Class Formation Research Articles

Experimental activities for the study of transformation of electrical energy into thermal

In this article, three experimental practices involving transformations of electrical energy into thermal energy using the Joule effect, electromagnetic induction, and the Peltier effect were proposed. Furthermore, energy balance calculations and the demonstration of the induction heating process are performed using a zero voltage switching module coupled to an Arduino board. In this sense, the work verifies the pedagogical potential of the activities applied in two classes of the third grade of high school, in the face-to-face class format. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, and for data collection, questionnaires were used to survey the students’ prior knowledge, which, at the end of the activities, were applied again to identify a possible integrating reconciliation on the content. We hope that with this proposal, we can contribute to other Physics teachers, who can replicate these activities with their students, adapting it to their realities.

Ecological and Geochemical State of Soil Cover in Gusinoozersk in the Zone of Influence of Coal Thermal Power Plant

The pollution of the topsoils of the city of Gusinoozersk (Republic of Buryatia) under the influence of emissions from State District Power Plant (SDPP) which used the Okino-Klyuchevskiy brown coal as fuel was studied. The content of 14 elements (Sr, As, Co, Mo, Sb, V, Cu, Ni, Cr, W, Zn, Bi, Cd, Pb) in bulk samples, as well as in the fraction of physical clay (particles with a diameter 10 µm, PM10) and in samples of brown coal and ash from the SDPP. Strontium, As, Co, Mo, Sb, V are the priority pollutants in the soils of Gusinoozersk with higher concentrations of most elements in the PM10 fraction. Soils and the PM10 fraction in the industrial operating subzone are the most polluted with Sr, As, Co, V, Cu, Mo, Ni, Cr, which are contained in the fly ash of the Gusinoozerskaya SDPP. Most of the territory (57% for soils in general and 47% for the PM10 fraction) is characterized by a low level of pollution (Zc = 8–16). Arsenic poses the greatest environmental hazard; in the PM10 fraction, its concentrations exceeded the MPC in 90% of the studied samples. In soils and their PM10 fraction, the leading factors for the accumulation of elements are the content of Fe2O3, organic matter, soil texture, alkaline-acid conditions, and belonging to a functional zone, which determine the formation of various classes of geochemical barriers. The polluting effect of brown coals depends on the content of heavy metals and metalloids in them. Comparison of the chemical composition of the Okino-Klyuchevskii brown coal and ash from the Gusinoozerskaya SDPP and the Kansk-Achinskii coal and ash from the Central Thermal Power Plant of Severobaikalsk showed that the brown coal and ash from Severobaikalsk were slightly enriched in metals and metalloids, which significantly reduced their accumulation in soils.

“Sterilizing and Fertilizing the Plant at the Same Time”: The Class Formation of the Milwaukee Teachers’ Education Association

AbstractThis article analyzes class formation of the Milwaukee Teachers’ Education Association (MTEA). In 2011, Wisconsin curtailed public-sector union collective bargaining, causing Wisconsin unions’ membership and political power to plummet. This article puts the 2011 collapse into historical perspective, by considering the development of Milwaukee teachers’ labor organizing over the course of the twentieth century. In part I, I chronicle the formation of the MTEA, including its early contest with the Milwaukee Teachers Union (MTU) and the gendered fault lines of the teachers’ collective vision. In part II, I discuss the consequences of teachers’ rhetorical contradictions, especially their lack of collaboration with the civil rights movement in Milwaukee. This article challenges the notion that class movements are preordained with unified interests and aims, and instead shows that unions themselves build and assemble people’s political ideas, either to expand solidarity or to narrow it.

‘한 학기 한 권 읽기’ 연구 동향과 시사점

The aim of this paper is to analyze the quantitative trends of research on the “Reading One Book in a Semester” and to examine the various aspects of these studies based on it. Accordingly, various perspectives of research on curriculum and extracurricular programs related to the “Reading One Book in a Semester” implemented in elementary, middle, and high schools after the revised 2015 curriculum were examined, categorized into studies on text analysis, teaching method, surveys and experiments, and general research. In particular, studies on teaching method was closely examined by further categorizing it based on the format of classes, instructional goals and methods, and selection of books.

