Clash Resolution Research Articles

Comparative Study of Stress Clash Resolution by English Native Speakers and Korean Learners of English

Comparative Study of Stress Clash Resolution by English Native Speakers and Korean Learners of English

Formulation of Feature and Label Space Using Modified Delphi in Support of Developing a Machine-Learning Algorithm to Automate Clash Resolution

Formulation of Feature and Label Space Using Modified Delphi in Support of Developing a Machine-Learning Algorithm to Automate Clash Resolution

Automated CAD-to-BIM generation of restroom sanitary plumbing system

Abstract Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) system experts often have difficulties in converting their designs, in computer-aided design (CAD), into building information models (BIMs) owing to excessive repetitive work, lack of BIM skilled workers, frequent BIM recreations, etc. Therefore, this study aimed to formalize the CAD-to-BIM process of MEP systems, focusing on sanitary plumbing system, including soil, drain system, hot water supply, and cold water supply system. Each system’s process is composed of a combination of the following five common modules: pipeline processing module, pipe connection module, initial level setting module, addition riser nipple module, and clash resolution module. Consequently, a prototype developed based on the formalized process produced a sanitary plumbing BIM model that is identical to the CAD drawings and has no clashes. This study contributes to the MEP BIM theory by identifying considerations for CAD-to-BIM conversion of sanitary plumbing system and formalizing the process reflecting them.

BIM-based Clash Resolution Process Using Fuzzy AHP Methods

BIM-based Clash Resolution Process Using Fuzzy AHP Methods

Automated clash resolution for reinforcement steel design in precast concrete wall panels via generative adversarial network and reinforcement learning

The increasing adoption of precast concrete elements (PCEs) is evident in civil infrastructure projects. The structural integrity of prefabricated structures relies on the quality of connections between adjacent components, necessitating the design of reinforcing steel bars (rebars) in PCEs. Dealing with PCEsand the complex design codes for rebars' arrangement can be labor-intensive, impractical, and error-prone when using traditional computer software due to their irregular shapes. This often results in frequent rebar clashes on construction sites. On the other hand, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology, which is widely employed for structural design in the industry, offers potential solutions to these challenges. Several studies have proposed clash resolution strategies for moving components using optimization algorithms; these strategies are only suitable for regular reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The optimized path of rebars cannot be adjusted to avoid obstacles in PCEs. Due to strict design codes and large dimensions, existing studies do not possess the learning knowledge from design codes or drawings needed to generate clash-free rebar arrangements for real-world PCEs automatically. To overcome this limitation, we present a BIM-based framework that utilizes Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to automatically generate clash-free rebar designs in prefabricated concrete wall panels (PCWPs). Our method employs GAN to learn from designers’ experiences from existing design drawings and generate 2D preliminary rebar designs, which are then transformed into mesh environments for DRL. The DRL engine incorporates state, action, and rewards designed according to buildability constraints and design codes. We conduct extensive experiments on real-world PCWPs to assess the efficacy of the proposed method. The results indicate that our framework can reduce engineering time for rebar designs by up to 80% compared to manual design, while achieving clash-free designs that adhere to design codes.

Clash context representation and change component prediction based on graph convolutional network in MEP disciplines

Clash management, including clash detection and resolution, is critical for construction project success. While clash detection has been automatically conducted by Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools, the clash resolution process is still being conducted manually. This process includes predicting clash change components and determining change methods. Previous studies predict clash change components based on single clash features while ignoring the interdependency between building components and clashes. This paper proposes to use a graph convolutional network (GCN) to improve clash change component prediction by considering the interdependency nature of building components. Instead of assuming each clash is independent, the GCN model uses a component dependency graph as the input to determine whether to make changes to a particular component based on both 1) its features and 2) its impacts on related components, which is transferred through the spatial dependency structure. To further decide what kind of spatial dependency is more informative for clash change component prediction, this study compares different dependency settings. We experiment on the BIM model of a real-world project and then use the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare model accuracy in different settings. The result shows that integrating dependency information into consideration can significantly improve model prediction accuracy, and the clash relation is the most critical factor for clash change component prediction.

Automated structural design optimization of steel reinforcement using graph neural network and exploratory genetic algorithms

Structural design optimization for steel reinforcement (rebar) is a critical part of reinforced concrete structures. In practice, this process is conducted manually or semi-automatically for each element, which is time-consuming and relies on engineers' knowhow and experience for buildability improvement, material savings and clash resolution. This paper presents an automated pipeline for clash-free rebar design optimization integrating graph neural networks (GNN) and exploratory genetic algorithms (EGA). Graph representation is adopted to characterize rebar layouts in both structural elements and different kinds of reinforced concrete joints. GNN leverages graph representation of rebars to consider the parametric relationship between different rebar groups in a single structural element or among multiple structural elements, enhancing the efficiency of clash-free rebar design optimization. EGA supports design checking and further optimization according to building codes to achieve the optimal design. Compared with conventional optimization methods, the proposed pipeline can automatically identify optimal clash-free rebar design in compliance with code-stipulated requirements while reducing 75%–90% of the computation time, which shows enormous potential for practical use in the industry.

