Class 1E Research Articles

A Case of Good Efficacy of Tolvaptan in a Patient with Markedly Enlarged Polycystic Kidney

A 61-year-old patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (Irazabal class 1E) in whom renal function had decreased and kidney size had increased over the past 3 years (change in serum creatinine, 1.3 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL; change in total kidney volume, 5632 cm3 to 7301 cm3) was treated with tolvaptan 60 mg/day. After 8 years of tolvaptan treatment, serum creatinine remained at 1.51 mg/dL, and total kidney volume was at 6812 cm3. Adequate salt intake and good weight control may have resulted in good outcomes, even in patients with treatment-resistant giant cystic kidney disease.

Enhancing equipment qualification testing facility for nuclear power plants: Achieving rapid temperature and pressure increase during design basis events

The present study focuses on the development of an equipment qualification (EQ) testing facility for Class 1E equipment in nuclear power plants (NPPs), emphasizing the need to ensure safety functions under design basis events (DBEs). The Republic of Korea (ROK) has implemented international safety standards to support large NPP projects, necessitating the development of domestic EQ testing facilities to reduce the dependence on foreign facilities. To address this need, herein, a specialized facility capable of simulating harsh DBE conditions that may occur in NPPs in ROK was constructed. Through exhaustive research, target temperature and pressure profiles were developed for pressurized water reactors, and a superheated steam injection technique was devised for rapid temperature and pressure changes. The present study contributes to the advancement of domestic EQ testing capabilities, achieving up to 230 °C and 700 kPa within 30 s.

Validation of the Mayo Imaging Classification System for Predicting Kidney Outcomes in ADPKD.

The Mayo Imaging Classification was developed to predict the rate of disease progression in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This study aimed to validate its ability to predict kidney outcomes in a large multicenter autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cohort. Included were patients with ≥1 height-adjusted total kidney volume (HtTKV) measurement and ≥3 eGFR values during ≥1-year follow-up. Mayo HtTKV class stability, kidney growth rates, and eGFR decline rates were calculated. The observed eGFR decline was compared with predictions from the Mayo Clinic future eGFR equation. The future eGFR prediction equation was also tested for nonlinear eGFR decline. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression models were used to assess time to kidney failure using Mayo HtTKV class as a predictor variable. We analyzed 618 patients with a mean age of 47±11 years and mean eGFR of 64±25 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 at baseline. Most patients (82%) remained in their baseline Mayo HtTKV class. During a mean follow-up of 5.1±2.2 years, the mean total kidney volume growth rates and eGFR decline were 5.33%±3.90%/yr and -3.31±2.53 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 per year, respectively. Kidney growth and eGFR decline showed considerable overlap between the classes. The observed annual eGFR decline was not significantly different from the predicted values for classes 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D but significantly slower for class 1E. This was also observed in patients aged younger than 40 years and older than 60 years and those with PKD2 mutations. A polynomial model allowing nonlinear eGFR decline provided more accurate slope predictions. Ninety-seven patients (16%) developed kidney failure during follow-up. The classification predicted the development of kidney failure, although the sensitivity and positive predictive values were limited. The Mayo Imaging Classification demonstrated acceptable stability and generally predicted kidney failure and eGFR decline rate. However, there was marked interindividual variability in the rate of disease progression within each class.

#5882 BENEFIT OF LONG-TERM TOLVAPTAN ADMINISTRATION ON KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION IN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A SINGLE-CENTRE EXPERIENCE