The Historical Sociology of Class Formation in the Southern Kurdistan: 1921-1991

This article attempts to investigate the phenomenon of class formation in Southern Kurdistan from 1921 to 1991, during which the class structure of this society changed gradually. On this basis, a historical sociological reading of the political upheaval implications for class formation has been made in Southern Kurdistan. Since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921, under the supervision of a British Mandate, in Southern Kurdistan, which was regarded as a part of this country, the feudal system was dominant until the July 1958 revolution in Iraq and the coming to power of Abdulkarim Qasim, which began to reform agricultural lands. On the other hand, the successive uprisings of the Kurdish nation, especially the Eylul uprising in 1961-1975 had a significant influence on the formation and change of the class relations in Southern Kurdistan. As a result, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were significant changes in class relations, which led to the formation of petit-bourgeoisie that played a crucial role in the coming years in Southern Kurdistan.

The effect of spatial distribution on the composition of the middle social class in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A spatial econometric analysis

This article examines the formation of the Saudi middle class using econometric models and a national survey of household budget and consumption data from 44,000 households in 2019. The study compares the spatial offset model (SAR) and spatial error model (SEM) with the Space Turbine Model (SDM) and Space Turbine Error Model (SDEM), finding that the SDM and SDEM models offer better benefits and options. The SDEM model exhibits the best-fit quality based on the Akaike information criterion. The results reveal a positive spatial effect indicating that human capital accumulation is vital in knowledge diffusion and technological transfer. The study also identifies spatial inequalities in the distribution of the middle class, with a concentration in urban areas like Riyadh and the Eastern Province. While the poor class is concentrated in rural areas which surround the main cities such (e.g., Rumah, Tawala, Hanak, Araar and Aljof) while the wealthy class is concentrated in urban areas, particularly Riyadh. The article emphasizes the importance of regional development and suggests measures to reduce inequality and enhance the middle class's role in the economy. In effect, the Saudi government should increase access to quality education and training by investing in the education system to provide citizens with the skills needed for a modern economy, including higher education, vocational training, and apprenticeships. Nevertheless, the Kingdom should promote entrepreneurship by creating an environment that encourages entrepreneurship and supports small business growth through tax incentives, access to capital, and start-up support. Moreover, the most important is improving access to finance by making it easier for businesses, especially small ones, to access finance through loan guarantees and support programs.

One-Step Electrocatalytic Approach Applied to the Synthesis of β-Propiolactones from CO2 and Dienes.

β-Lactones are common substructures in a variety of natural products and drugs, and they serve as versatile synthetic intermediates in the production of valuable chemical derivatives. Traditional β-lactone synthesis relies on laborious multi-step synthetic methods that use toxic compounds, sophisticated catalysts, expensive, and/or reactive chemicals. Based on the in situ electrochemical formation of metal-based nanoclusters, this paper describes the development of a one-step, room temperature electrocatalytic method for the formation of stable β-lactone from CO2 and dienes. This one-step "electrosynthesis" method results in the formation of a new class of β-lactone with high selectivity (up to 100%) and activity (up to 80% yields with respect to the reacted diene) by regulating the applied potential and current density. This work paves the way for more sustainable and environmentally friendly reaction pathways based on the in situ formation of nanoclusters as organic electrosynthesis catalysts.

Estimating students’ valuation for college experiences

Quantifying the consumption value of college – the utility students derive from in-person instruction and on-campus social activities – has been challenging. We leverage the COVID-19 shock to elicit students’ intended likelihood of enrolling in higher education under different costs and possible states of the world, that vary in terms of class formats (i.e., in-person vs. remote instruction) and restrictions to campus social life. We show how such data can be used to recover students’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for college-related activities in the absence of COVID-19, without parametric assumptions on the underlying heterogeneity in WTP. We find that the average WTP for in-person instruction (relative to a remote format) represents around 6.5% of the average annual net cost of attending university, while the average WTP for on-campus social activities is 10.2% of the average annual net costs. Lower-income and first-generation derive substantially lower value from university social life, partly due to time and resource constraints. Beyond providing an explanation for why college persistence rates may differ by socioeconomic background, our results have implications for how college costs should be structured.