Component Change List Prediction for BIM-Based Clash Resolution from a Graph Perspective

AbstractInformation technologies, such as building information modeling (BIM), significantly improve the clash detection process, but the clash resolution process is still time consuming. Although ...

Deriving the Metrical Head in Standard Korean

Standard Korean is known to have vowel length contrasts. It has, however, been proposed that the Korean long vowel is phonetic, whereby a long vowel reflects an elongation of vowel duration under stress (Ko 2002, 2013). This paper is a follow-up on this proposal to analyze the long vowel as a metrical head, whose derivation is shown in the framework of Halle and Idsardi (1995). The algorithm for deriving the metrical head involves formal proposals for the Projection, Edge Marking, and Head Location parameters for designating the most prominent syllable in the word. The metrical head is phonetically rendered prominent with the elongation of the vowel, which is audible in the initial syllable but to a lesser degree in the second (Ko 2013). The proposed algorithm provides a principled explanation for the so-called verb stem vowel shortening phenomenon by applying the cross-linguistically attested accent clash resolution.

Automatic clash correction sequence optimization using a clash dependency network

Building information modeling has demonstrated its advantage to support design coordination, specifically for automatic clash detection. Detecting clashes helps us identify problems, but the process for solving these problems is still manual and time-consuming. This paper proposes using network theory to improve clash resolution by optimizing the clash correction sequence. Building systems are often interdependent of each other, and the dependency relations between building components propagate the impacts of clashes. Ignoring the dependency may cause new clashes when solving a clash or cause iterative adjustments for a single building component. However, a well-organized clash correction sequence can help reduce these issues. Therefore, it is necessary to holistically discuss the clash correction sequence by considering the dependence between clashes. This paper analyzes clash dependencies based on building component dependency relations. We design an optimization algorithm for determining the optimal sequence based on the clash dependency network to minimize feedback dependency, which may cause design rework on a project in project practice. The proposed method is validated on a real building project. After comparing with the natural sequence detected by commercial software, we find that the optimized sequence significantly reduces feedback and automatically groups dependent clashes, which facilitates design coordination.

Automated clash resolution for reinforcement steel design in concrete frames via Q-learning and Building Information Modeling

The design of reinforcing steel bars (rebars) is critical to reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Generally, a good number of rebars are required by a design code, particularly at member connections. As such, rebar clashes (i.e., collisions and congestions) would be inevitable. It would be impractical, labor-intensive, and error-prone to avoid all possible clashes manually or even using standard design software. The building information modeling (BIM) technology has been utilized by the present architecture, engineering, and construction (ACE) industry for clash-free rebar designs. However, most existing BIM-based approaches offer the clash resolution strategy for moving components with an optimization algorithm, and are only applicable to the RC structures with regular shapes. In particular, the optimized path of rebars cannot be adjusted to avoid the obstacles, thus limiting the practical applications. Furthermore, most existing studies lack the learning from design code and constructibility constraints to realize automatic and intelligent arrangement and adjustment of rebars for avoiding the obstacles encountered in complex RC joints and frame structures. Considering these shortcomings, the authors have recently proposed an immediate reward-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) system with BIM, towards automatic clash-free rebar designs of RC joints without clashes. However, as the immediate reward is required in the MARL system for guiding the learning of a rebar design, it will not succeed in clash-free rebar designs of complex RC structures where immediate reward is often unavailable. In this study, this study further extends the previous work with Q-learning (a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm) for more realistic path planning considering both immediate and delayed rewards in clash-free rebar designs for real-world RC structures. In particular, the rebar design problem is treated as a path-planning problem of multi-agent system, where each rebar is deemed as an intelligence reinforcement learning agent. Next, by employing the Q-learning as the reinforcement learning engine, the particular form of state, action, and immediate and delayed rewards for the reinforcement MARL for automatic rebar designs considering more actual constructible constraints and design codes can be developed. Comprehensive experiments on three typical beam-column joints and a two-story RC building frame were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. The study results of paths of rebar designs, success rates, and average time confirm that the proposed framework with MARL and BIM is effective and efficient.

A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN

In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality. 
 
 Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
 
 Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246

Knowledge-based system for resolving design clashes in building information models

Although building information modelling (BIM) has revolutionized building design and construction management, it is still time-consuming for a BIM project team to coordinate with designers to resolve clashes during the pre-construction stages. During the construction stage, shop drawings frequently have to be revised because of cognitive differences between the designers and constructors. These two groups of people view the resolution of such clashes from their own perspectives because of differences in their inherent knowledge and experience. To effectively improve the project delivery time, one option is to reduce the number of model revisions during the construction stage. This could be done by providing a BIM model as a reference. In this model, design clashes can be resolved from the perspective of the constructor before discussions in design coordination meetings to find compromises. In this work, an artificial intelligence system for such design clash resolution was developed with machine learning and heuristic optimizing techniques. In the experiment, we present a real case of a student residence, in which the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems in the basement are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The experimental results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system.

STRESS CLASH RESOLUTION IN ENGLISH AS L1 AND L2

This paper aims to analyze which strategy speakers of English as L1 and Brazilian speakers of English as L2 use to solve stress clash, a phenomenon in which two syllables bearing primary stress are adjacent in different words forming a phonological phrase such as [thirteen men]. The representation of stress clash, as well as the operation that allows its undoing, is one of the justifications whereby Liberman & Prince (1977) propose the metrical grid. The clash depends on information about the metrical level in which it occurs. The simple phonetic adjacency is not enough to characterize a clash. This paper is based on the work of Pike (1945), Selkirk (1984), Major (1985) to show distinctions between language types of rhythm (stress/syllable-timed ones) as well as a non-categorical polarization for rhythm in languages (Barbosa, 2000, 2002) and Silva Jr, (2013), Fragozo (2017) when comparing native and Brazilian speakers of English for the choice of stress clash solving strategies. For the Methods, we have done acoustic analysis of what we extracted and normalized the vowel duration values and applied to a statistical analysis using ANOVA test to check the degree of variance between Brazilians and native speakers of English. Our results show that native and Brazilian speakers of English use distinct strategies to solve stress clash: the former using stress retraction, which undoes primary stress clashes by moving the first stress of the clash to the left and the latter using silent demibeat addition, inserting a short pause in between the clash environment.

Dormant origins and fork protection mechanisms rescue sister forks arrested by transcription.

The yeast RNA/DNA helicase Sen1, Senataxin in human, preserves the integrity of replication forks encountering transcription by removing RNA-DNA hybrids. Here we show that, in sen1 mutants, when a replication fork clashes head-on with transcription is arrested and, as a consequence, the progression of the sister fork moving in the opposite direction within the same replicon is also impaired. Therefore, sister forks remain coupled when one of the two forks is arrested by transcription, a fate different from that experienced by forks encountering Double Strand Breaks. We also show that dormant origins of replication are activated to ensure DNA synthesis in the proximity to the forks arrested by transcription. Dormant origin firing is not inhibited by the replication checkpoint, rather dormant origins are fired if they cannot be timely inactivated by passive replication. In sen1 mutants, the Mre11 and Mrc1–Ctf4 complexes protect the forks arrested by transcription from processing mediated by the Exo1 nuclease. Thus, a harmless head-on replication-transcription clash resolution requires the fine-tuning of origin firing and coordination among Sen1, Exo1, Mre11 and Mrc1–Ctf4 complexes.

The perceptual nature of stress shifts

According to the rhythm rule in metrical phonology, a word's stress alternates from the second syllable to the first when followed by a word with first syllable stress, a situation also known as a stress clash. For example, the second-syllable stressed word sixTEEN will be produced as SIXteen in the phrase SIXteen CANdles. Using pseudo-words in different rhythmic contexts, we demonstrate that stress clash resolution has a strong perceptual component and can be an auditory illusion. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to misattribute stress in a clash condition (sixTEEN heard as SIXteen in sixTEEN CANdles) than in isolation (sixTEEN) or in a non-clash condition (sixTEEN caNALS). In Experiment 2, we failed to find support for the hypothesis that nuclear stress drove these ratings. We discuss these findings in light of various theories and mechanisms for parsing spontaneous speech.