Abstract Background and Aims Tolvaptan introduction in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) treatment has significantly modified kidney disease progression in these patients. The efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in the management of ADPKD has already been demonstrated by TEMPO and REPRISE trials, however studies examining the long-term outcomes are limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term administration of tolvaptan in patients with ADPKD in our center. Method ADPKD patients treated with tolvaptan for at least one year were included in the study. Demographic, laboratory, and total kidney volume (TKV) data were collected. Kidney disease progression was assessed by comparing observed and predicted glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), based on the Mayo Clinic prediction model, at the last visit. Results Forty-one patients, 22 males, with ADPKD were studied. Median age at initial visit was 35 years (IQR 27-42), and median time on tolvaptan treatment was 24 months (IQR 18-33). Six (14.6%) patients discontinued tolvaptan after at least one year on treatment. Patients were classified according to the Mayo Clinic imaging classification into 1C (n = 8), 1D (n = 16) and 1E (n = 17). Those who received tolvaptan showed a lower eGFR decline from baseline compared to predicted (eGFR 66.7±32.7 vs 61.5±29.1, p<0.001), while a greater benefit was observed in Class 1E (eGFR 60.1±36.5 vs 52.4±29.5, p = 0.003) and in patients with eGFR>45ml/min (eGFR 79.4±28.8 vs 73±25.2, p = 0.001). Conclusion Our initial experience from long-term administration of tolvaptan in patients with ADPKD demonstrates benefit on kidney disease progression. The widespread use of tolvaptan in a larger number of patients and their long-term follow up are necessary to draw more secure conclusions.

#5783 REAL-LIFE USE OF TOLVAPTAN IN ADPKD: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF A LARGE CANADIAN COHORT

Abstract Background and Aims Tolvaptan is the first disease-modifier therapy proven to slow eGFR decline in high-risk patients with ADPKD. However, barriers to its use in real-life settings have not been examined. Method Single-center, retrospective study of 523 current or new patients with ADPKD followed at the Center for Innovative Management of PKD in Toronto, Ontario between January 1, 2016 to December 30, 2018. All patients had clinical assessment and total kidney volume measurements; those deemed to be at high risk based on their Mayo Clinic Imaging Class (MCIC) 1C, 1D, or 1E, were offered tolvaptan with their preference (yes or no) and reasons for their choices recorded. Results Overall, 315/523 (60.2%) patients had MCIC 1C-1E; however, only 96 (30%) of them were treated with tolvaptan at the last follow-up. Among these high-risk patients, those treated with tolvaptan were more likely to have a higher eGFR (61 ±27 vs. 82 ±26 ml/min/1.73 m2), CKD stages 1–2 (41% vs. 79%), and MCIC 1D-1E (69% vs. 37%). The most common reasons provided for not taking tolvaptan were lifestyle preference related to the aquaretic effect (51%), older age ≥60 (12%), and pregnancy or family planning (6%). Conclusion In this real-world experience, at least 60% of patients with ADPKD considered to be at high risk for progression to ESKD by imaging were not treated with tolvaptan; most of them had earlier stages of CKD with well-preserved eGFR. The most common reason for their refusal to consider tolvaptan is a concern for intolerability of the aquaretic side-effect; strategies to mitigate this side-effect may help to reduce the barrier to tolvaptan therapy.

Measurement of Pyrolysis Properties for Fire Spread Simulation of Cables

The analysis and review of the thermal decomposition properties required for the fire spread simulation of cables composed of multiple materials were performed. Thus, a typical two-step pyrolysis reaction was identified independent of cable type. It is expected that the Kissinger and flynn–wall–ozawa (FWO) methods, which are calculated using various heating rates, more accurately predict fire spread than the input method that uses the and values calculated using a single heating rate. Consequently, in the case of flame-retardant cables (CLASS 1E and TFR-8), the Kissinger method is more likely to overestimate the fire spread rate than the FWO method. In the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables (vinyl cabtire power cable, VCTF), the fire spread rate may be underestimated.

Discussion on Environmental Qualification Management System of Electrical Equipment in Nuclear Power Plants

In order to ensure the safety of the reactor system, the nuclear power plant (NPP) is designed in accordance with the principle of defense in depth. The single failure criterion, whose direct goal is to strengthen the safety-related system function through redundant settings, is an important cornerstone of the principle of defense in depth. It is the primary role of environmental qualification(EQ) to ensure that Class 1E equipment can perform its safety function(s) with no failure mechanism that could lead to common cause failures under postulated service conditions.This paper firstly describes the equipment qualification management system of NPPs in France as well as America. Secondly, equipment qualification regulatory requirements and management practices of NPPs in China were shared. Finally, combined with the regulatory requirements of National Nuclear Safety Administration of China and good experience from NPPs at home and abroad, suggestions are given for electrical equipment EQ management system in other NPPs in China.