Predictive validity on clinical item-level of the HKT-R divided into clinical patient classes

BackgroundBecause of the heterogeneity of forensic groups, latent class analysis (LCA) can allow for the formation of stronger homogeneous patient classes, which can improve the predictive validity of forensic risk assessment tools, such as the Historical Clinical Future – Revised (HKT-R), which was used in this study. In particular, dynamic clinical risk and protective items are important in treatment and are obligatory assessed annually for every forensic patient with a TBS measure in the Netherlands. Therefore, this study investigated the predictive validity of the HKT-R at clinical item-level per patient class.MethodA cohort of 332 forensic patients, who were discharged from highly secured Forensic Psychiatric Centers/Clinics (FPCs) in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2008, was followed. LCA was performed to cluster this group of patients based on psychopathology and criminal offenses. The predictive validity of the HKT-R clinical items by class was assessed with official reconviction data two and five years after discharge as outcome measure.ResultsFour classes were identified. The predictive validity of the HKT-R clinical items showed differences between and within classes on admission or discharge, and for predicting violent reoffending after two or five years after discharge.DiscussionDifferent risk/protective factors of the HKT-R may play a role for different subgroups of patients. Therefore, this heterogeneity should be considered for any measure or intervention.

The effect of meaningful stimuli on eye movements in stimulus equivalence class formation

ABSTRACT Meaningful stimuli interspersed with abstract stimuli increase the probability of establishing conditional discriminations and responding according to stimulus equivalence in a matching-to-sample procedure, compared to procedures with only abstract stimuli. Test accuracy and reaction time have been previous experiments’ primary dependent variables. However, contemporary research on stimulus equivalence has also included eye movement measures as a means of a fine-grained analysis of behavior. The present experiment investigates meaningful stimuli’s effect on eye movements. The present experiment was arranged as a group design, with 30 adult participants allocated in three groups. All learned 12 conditional discriminations in a one-to-many training structure before testing to establish three 5-member stimulus equivalence classes. One group was trained with meaningful sample stimuli, one with meaningful comparison stimuli, and one with all abstract stimuli. Results show significant differences in fixation durations and gaze transitions between the groups with meaningful stimuli and those with all abstract stimuli in the test for stimulus equivalence. Hence, measuring eye movements with eye-tracking technology can provide information about behavioral differences between conditions not obtained with accuracy scores.

Discrimination and equivalence class formation in adults using non-differential and differential consequences

ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to (1) compare the acquisition of baseline conditional discriminations in younger and older adults, (2) study the effect of the differential outcome procedure (DOP) on the establishment of baseline conditional discriminations, and (3) compare equivalence class formation in younger and older adults. Twenty-four participants, 12 younger adults (20–30 years old) and 12 older adults (67+ years old), participated in the study. In the conditional discrimination training, we gave the participants a break following 180 training trials, and the experimenter evaluated their progress. Participants with overall 50% correct responses or more after those 180 trials continued with the study as planned, with baseline conditional discrimination presented in accordance with the one-to-many (OTM) training structure and serialized training, followed by thinning of programmed consequences across training blocks before a test for the emergence of equivalence classes. If a participant was still training AB-conditional discriminations when the break was presented, with overall correct responses below 50% correct, the participant was exposed to a DOP to evaluate whether such a procedure may facilitate the establishment of the baseline conditional discrimination. Five participants in the older adult group received additional DOP training trials. The results show that two out of the five participants receiving DOP training established the AB baseline conditional discrimination. Neither of those responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence. Two out of the other seven participants in the older adults group and six out of 12 participants in the younger group formed equivalence classes.