Ese Ejja Accent

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2013) Nicholas Rolle UC Berkeley “Ese Ejja Accent” 1 n.rolle@berkeley.edu Ese Ejja is a Takanan language spoken in the Bolivian Amazon. This study presents a description and analysis of stress accent on nouns and verbs, arguing for a specific representation of these data, and positing a limited OT account. Data come from Vuillermet’s (2012) PhD dissertation - hereafter referred to as (V:page number) - who presents an extensive description and organization of these accent facts, documenting approximately 2,000 verb forms. Most words in Ese Ejja have a single primary accent (synonymous here with “stress”), which falls on one of the first three syllables of the word, whose consistent phonetic correlate is high pitch. Ese Ejja has distinct accent patterns on nouns versus verbs, showing phonological patterns differing by part of speech. Accent placement depends on a complex interaction of factors, based on (1) inherent accent of a word, (2) accent assignment from affixes/clitics, (3) accent assignment based on part of speech, (4) rules of accent clash resolution, (5) rules of (trochaic) footing, (6) rules of directionality, and (7) restrictions on the primary stress (word stress) window. [Transcription note: I use σ to indicate primary stress, and σ secondary, rather than ˈ and ˌ ] Relevant phonology background Ese Ejja has four monophthong phonemes /i e a o/, and three (rising) diphthongs /i a i o oe/, written as , , and respectively; contrastive falling diphthongs (e.g. [ai ]) do not exist. Vowel length is not contrastive, and adjacent vowel-vowel sequences are pronounced separately (V:172). The canonical syllable structure is (C)V; underlying codas do not exist. The only surface codas are glides which result from vowel-vowel sequences, e.g. /mei/ “stone” [mej]. Cliticization reveals these vowels as underlying heterosyllabic, e.g. /mei=a/ “strone=INSTR” [meia] ( * [meja]) (V:177-8). Noun Accent 2 In order to understand both noun and verb accent, we must distinguish between three types of (surface) accents. One type is an inherent accent on a syllable, specified in the lexical entry of a morpheme (an unpredictable accent). A second type is assigned accent, an accent which is assigned to a specific part of a morpheme by an accompanying affix/clitic, by construction, and/or due to its use as a particular part of speech. A third type is footing accent, an accent which falls on a syllable based on the trochaic footing algorithm, applying subsequent to the first and second types. These are shown in example (0). In (0a), bishe has inherent accent on /she/. In contrast, in (0b), the clitic =nixe assigns an accent to the final syllable of the noun inawewa, which then based on footing assigns stress two syllables away, on /na/. This manuscript owes much to discussion with Marine Vuillermet (first and foremost), Zach O’Hagan, and Sharon Inkelas. These data come from (V:200-205). I will not discuss noun compounds (e.g. noun+adj), or the e-noun class, e.g. ese “tooth”, eshaxa “ear”, emekishe “nail”, in which the e- here is best analyzed as extra-metrical.

Strategic terrorism: The framework and its fallacies

This article seeks to lay out a comprehensive framework by which those who utilize a campaign of strategic terrorism seek to attain their ends. It identifies a distinctive modus operandi: 1) disorientation: to alienate the authorities from their citizens, reducing the government to impotence in the eyes of the population; 2) target response: to induce a target to respond in a manner that is favorable to the insurgent cause; 3) gaining legitimacy: to exploit the emotional impact of the violence to insert an alternative political message. By elucidating the strategy of terrorism, the analysis also reveals its inherent limitations. Resting on the premise that a militarily more powerful adversary will in some way feel restrained from bringing the full force of its military superiority to bear, the strategy relies exclusively on the exploitation of the psychological effects of armed action, thereby rendering it vulnerable to those who are willing to view the resolution of clashes of interest principally in terms of the tangibles of military power.

The phonetics of stress clash in spontaneous speech

This study examines the rhythm rule (RR) in spontaneous speech to determine its acoustic correlates and phonetic robustness in conversational intonation. RR in English is a phonological process that accommodates stress clash. It has been primarily investigated in controlled speech. Both analyses of RR were considered in this study: (1) accent reversal—the relative prominence of key syllables is reversed, (2) accent deletion—the relative prominence of key syllables is neutralized. Two hypotheses were investigated: (1) RR is always indicated by measurable acoustic properties. (2) RR is subject to intonational factors and depends upon the attraction of a pitch accent for realization. Duration, f0, and amplitude were measured on relevant syllables. ToBI labeling was used to indicate pitch accents and phrase boundaries. Duration was the most consistent acoustic cue to stress clash resolution. When the target phrase attracted a pitch accent, duration indicated stress clash resolution by accent reversal. When the target phrase did not attract a pitch accent, f0 and duration indicated accent deletion. Crucially, when the phrases did not attract pitch accents (were not intonationally prominent), stress clash was resolved. This finding provides support for hypothesis (1): RR is pervasive in the acoustic signal independently of intonational factors.

Restructured phonological phrases in French: evidence from clash resolution

Abstract In common with English and German and many other languages, French has an accentual configuration that arises in clash contexts, here referred to as clash resolution. Experimental research has shown that clash resolution is bounded by the phonological phrase. Moreover, the optional application of clash resolution has provided evidence for the restructured phonological phrase. However, the conditions on restructuring that have been proposed in the literature have been found to make the wrong predictions in a number of cases. In contradiction to earlier claims, perceptual and acoustic evidence shows that lexical heads can also be restructured with their branching complements. In addition, an analysis of the phonetic evidence shows that clash resolution is characterized by the absence of a final pitch accent, while the simultaneous realization of an initial pitch accent on the stress-shift item is optional. In our conclusions, we will discuss the implications of these findings for a phonological account of clash resolution.