Class Action Research Articles

Peningkatan Keterampilan Membaca Pemahaman Peserta Didik Menggunakan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Jigsaw di Kelas V SD Negeri 03 Pakan Kurai Kota Bukittinggi

Cooperative Learning Model type Jigsaw is a learning model that can be used in the learning process to improve the reading skills of the student's understanding. The background of this study is poor reading skills, learning processes that are still centered on the teacher, students who have difficulty understanding the reading text and identifying the key ideas or basic ideas as well as important details contained in the text they read. The study aims to describe improved reading skills and understanding of the student using the Cooperative Learning model of the Jigsaw type. The research was carried out at the SDN 03 Pakan Kurai City of Bukittinggi. This type of research is class action research that consists of four stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. This research uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research was carried out in two cycles, Cycle I consisting of two meetings and Cycle II consisted of one meeting. Subject of the research is the student of V SD State 03 Pakan Kurai City Bukittinggi. This study showed that there was an improvement in the reading skills of learners using the Cooperative Learning model of Jigsaw. Thus, the cooperative learning model of jigsaw can be an effective option for enhancing the learning skills of students.

Do analysts play a monitoring role? Evidence from exogenous changes in litigation risk

AbstractThis paper examines whether securities litigation and sell‐side equity analysts play a substitutive versus complementary role as an external governance mechanism. We expect the 1999 ruling on the stricter interpretation of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act to make it easier for firms headquartered in the Ninth Circuit to defend against securities class actions filed by shareholders, resulting in weaker protection from a litigation channel and stronger demand for analyst activity. Using a difference‐in‐differences research design, we find that analyst coverage increases as litigation risk decreases in the Ninth Circuit firms. Moreover, we find that analyst earnings forecast accuracy increases for firms in the Ninth Circuit following the ruling, consistent with analysts exerting greater efforts to perform their monitoring role. In cross‐sectional tests, we find that the substitution relation between litigation risk and analyst research is more pronounced in firms with a high level of ex‐ante litigation risk. We conduct extensive robustness tests, including another legal event exogenously increasing the risk of litigation, to gain confidence in our interpretations. We contribute to the literature by documenting causal evidence that analysts have greater incentives to provide meaningful equity research as gatekeepers in times of weaker investor protection by securities litigation.

Peningkatan Keterampilan Berbicara Teks Analytical Exposition dengan Teknik Pemodelan pada Siswa Kelas X2 SMAN 1 Kalitidu

The purpose of this study is to increase student learning activities in learning the speaking skills of grade X2 students of SMAN 1 Kalitidu after participating in learning with modeling techniques. This study uses a class action research (PTK) design which is defined as a form of reflective study carried out to improve the rationality of the actions taken and improve the conditions in which practice is carried out. This class action research uses two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. Cycle I consists of (1) action plan, (2) action implementation, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. Through observations of student participation in modeling activities, this study shows that this approach successfully improves students' ability to understand, analyze, and compile analytical exposition texts effectively. Thus, modeling techniques can be a useful strategy in improving students' speaking skills in the context of analytical exposition texts in the school.

Mosaic Mastery Elevates Global Early Childhood Motor Skills

This class action research investigates the efficacy of mosaic activities with loose parts materials in enhancing fine motor skills among 5-6-year-old children at TK Dharma Wanita Persatuan Anggaswangi. Utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation, the study conducted three cycles of research, observing a significant improvement from 52.8% to 82.4% in children's fine motor skills. These findings highlight the effectiveness of incorporating mosaic activities with loose parts materials in early childhood education, offering insights for educators and curriculum developers aiming to enrich motor skills development in young learners. Highlight: Novel Method: Enhancing fine motor skills through engaging mosaic activities. Substantial Growth: Children exhibit significant improvement in fine motor skills. Educational Relevance: Insights for integrating effective motor skill activities in curricula. Keywoard: Fine Motor Skills, Mosaic Activities, Loose Parts Materials, Early Childhood Education, Class Action Research.