The Application of Random Text Active Learning Strategies to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Hadith Subjects at Class 1 of KMI Darussalam Modern Gontor Islamic Institution

The success of learning can be seen in terms of processes and results. Data on student learning outcomes at the beginning of the semester founded that only 13% of class 1E students had reached the KKM. One of the important components in the learning process is the learning strategy. The Random Text Active Learning Strategy, because the random text strategy makes students remember the surahs and text of hadits .The Random Text Active Learning Strategy increases the activeness and learning outcomes of grade 1E students on Hadith subject at KMI Darussalam Gontor Islamic Boarding School. The aim of this study are: 1) to increase in a learning activity of class 1E in Hadith material through the Random Text Active Learning Strategy. 2) to the improvement of student learning outcomes 0f class 1E in Hadith material through the Random Text Active Learning Strategy. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) with Kemmis and Mc Taggart model. methods to data collection used tests and observations. The subject of this research is class 1E KMI as 39 students. Classroom action research was carried out in two cycles consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results of this study are: 1) The implementation of Random Text Active Learning Strategy can increase the student's learning activity in the Hadith subject for class 1E at KMI Darussalam Gontor Islamic Boarding School, reached 59% or 34 students in the first cycle and increased by 84% or 39 students. While the increase from the first cycle to the second cycle reached 25%. 2) The Random Text Active Learning Strategy is proven to be effective to increase student learning outcomes, reaching 26 students or 67% in the first cycle and increasing to 34 students or 87% in the second cycle.

Analysis of Combustion and Smoke Characteristics According to the Aging of Class 1E Cables in Nuclear Power Plants

In this study, combustion and smoke characteristics according to the aging of class 1E cables in nuclear power plants were analyzed through a cone calorimeter test. In the case of combustion characteristics, during the early period, which was the first peak of the heat release rate, the peak value of the non-aged cable was higher by approximately 20-50 kW/m<sup>2</sup> than that of aged cables. However, in the mid-late periods, which was the second peak, the value of the aged cables were higher than the non-aged cable due to the decrease in flame retardant performance with aging deterioration. In addition, the duration of the char layer of the aged cables was shortened by 200 s than that of the non-aged cables due to the unstable formation of char layer. The total heat release measured was approximately 1.4 times higher in the aged cables than in the non-aged cables. In the case of smoke characteristics, the smoke production rate and total smoke release show a similar trend with the heat release rate and total heat release. The total smoke release of the aged cables was measured to be higher than that of the non-aged cables. The tendency of the smoke factor increased with aging deterioration, and the values of the smoke factor in the aged cables beyond 4 years were approximately 1.76-2.0 times different from those in the non-aged cables. Consequently, the smoke risk increased with aging deterioration. Therefore, the risk of heat and smoke release increased as aging progressed.

Effect of Radiation Deterioration on Class 1E Cable Fire

In this study, the effect of radiation deterioration on cable fire for a type of class 1E cable for a nuclear power plant was investigated. Combustion and smoke characteristics were compared via a cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660-1), and the toxicity index of the toxic gas emitted during combustion was analyzed by following the NES 713 standard. The peak heat release rate of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 38 kW/m<sup>2</sup> higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. Additionally, the heat release rate of the irradiated cable temporarily increased during a certain period. This can be ascribed to the continuous pyrolysis and heat penetration as a result of the unstable formation of the char layer. The total heat release of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 2.2 times higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. A corresponding increase of ~2.8% in the total mass loss was observed. In the case of smoke characteristics, the irradiated cable was measured to be 2.3 times higher in the smoke parameter and 3.8 times higher in the smoke factor compared to the non-irradiated cable. For the toxicity index, only CO was detected above the critical factor in the non-irradiated cable, whereas both CO and HBr were detected above their critical factors in the irradiated cable.

Vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: efficacy, safety, and tolerability

Wednesday morning, 9:00 am: Mr. E, a 26-year-old autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patient with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 80 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and total kidney volume (TKV) of 2652 ml (Mayo class 1E), visits the outpatient clinic at our University Hospital to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of treatment with a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (V2RA). Although he is interested to hear additional information on this drug, he is reluctant to start, because of the polyuria he has heard about.