Wealth and poverty in mining Africa: migration, settlement and occupational change in Tanzania during the global mineral boom, 2002–2012

ABSTRACT This article interrogates place, process and people’s quest for enhanced welfare during the 2002–2012 global mineral price boom in northwest Tanzania. Mass in-migration of miners, traders and service providers generated diversified residential settlements. Processes of occupational change and urbanization, catalyzed by acquisition of employment, land, housing and other possessions at six contrasting mining locations were compared from a geo-social perspective. Our surveyed gold and diamond mining sites represented different manifestations of the mining trajectory namely: (1) artisanal rushes, (2) mature artisanal and (3) industrial mining. The article investigates who benefitted locationally and who lost in residents’ scrambles to gain improved living standards. Survey data on 216 household heads’ occupations, educational backgrounds, consumption and investments were collected, followed by construction of a household welfare index, revealing modest welfare improvements relative to rural consumption norms for the majority of interviewed resident households. However, in line with Picketty’s theoretical insights, extreme material inequality surfaced on the welfare spectrum between the outlier affluent and poor quintile groups. Those with higher educational attainment enjoyed superior welfare and occupational status, coalescing towards middle class formation. At the opposite end, single female-headed households stood out as extremely disadvantaged, handicapped by high child dependency ratios and occupational immobility.

Treatment of furcation defects using various bone grafts and guided tissue regeneration membranes: A review on single-center institutional studies

Abstract Bone formation in class II furcation is least due to the morphology of the root in case of multirooted teeth performed by conventional procedure. Hence, various bone grafts with membranes have been tried in the current study to evaluate its efficacy by comparing test and control groups. This collection of research from a single center presents a bone graft and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane-based furcation therapy. Bio-Oss and Bio-Gide, PerioGlas and Atrisorb, Periobone G and Resolut XT, as well as PepGen P-15 and Atrisorb, were among the bone graft materials used, both with and without the GTR barrier. Patients were divided into four groups based on the periodontal regenerative materials used. A periodontal flap procedure was performed where periodontal intraosseous defect along with furcation defects were present. The results show that the bone formation in the furcation area was more with Group C (Periobone G and Resolut XT) as compared to the least amount of bone formation in Group A (Bio-Oss and Bio-Gide) in the test group, and this same group shows least bone formation in control. To conclude, clinical outcomes observed with the combined use of Atrisorb as a GTR barrier and PerioGlas as a bone graft material improved the clinical measurements of furcation defect depth compared to the use of PerioGlas alone.

Cephalometric Evaluation of Age-dependent Craniofacial Skeletal Changes in Iranian Population with Class II Malocclusion: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Class II malocclusion is one of the most prevalent occlusion discrepancies. Knowledge of growth changes in craniofacial components can help clinicians plan orthodontic treatment, determine the proper timing to initiate the treatment, and predict the treatment outcome, especially in growth modification protocols. This study evaluates craniofacial skeleton changes in class II malocclusion subjects compared to class I malocclusion. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, cephalograms of 858 individuals aged between 7 and 23 were investigated. The samples were divided into the class I group (ANB angle 0–4) and class II group (ANB angle≥4 degrees), including 426 and 432 cephalograms, respectively, and each group was divided into seven subgroups considering age. Cephalometric analysis was performed using OnyxCeph software, and statistical analyses of variance, mean, paired t test, and independent samples t test were performed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed no significant differences between class I and class II groups in variables related to the cranial base and vertical facial height. In class II groups, the SNA angle was significantly greater. The total mandibular height (Co-Gn), facial angle (Npog-FH), and SNB angle were significantly greater in class I compared to the class II group. Conclusion: Protrusion of the maxilla affects the formation of class II malocclusion, but an underdeveloped mandible is the main component of Class II malocclusion formation. With increasing age, especially after puberty, the mandible may become more retruded in class II patients.

In Memoriam: Peter J. Urcuioli (1952-2022).

In Memoriam: Peter J. Urcuioli (1952-2022).

