumpolar current; the extremely low water temperatures (close to freezing); the short summer seasons. The South Shetland Islands (West Antarctic Peninsula) are one of 29 known biogeographic areas in the Southern Hemisphere (Griffiths et al. 2009). King George Island is the largest island from the South Shetlands and eight countries have their polar bases there. Marine bottom macroinvertebrates from the surrounding seawaters are very well studied (Siciński et al. 2011). Less research was carried out in the region of the nearby Livingston Island. There are located two polar bases: "St. Kliment Ohridski" (Bulgaria) and "Juan Carlos I" (Spain). We can assume that in the seawaters of the South Bay we can also expect a rich bottom macroinvertebrate fauna because of the similar conditions and the close distance between the two islands. The aim of this study is to present the first Bulgarian results on the taxonomic composition of marine macroinvertebrates from the South Bay, Livingston Island. The samples were collected during the XXVIIth Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition (2018–2019 austral summer). Various sites in four areas were sampled: the coastal zone in front of the Bulgarian Polar Base (Costa Bulgara); a small bay south of Cape Hesperides (Reservnoto port); Johnsons Dock Bay near the Spanish research station and Walker Bay near Hannah Point. Samples were collected mainly through bottom trawling at depths of 2 to 20 meters on different types of bottom substrates using Zodiac boats. A total of 11 macrozoobenthos samples were collected. Our preliminary results show that the main macrozoobenthic species are well known in the seawaters of the South Shetlands and usually they have a circumpolar distribution. At the site with soft muddy bottoms (Johnsons Dock Bay), the corrugated ribbon worm Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876) (order Heteronemertea, class Pilidiophora, phylum Nemertea) as well as ascidians (order Phlebobranchia, class Ascidiacea, phylum Chordata) had the highest biomass. The most abundant in the Johnsons Dock Bay were the Antarctic bivalve Aequiyoldia eightsii (Jay, 1839) (order Nuculanida, class Bivalvia, phylum Mollusca); the scale worm Barrukia cristata (Willey, 1902) and the catworm Aglaophamus trissophyllus (Grube, 1877) (both of order Phyllodocida, class Polychaeta, phyllum Annelida). The seroid isopod Spinoserolis beddardi (Calman, 1920) (order Isopoda, class Malacostraca, phyllum Arthropoda) dominated in the muddy / sandy bottom of Hannah Point. The habitats of the rocky bottom (Costa Bulgara) were inhabited mainly by crustaceans (order Aphipoda, class Malacostraca, phyllum Arthropoda) and gastropods (phylum Mollusca). In the tidal zone of this habitat (0–2m), the predominant species was the Antarctic limplet Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) (order Patellogastropoda, class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca).

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN JENIS MEDIA ALAMI DAN EKOSISTEM TERHADAP KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN LAJU PERTUMBUHAN JENIS MOLUSKA DI PERAIRAN PESISIR SEKOTONG

Mollusca are one of the fouling (biofouling) organisms attaching to hard objects in the sea and freshwater waters. The attachment and growth of fouling organisms is a serious problem because it is one of the factors that can damage the structure of building materials and has a considerable impact on the development of the marine industry. This study aimed to determine the effect of distinction of natural media placed in three ecosystems towards species diversity and growth rates of mollusca. The observation of attachment conditions and growth of the mollusca populations in each media were documented by using an underwater camera. Based on the results of research and identification, the researcher found that there were 5 species from 2 classes namely Gastropoda and Bivalvia and 2 family named Vermetidae and Ostreidae. The attached species of Gastropoda class was only Petaloconchus varians, while species of Bivalvia class were Planostrea pestigris, Alectryonella plicatula, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas. The most abundant species were found in tile media with an abundance of 1,014 individuals / cm2. While the lowest abundance of individuals was found in stone media which was equal to 0.141 individuals/cm2. The species with the highest population growth rate was the species of Petaloconchus varians with a total population growth rate of 11.66 ind/ week. While species with the lowest population growth rate was found in Alectryonella plicatula species with a total population growth rate of 0.16 ind/ week.

Multiple independent L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) gene losses and vitamin C synthesis reacquisition events in non-Deuterostomian animal species

BackgroundL-ascorbate (Vitamin C) is an important antioxidant and co-factor in eukaryotic cells, and in mammals it is indispensable for brain development and cognitive function. Vertebrates usually become L-ascorbate auxothrophs when the last enzyme of the synthetic pathway, an L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO), is lost. Since Protostomes were until recently thought not to have a GULO gene, they were considered to be auxothrophs for Vitamin C.ResultsBy performing phylogenetic analyses with tens of non-Bilateria and Protostomian genomes, it is shown, that a GULO gene is present in the non-Bilateria Placozoa, Myxozoa (here reported for the first time) and Anthozoa groups, and in Protostomians, in the Araneae family, the Gastropoda class, the Acari subclass (here reported for the first time), and the Priapulida, Annelida (here reported for the first time) and Brachiopoda phyla lineages. GULO is an old gene that predates the separation of Animals and Fungi, although it could be much older. We also show that within Protostomes, GULO has been lost multiple times in large taxonomic groups, namely the Pancrustacea, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes and Bivalvia groups, a pattern similar to that reported for Vertebrate species. Nevertheless, we show that Drosophila melanogaster seems to be capable of synthesizing L-ascorbate, likely through an alternative pathway, as recently reported for Caenorhabditis elegans.ConclusionsNon-Bilaterian and Protostomians seem to be able to synthesize Vitamin C either through the conventional animal pathway or an alternative pathway, but in this animal group, not being able to synthesize L-ascorbate seems to be the exception rather than the rule.