Increasing Interest in Learning by Applying Learning Summary Writing Skills Text Content Using Inspiring Stories Important Video Media for Student Class IX

The skill of writing a summary of the contents of an inspirational story text is very important for students to simplify and clarify something too long. The higher the student's writing ability, the higher the level of understanding of what has been conveyed/listened to. However, most students lack mastery of summarizing. This research aims to increase students' interest in learning by implementing learning skills in writing summaries of the contents of inspirational story texts using illustrated video media in class IX Plus students at Al-Azhar Medan Middle School, Medan Johor District, academic year 2023-2024. The subjects of this research were class IX Plus students at Al-Azhar Medan Middle School, Medan Johor District, for the 2023-2024 academic year, consisting of 40 students. The sample in this study is defined as individuals/students who constitute the entire population studied. The method used in this research is classroom action research (PTK). The indicators for this research are teachers who teach the material to write summary sentences and paragraphs on the contents of inspirational story texts. The data analysis technique used was classroom action research through Cycle I and Cycle II. Through the stages: class action plan, implementation, observation, and reflection according to the learning implementation plan (RPP) and syllabus applicable in the learning curriculum at Al-Azhar Middle School Medan. Based on data from 40 students, it was found that the percentage of classical student learning completeness in cycle I was 75% of the number of students who completed it, while 10 students did not complete it, and in cycle II it was 95% of the number of students who completed it, there were 38 students who did not complete it, while 2 did not complete it.

Exposure Experiences of Area Residents Near a Chronic Environmental Contamination Site

Background: The study aims to analyze and interpret the exposure experiences of local residents living within 5 miles of the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center, a former uranium processing site. The goal is to enhance public health efforts addressing psychological stress resulting from environmental exposure. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted from July 1998 to February 2001 as part of the Fernald Living History Project. The study focuses on 4 key phenomenological events: air releases of uranium by-products, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency public notifications of water contamination, a citizens' class action lawsuit against the US Department of Energy and National Lead of Ohio, Inc, and extensive media coverage. Researchers used descriptive inductive coding to analyze data from these events, involving 34 participants. Results: The study identified 5 central themes in the residents' exposure experiences: disruptions to life, loss of trust, seeking answers, interpreting ambiguous threats, and adaptive responses. Participants recounted how these events affected their lives and triggered emotional responses. Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights into the experiences of individuals living near environmentally contaminated sites and offers guidance for future prevention and mitigation strategies.

ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTICE ON THE BASIS OF RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY

The aim of the article. To study of the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Ukraine and to determine the prospects for the use and pharmaceutical development of antidiabetic drugs. Materials and methods. Data from the State Registers of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, of Wholesale and Retail Prices for Medicinal Products declared in Ukraine under an international non-proprietary or generic name (01.01.2024). Were used: systematic and comparative analysis, processing and synthesis, and generalization to determine the forecasted prospects. Results. In Ukraine the number of diabetes patients increased by 11% in the group of children and adolescents; in the group of elderly patients – by 12.5%, among the adult working – 20%, diabetes of the II type predominates. The trend of increase in the number of studies on the search for therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of type II diabetes and list of medicines on the pharmaceutical market has been revealed. In Ukraine drugs for oral use include APIs of the following pharmacological groups: sulfonylureas; meglitinides; biguanides; thiazolidinedione; α-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2 inhibitors. Mechanism of action of the new class of oral hypoglycemic agents, approved by the FDA, consists in blocking SGLT-2 proteins from the proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney, leads to the prevention of reabsorption and excretion of the glucose molecule. This allows its use in combination with insulin and other antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of type I and II diabetes in patients of various age categories. According to the volume of clinical studies, SGLT-2 inhibitor SGLT-2 derivative gliflozin API drugs are the second largest group of antidiabetic drugs recommended for use by FDA and EMA regulatory bodies. Conclusions. The pharmaceutical development of mono and combined drugs with APIs SGLT-2 inhibitors gliflozin derivatives in combination with APIs with metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, APIs thiazolidinedione derivatives is promising for solving the problem of diabetes treatment and prevention of complications for patients of different age groups including working population in Ukraine.