Design Technology for Highly Reliable Main Controller of Security Level in Nuclear Power Plants

Considering the characteristics of the main controller of the digital control system (DCS) platform of security level and its function and application, based on the specifications in relevant laws, regulations and standards, studies had been conducted on the diagnosis, redundancy, communication and embedded design of the highly reliable main controller. Key technologies such as software development were studied and applied in the design of the main control module of the China National Nuclear Corporation's DCS platform of security level, the Nuclear Advanced Safety Platform of IC the measured communication error rate was less than 10-11, meeting or even exceeding the security level DCS product specifications of other manufacturers; the hot standby redundancy architecture and embedded software meet the requirements of Class 1E equipment, ensuring the high reliability of the main controller.

Design of an Emergency Power Supply System for a Research Reactor

In order to guarantee the safe operation of a new research reactor in China, the design criterion, system structure, function and equipment composition of Emergency Power System of the reactor are introduced, and the key elements are analyzed, which should be considered in the capacity determination process of diesel generator set, uninterrupted power supply(UPS) and Class 1E batteries. An Emergency Power System was designed as a special safety facility of the new research reactor, and then its capacity were calculated. The results show that the capacity of diesel generator set is 1000 kV?A, the maximum capacity of UPS is 600 kV?A, and the maximum capacity of Class 1E batteries is 5000 Ah. When the two outside powers are lost, this emergency power system can supply 72 h power to the reactor safety system continuously, and it can guarantee the safe operation of the reactor.

비 안전등급 케이블의 연소특성에 관한 실험적 연구

비 안전등급 케이블의 연소특성에 관한 실험적 연구

PENGARUHPENGGUNAAN MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR DASAR LISTRIK ELEKTRONIKA SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK AUDIO VIDEO (TAV) SMK NEGERI 5 PADANG

The problem in this study is the low average learning outcomes of students on subjects Applying Electric and Electronics Engineering Basics is under the Minimum Criterion of completeness (KKM) which has been established SMKN 5 Padang is 75. This study aims to determine the effect of application of learning models Contextual Teaching & Learning and Problem Base Learning model on student learning outcomes on subjects Applying Electric and Electronics EngineeringBasics of students Audio Video Techniques at SMKN 5 Padang 2017/2018. The type of this research is experimental research with Pre experimental design with NonProbability Sampling design. The sample of research is class 1E 1B as experiment class using Contextual Teaching & Learningmodel and class 1E 1A as control class using Problem Base Learning model. Data collection techniques from post-test in the experimental class and control class, then analyzed for homogeneity test, normality test and hypothesis test. From the experimental class research results obtained an average value of 82.47, while the control class gets an average value of 77.88 with more influence6 %. The result of hypothesis calculation at significant level α = 0,05 got count> ttable that is 2,869>1,696, because big count of ttable, null hypothesis (Ho) rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) accepted. Can be concluded mean at the real level, this research shows that, there is influence of student learning result which signifikan between usage model ofContextual Teaching & Learning type with Problem Base Learning model on subjects Applying Electric and Electronics Engineering Basics of student of Audio Video Technique at SMKN 5 Padang. So the Contextual Teaching & Learninglearning model is gives better than results to the Problem Base Learning.Keywords : Learning outcomes, Model of Learning,Contextual Teaching & Learning, Problem Base Learning.

A Study on the Human Toxicity of Combustion Products for Non Class 1E Cables

A Study on the Human Toxicity of Combustion Products for Non Class 1E Cables

Separation of Transformers for Class 1E Systems in Nuclear Power Plants

In order to supply electric power to the safety related loads, safety and reliability of onsite power have to be ensured for the safety function performance in nuclear power plants. Even though the existing electric power system of APR1400 meets the requirements of codes regarding Class 1E system, there is a room for improvement in the design margin against the voltage drop and short circuit current. This paper discusses the amount that the voltage drop and short circuit current occur in the existing electric power system of APR1400. Additionally, this paper studies with regard to the improved model that has the extra margin against the high voltage drop and short circuit current by separation of unit auxiliary transformer (UAT) and standby auxiliary transformer (SAT) for the Class 1E loads. The improved model of the electric power system by separation of UAT and SAT has been suggested through this paper. Additionally, effects of reliability and cost caused by the electric power system modification are considered.