PENGARUH CARA PENGOLAHAN DAN WAKTU BERBEDA TERHADAP KADAR PROTEIN DAGING BEKICOT (ACHANTINA FULICA) SEBAGAI SUMBER PROTEIN ALTERNATIF MASYARAKAT NEGERI LESLURU KECAMATAN TEON NILA SERUA (TNS) WAIPIA

Background: Snail (Achantina fulica) is one of the animals from the gastropod class. Snails are often consumed by the Lesluru people as an alternative source of protein for fish substitutes. This study aims to determine the levels of snail meat protein which is processed by boiling, fumigation and frying, as well as providing information on the nutritional content of snails for the community in general.
 Method: The type of research used is experimental research and to test the protein content using the kjeldhal method. This research was conducted from November 4 to November 12, 2018.
 Results: This study was analyzed using the normality test, homogeneity test and followed by ANOVA test. In analyzing the data used the SPSS Windows version 16.0 program help. The results of the analysis of protein content of snail meat, known, the highest levels found in the treatment by fumigation with an average protein content of 40.4% while the lowest protein content found in boiling processing with an average protein content of 27.0%.
 Conclusion: treatment by fumigation while the lowest protein content is found in the treatment by boiling.

THE ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY, AND THE DENSITY OF MOLLUSKS IN TUTUWOTO MANGROVE AREA OF ANGGREK DISTRICT, NORTH GORONTALO REGENCY, GORONTALO, INDONESIA

<pre>The aim of the current study is to calculate the value of the abundance, diversity, and the density of phyla mollusks in the Tutuwoto mangrove area of Anggrek District. The survey method is used in this study as a method, which means that it collects the data directly at the research area. The observations were carried out under mangrove stands. The area of the observation plot is 5m x 5m. Phylum mollusks collected at the study site were counted by the number of individuals, abundance, diversity, and density of the types of each species. Sanon-Wienner formula is used to calculate the species diversity, Brower formula is used to calculate the density, and Odum formula is used to calculate the abundance of the species. The findings show that it is found that the reasearch about phylum mollusks in Tutuwoto mangrove area consisted of 6 (six) types namely <em>Terebralia sulcata, Terebralia palustris, Nerita articulate, Hexaplex trunculus, Anadara granosa, and Mactra grandis</em>. Based on the calculation of the abundance, diversity, and density of the mollusks phylum at the research site, there are several types that have the highest value. In the gastropod class, <em>Nerita articulata</em> has the highest score with an abundance of 30.41%, diversity of 0.36, and density of 0.17 ind / m2, followed by <em>Terebralia sulcata</em> with an abundance of 28.07%, diversity 0.36, and density of 0.16 ind / m2. However, the lowest is owned by <em>Terebralia palustris</em> with an abundance value of 17.54%, diversity of 0.31, and density of 0.10 ind / m2. The values of abundance, diversity, and density in the bivalve class have different values. The type of <em>Anadara granosa</em> has an abundance value of 53.06%, diversity of 0.34, and density of 0.08 ind / m2 while <em>Mactra grandis</em> has an abundance value of 46.94%, diversity of 0.36, and density of 0.07 ind / m2. Based on the predetermined criteria of the Gastropod class, it has the abundance in many categories, exceptional of <em>Terebralia palustris</em> which has sufficient criteria.</pre>

Effects of ocean warming on larvae development of Patella tenuis crenata in the Canary Islands

Effects of ocean warming on larvae development of Patella tenuis crenata in the Canary Islands

Absence of general rules governing molluscan body-size response to climatic fluctuation during the Cenozoic

ABSTRACT Body size is a key factor in predicting the outcome of organisms’ interaction with their environment. A negative temperature–size relationship (TSR) is claimed to be one of the universal responses to climatic warming. Studies on extant biota also predicted that groups with narrow latitudinal range, tropical affinity, and higher body size would show higher sensitivity to climatic fluctuation. To confirm the generality of these relationships among marine ectotherms, we compiled the data on body size and global temperature over the Cenozoic using a global database of marine molluscs of Class Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Molluscan species do not show any signature of TSR for any taxonomic, regional, or ecological category during the Cenozoic. We did not find any evidence supporting heightened response in groups with limited latitudinal spread or with large body size. The body-size response of tropical species is not different from those of temperate species. Response of infauna and epifauna does not show any difference either and hence, refutes the predicted variation due to difference in their thermal-specialisation. Our results highlight the limited validity of ‘universal rules’ in explaining the climate-induced morphological response of marine communities in deep time and underscore the complexity in generalising the biotic outcome of climatic fluctuation.