HDAC inhibitors activate lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer remains among the deadliest neoplasms worldwide, with limited therapeutic options. Since efficacies of targeted therapies are unsatisfactory, drugs with broader mechanisms of action rather than a single oncogene inhibition are needed. Preclinical studies have identified histone deacetylases (HDAC) as potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. However, the mechanism(s) of action of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are only partially understood. This is particularly true with regard to ferroptosis as an emerging concept of cell death.In a panel of gastric cancer cell lines with different molecular characteristics, tumor cell inhibitory effects of different HDACi were studied. Lipid peroxidation levels were measured and proteome analysis was performed for the in-depth characterization of molecular alterations upon HDAC inhibition. HDACi effects on important ferroptosis genes were validated on the mRNA and protein level.Upon HDACi treatment, lipid peroxidation was found increased in all cell lines. Class I HDACi (VK1, entinostat) showed the same toxicity profile as the pan-HDACi vorinostat. Proteome analysis revealed significant and concordant alterations in the expression of proteins related to ferroptosis induction. Key enzymes like ACSL4, POR or SLC7A11 showed distinct alterations in their expression patterns, providing an explanation for the increased lipid peroxidation. Results were also confirmed in primary human gastric cancer tissue cultures as a relevant ex vivo model.We identify the induction of ferroptosis as new mechanism of action of class I HDACi in gastric cancer. Notably, these findings were independent of the genetic background of the cell lines, thus introducing HDAC inhibition as a more general therapeutic principle.

To Sue or Not To Sue?: Foreign-Sounding CEO Name and Class-Action Lawsuits

In this paper, we investigate if the perceived name-based ethnicity of CEOs has any relationship with the likelihood of shareholder class-action lawsuits. Using machine learning algorithms on CEO names, we develop an objective proxy of name-based ethnicity and find that firms managed by ‘foreign-sounding’ CEOs exhibit a lower likelihood of class-action lawsuits. Our results are robust to matched sample analysis, Heckman two-stage selection, alternate model specifications as well as use of an alternate proxy. We further find that succession of a foreign-sounding CEO by a non-foreign-sounding CEO increases the likelihood of class-action lawsuits. Our paper has important implications for firms, especially in high litigation industries or high litigation situations.

Dispute Resolution of Business Actors Who Have Experienced Bankruptcy Based on Consumer Protection Law

Industrial growth in Indonesia creates challenges for consumers when companies go bankrupt, which often hampers the process of returning consumer rights. Legal protection regulated in the Consumer Protection Law is important for creating a healthy economy and empowering consumers. However, legal uncertainty in resolving disputes between bankrupt business actors and consumers is still a concern. Therefore, this journal aims to provide an in-depth understanding of a fair solution for both parties. The type of research method in this writing is qualitative with document type. Qualitative research is a type of research whose results are not based on statistics or other calculations. The instrument of qualitative research is the researcher himself. The results of this research are that the resolution of consumer disputes when a company goes bankrupt is based on the Consumer Protection Law, strengthening legal protection for consumers. Steps include consumer empowerment and efficient dispute resolution, both outside the courts and through court processes, with the government playing an active role in guidance and supervision. Even though the company goes bankrupt, consumers still have the right to obtain compensation according to the law, with options such as small claims claims, legal standing for consumer protection agencies, and class actions. This all aims to ensure effective consumer protection and fair law enforcement against business actors who violate their obligations

Penggunaan Media Papan Ular Tangga untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Numerasi Bagi Siswa Kelas III di SDK Bejo

This study aims to improve the ability of numeracy in mathematics learning by using the snakes and ladders board for 3rd grade students in SDK Bejo. This type of research is a Class Action Research (PTK) involving 19 students consisting of 9 male students and 9 ability students. The method used in this research is the method of data collection using tests. This study was conducted with pre cycle, cycle 1 and Cycle 2. The results showed that the use of media Board snakes and ladders can significantly improve the ability of numeracy summation 1-100 in students tingakt phase B. The use of snakes and ladders board media in mathematics learning with the topic of solving simple 1-100 is stated to increase after using snakes and ladders board media from pre-cycle to Cycle 1 by 13.16% and obtaining an average pre-cycle score of 53.68% to Cycle 1 an average of 66.84% or in the good category. From cycle I to Cycle II experienced an average increase of 86.84%. Whereas, classically there is an increase from cycle I to Cycle II which is equal to 100% of the determination of 70%. This indicates that the use of snakes and ladders board Media is very effective in improving numeracy skills in children aged 8-9 years.