Extending SBO coping capability: An improved auxiliary feedwater system

A novel way to increase the station blackout (SBO) coping capability for pressurized water reactors is presented and evaluated for Advanced Pressurized Reactor 1400 (APR1400). The technical solution proposed is to install an electric direct current (DC) generator coupled to the shaft of a turbine-driven pump (TDP). The new system, named turbine-driven pump – DC (TDP-DC), works as a complement to the plant class 1E batteries, and it is meant to extend the plant coping time beyond present 8-h capacity. Assessment is performed using the one-dimensional multi-dimensional analysis of reactor safety (MARS-KS) system code by evaluating the plant response over an assumption of only one TDP-DC available. The test has been conducted for two conditions: SBOs with/without a reactor coolant pump (RCP) seal loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA). For both cases, it is assumed to have a mature nuclear core (after three refueling cycles) and a degradation of 20% in efficiency of the only turbine driver working. Results shows that, in 2.7 h from SBO onset, the new TDP-DC system is capable of supporting all electrical loads required during SBO. It is proven that the TDP-DC can extend the plant SBO coping time from 8 to 20 h for the most limiting case of SBO with RCP seal LOCA. In addition, it is revealed that the coping time can be extended beyond 32 h for SBO without RCP seal LOCA.

A scenario of the formation of isolated X-ray pulsars with anomalously long period

A scenario of the formation of isolated X-ray pulsars is discussed with an application to one of the best studied objects of this class 1E 161348-5055. This moderately luminous, 10^33 - 10^35 erg/s, pulsar with a relatively soft spectrum, kT ~ 0.6-0.8 keV, is associated with an isolated neutron star, which is located near the center of the young (~2000 yr) compact supernova remnant RCW 103 and rotates steadily (|d\nu/dt| < 2.6 x 10^-18 Hz/s) with the period of 6.7 hr. We show that in the current epoch the neutron star is in the accretor state. The parameters of the source emission can be explained in terms of the magnetic-levitation accretion scenario in which the star with the surface magnetic field of 10^12 G accretes material onto its surface from a non-Keplerian magnetic fossil disk at the rate 10^14 g/s. A neutron star could evolve to this state in a High-Mass X-ray Binary (HMXB), which had disintegrated during the supernova explosion powered by the core-collapse of its massive component. The life-time of an isolated X-ray pulsar formed this way can be as long as a few thousand years.

원자력발전소 직류전원계통용 축전지 성능시험 분석

Function of battery bank stores energy for DC load in general, and DC power system of the nuclear power plant is used to supply DC loads for safety- featured instrumentation and control such as inverter, class 1E power system control and indication, and station annunciation. Class 1E DC power system must provide a power for the design basis accident conditions, and adequate capacity must be available during loss of AC power and subsequent safe shutdown of the plant. In present, batteries of Class 1E DC power system of the nuclear power plant uses lead-acid batteries. Class 1E batteries of nuclear power plants in Korea are summarized in terms of specification, such as capacity, discharge rate, bank configuration and discharge end voltage, etc. This paper summarizes standards of determining battery size for the nuclear power plant, and analyzes duty cycle for the class 1E DC power system of nuclear power plant. Then, battery cell size is calculated as 2613Ah according to the standard. In addition, this paper analyzes performance test results during past 13 years and shows performance degradation in the battery bank. Performance tests in 2001 and 2005 represent that entire battery cells do not reach the discharge-end voltage. Howeyer, the discharge-end voltage is reached in 14.7% of channel A (17 EA), 13.8% of channel B (16 EA), 5.2% of channel C (6 EA) and 16.4% of channel D (19 EA) at 2011 performance test. Based on the performance test results analysis and size calculation, battery capacity and degradation by age in Korearn nuclear power plant is discussed and would be used for new design.