PROSES PEMBENTUKAN DERIVASI DAN INFLEKSI PADA RUBRIK EDUKASI KOMPAS.COM

The word formation process is inseparable from the morphological process of affixation. The formation of verb word classes can be derived from verb, noun, adjective, and adverb word classes. This phenomenon causes morphological symptoms of derivation and inflection. Derivation is the process of forming new words that cause changes in lexical identity, while inflection does not change lexical identity. This study aims to obtain a description of the process of forming derivation words and forming inflected words on Kompas.com. Research using qualitative methods. The data and data sources used are online news Kompas.com, the January 2022 edition of the education rubric. The analysis technique used in analyzing the data uses the distribution method with the direct element division technique. The results of this study found words that experienced derivation and inflection with various kinds of forming affixes. Derivative and inflected affixes in Kompas.com consist of prefixes, suffixes, confixes and combinations of affixes. Initial prefixes or affixes are in the form of meN-, di-, ke-, ber-, ter, se-, and peN-; suffixes or final affixes consist of -an, -i, and -kan; confix affixes have forms of ke-an, penN-an, per-an, and beran; as well as combinations of affixes consisting of the forms of memper-/-kan, meN- -i, di-/-i, meN-/-kan, di-/-kan, diper-/-kan, and diper-/-i. The phenomenon of the affix meN- is an affix that forms an active verb, while the affix di- forms a passive verb. Also found ter- and ke-an affixes which are affixes forming anti-passive ergative verbs. Based on the productivity aspect, inflection is more productive than derivation.

The Effect of the School Environment on Students’ Character Formation in PPKn Class IV Students at SD Negeri 101213 Baringin

Education is process, which is intertwined with the existence of the individual and society. Students are anticipated to grow in character as a result of continuous character development. Students with strong character are able to identify values and norms that are beneficial for their school. Specifically, educational setting effects to development of character in third-grade pupils at SDN 101213 Baringin. An empirical quantitative research methodology was applied. Questionnaires for observation and documentation were used as data collecting approaches. The traditional assumption test, hypothesis testing, and coefficient of determination test are analysis techniques employed (R2). The impact of the school environment on character and the existence of this relationship are positively and significantly related. This should be the instructor's first priority in terms of leading, managing, and caring for the kids.

Procedural parameters in equivalence-based instruction with individuals diagnosed with autism: A call for systematic research.

Equivalence-based instruction (EBI) is an efficient and efficacious methodology to establish equivalence classes that has been used to teach various academic skills to neurotypical adults. Although previous reviews confirmed the utility of EBI with participants with developmental disabilities, it is unclear whether certain procedural parameters are associated with positive equivalence outcomes. We extended previous reviews by categorizing studies that used EBI with individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and assessed whether any procedural parameters were associated with better equivalence responding. Due to the wide variability of procedural parameters in EBI research, the best procedural permutations to form equivalence classes with individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are still unknown. Thus, this paper serves as a call to action for applied researchers. Specifically, we encourage and invite researchers to systematically investigate the necessary variables or combination of variables that may lead to successful equivalence class formation.

Stability and Pattern Formation in a General Class of Reaction-Diffusion-Advection System

In this paper, we systematically study two-species reaction-diffusion-advection system with linear cross-diffusion and cross-advection. Firstly, we provide sufficient conditions for cross-diffusion, self-advection and cross-advection driven instability, which implies that cross-diffusion, self-advection and cross-advection can give rise to pattern formation for the same diffusion coefficients. Secondly, we focuses on a class of general reaction-diffusion-advection system. By investigating the linearized stability of the constant equilibrium solution, we prove that the self-diffusion and self-advection terms have no effect on the stabilization of the constant steady state, the linear cross terms favor the destabilization of the constant steady state and mechanism of pattern formation. Furthermore, the theoretical results are applied to predator-prey and water-vegetation systems with cross-diffusion and cross-advection.

Involvement of ionic interactions in self-assembly and resultant rodlet formation of class I hydrophobin RolA from Aspergillus oryzae.

Hydrophobins are small amphiphilic proteins that are conserved in filamentous fungi. They localized on the conidial surface to make it hydrophobic, which contributes to conidial dispersal in air, and help fungi to infect plants and mammals and to degrade polymers. Hydrophobins self-assemble and undergo structural transition from the amorphous state to the rodlet (rod-like multimeric structure) state. However, it remains unclear whether the amorphous or rodlet state is biologically functional and what external factors regulate state transition. In this study, we analyzed the self-assembly of hydrophobin RolA of Aspergillus oryzae in detail and identified factors regulating this process. Using atomic force microscopy, we observed RolA rodlet formation over time, and determined "rodlet elongation rate" and "rodlet formation frequency." Changes in these kinetic parameters in response to pH and salt concentration suggest that RolA rodlet formation is regulated by the strength of ionic interactions between RolA molecules.