The antimicrobial fibupeptide lugdunin forms water-filled channel structures in lipid membranes

Recently, a novel cyclo-heptapeptide composed of alternating d,l-amino acids and a unique thiazolidine heterocycle, called lugdunin, was discovered, which is produced by the nasal and skin commensal Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Lugdunin displays potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including challenging-to-treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Lugdunin specifically inhibits target bacteria by dissipating their membrane potential. However, the precise mode of action of this new class of fibupeptides remains largely elusive. Here, we disclose the mechanism by which lugdunin rapidly destabilizes the bacterial membrane potential using an in vitro approach. The peptide strongly partitions into lipid compositions resembling Gram-positive bacterial membranes but less in those harboring the eukaryotic membrane component cholesterol. Upon insertion, lugdunin forms hydrogen-bonded antiparallel β-sheets by the formation of peptide nanotubes, as demonstrated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. These hydrophilic nanotubes filled with a water wire facilitate not only the translocation of protons but also of monovalent cations as demonstrated by voltage-clamp experiments on black lipid membranes. Collectively, our results provide evidence that the natural fibupeptide lugdunin acts as a peptidic channel that is spontaneously formed by an intricate stacking mechanism, leading to the dissipation of a bacterial cell’s membrane potential.

Collective Data Protection Litigation

Abstract At first glance data protection litigation seems to be a niche topic. Yet, record sum compensation such as those resulting from the Meta – Cambridge Analytica lawsuit (725 million usd) reveal enormous practical relevance. This proceeding took the form of a class action, brought before a Californian court. Such collective proceedings might sweep across the Atlantic, as the EU Directive on Representative Actions introduced a new collective litigation mechanism. We commence our comparative analysis by outlining the relevant legal landscapes in the EU and the US, give an account of the latest developments, and examine relevant case law and scientific literature (paras. 1.–4.). Subsequently, the law and economics of data protection litigation are explained (para. 5.), which will serve as standard of comparison. On this basis, in para. 6. the article contrasts the efficiency of collective litigation mechanisms, enabling enforcement against data protection infringements, with the objectives of evaluating the legal status quo and distilling proposals for future legal policy.

The effect of ex ante litigation risk on corporate fraud: Evidence from securities class action act in Korea

Using the phased adoption of the Securities Class Action (SCA) Act in South Korea as a quasi-exogenous event escalating ex ante litigation risks for Korean firms, we explore the effect of heightened litigation risks on firms’ involvement in fraudulent activities. We find that, following the implementation of the SCA Act, companies affected by the new legislation are more likely to reduce instances of corporate fraud compared to those not bound by the Act. These results suggest that the introduction of the SCA Act effectively mitigates corporate fraud by amplifying the ex ante litigation risks faced by the firms.

Increasing Motivation And Cognitive Learning Outcomes Of Grade 4 Elementary School Students In Science Subjects, Material On Changes In Form Of Objects Through The Project Based Learning (PjBL) Learning

The aim of this research is to improve learning outcomes in science subjects by applying the PjBL learning model to students in class 4A of SD Muhammadiyah 1 Ketelan Surakarta and to increase motivation to learn science subjects by applying the PjBL learning model to students in class 4A of SD Muhammadiyah 1 Ketelan Surakarta. This type of research is classroom action research using a qualitative and quantitative approach. This class Action Research consists of 2 cycles, each cycle consists of 4 stages, namely: (1.) Planning; (2.) Implementation of Action; (3.) Observation and Evaluation; (4.) Reflection. The results of classroom action research showed an increase in student motivation, which was initially 57%, increasing by 5% to 62%. As well as increasing student cognitive learning outcomes, in cycle II the number of students who got a score > 80 increased to 25 students or as much as 96% and students who got a score < 80 decreased from the initial 4 students to 2 students or as much as 4%. it was concluded that the learning outcomes usedProject Based Learning can increasing motivation and learning outcomes for grade IV science at SD Muhammadiyah 1 Ketelan Surakarta for the 2023/2024 academic year.

A 2024 Update on Menin Inhibitors. A New Class of Target Agents against KMT2A-Rearranged and NPM1-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Menin inhibitors are new and promising agents currently in clinical development that target the HOX/MEIS1 transcriptional program which is critical for leukemogenesis in histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A-rearranged (KMT2Ar) and in NPM1-mutated (NPM1mut) acute leukemias. The mechanism of action of this new class of agents is based on the disruption of the menin-KMT2A complex (consisting of chromatin remodeling proteins), leading to the differentiation and apoptosis of AML cells expressing KMT2A or with mutated NPM1. To date, this new class of drugs has been tested in phase I and II clinical trials, both alone and in combination with synergistic drugs showing promising results in terms of response rates and safety in heavily pre-treated acute leukemia patients. In this brief review, we summarize the key findings on menin inhibitors, focusing on the mechanism of action and preliminary clinical data on the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with this promising new class of agents, particularly revumenib and ziftomenib.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Dengan Menggunakan Media Kartu Truth Or Dare Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas IV SD Pertiwi Makassar Kota Makassar

The study aims to enhance the learning outcomes of students using Truth or Dare card media on students of 4th grade SD Pertiwi Makassar City of Makassar.This type of research is a Class Action Reaserch that consists of two cycles in which each cycle is performed twice as many meetings. Research procedures include planning, implementation of action, observation and reflection. Subjects in this study are students of the 4th grade SD Pertiwi Makassar City of Makassar of 16 people.The results of the study show that in the first cycle of 16 individual students only 10 students or 63% that meet the criteria of minimum proficiency (KKM) or are in the category sufficient. Classicly already met because of the average score obtained of 75. Whereas in the second cycle where of 16 students there are 14 students or 88% have met the KKM and classically already fulfilled that is an average score gained of 80 or is in the good category. Based on the results of the above research, it can be concluded that the mathematics learning results of students of 4th grade SD Pertiwi Makassar city of Makssar through the media application of Truth or Dare cards have improved

Of fogs and bogs: Does litigation risk make financial reports less readable?

We predict that firms’ attempts to reduce litigation risk can inadvertently worsen financial report readability by increasing reports’ size, complexity, and altering their linguistic characteristics. We find that litigation risk reduces report readability. Readability worsens after firms experience a securities class action. This persists for several years after lawsuit resolution. To alleviate endogeneity concerns, we show that the litigation experience of a firm's managers and directors at other firms impacts readability. We also find that firms adjust readability around litigation flashpoints. Using an SEC rule change as an exogenous shock, we show that adjustments to readability can moderate firm litigation risk.

USING VIDEO ANIMATION IN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING TO ENHANCE STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN SCIENCE LEARNING

Science learning that only prioritizes conceptual learning and ignores relevance to the environmental context and society in which students live needs to be immediately abandoned and changed to contextual learning oriented towards student activity and engagement. The research aims to implement the contextual teaching and learning (CTL) model assisted by video animation to improve student learning processes and engagement in science learning about the Water Cycle. For this reason, a qualitative approach to this type of classroom action research is a research method that is considered relevant. Class actions were carried out in cycles (planning, implementation, observation and reflection) in class 5 of SDN 3 Watang Sidenreng, Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi. Three instruments were used as data collection tools: teacher and student observation sheets and student learning engagement observation. Descriptive analysis was used for the analysis of data. The result is significant changes after implementing three class actions, especially in the student-centred orientation of learning science. With worksheets supported by animated video media, everything strengthens the contextualization of the Water Cycle material to be closer to students' daily phenomena. Various activities and learning experiences are realized when implementing the CTL model's seven learning steps (syntax). At the end of the cycle, student engagement could increase significantly. Thus, implementing CTL assisted by video animation could improve the learning process and engagement.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PADA SISWA KELAS X.E1 SMA NEGERI 6 DENPASAR TAHUN PELAJARAN 2023/2024

Teachers employ various methods for classroom instruction, but achieving optimal results remains challenging. Recognizing the need for innovation, this study focuses on implementing the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model to enhance mathematical learning outcomes, particularly in Trigonometry for class X.E1 at SMA Negeri 6 Denpasar during the 2023/2024 academic year. The two-cycle class action research reveals improved outcomes, demonstrating that the application of the PBL model leads to enhanced results and identifies sequential steps for implementation. The research, utilizing a class action methodology, involves students from class X.E1 during the academic year 2023/2024. The study emphasizes Trigonometry outcomes, employing the PBL model in two cycles, including initial reflection, action planning, implementation, observation/data collection, and reflection. Data, collected through observation and written tests using instruments such as observation sheets and descriptive questions, undergoes descriptive analysis. The findings underscore the efficacy of the PBL model in improving mathematics learning outcomes, offering insights into its application for Trigonometry in the specific context of class X.E1 at SMA Negeri 6 Denpasar during the first semester