Clarias Sp Research Articles

Penambahan Madu Dalam Pengenceran Sperma Untuk Meningkatkan Motilitas Spermatozoa, Fertilisasi dan Daya Tetas Telur Ikan Lele (Clarias sp)

The research intended to determine the optimal concentration of honey supplemented in sperm dilution to improve sperm motility, fertilization and eggs hatchability of catfish (Clarias sp). Experimental design used was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments each with three replications. The concentration of honey used astreatments were A (0 mL + 100 mL of physiological NaCl), B (0.60 mL + 99.40 mL of physiological NaCl), C (0.65 mL + 99.35 mL of physiological NaCl), D (0.70 mL + 99.30 mL of physiological NaCl). Parent used consisted of one female with 1.5 kg weight and the male parent with 1 kg weight. Sperm dilution containers used was 12 plastic cups and the container fertilization and hatching eggs container used was 12 brass plates. Spermatozoa motility observation performed immediately after dilution process. Fertilization observation was performed after 12 hours of fertilization process, and egg hatchability observation was performed after 60 hours of fertilization. The research results showed that the addition of honey in sperm dilution contributed significant effect on spermatozoa motility, fertilization and eggs hatchability. The addition of 0.70 mL honey in sperm dilution was the best indicated by the average percentage of spermatozoa motility 83.33%, fertilization 82.50% and eggs hatchability 79.67%. Keywords: Honey, sperm dilution, spermatozoa motility, fertilization, eggs hatchability.

Efikasi Oxytetracycline Terhadap Kesehatan Ikan Lele yang Diinfeksi Bakteri Edwardsiella tarda

Edwardsielliosis is a disease that commonly infects freshwater fish including catfish ( Clarias sp ). Edwardsielliosis is caused by Edwardsiella tarda infection and causes mass mortality in catfish farming. Overcoming diseases in freshwater fish can use drugs or antibiotics that are classified as safe and their use is in accordance with government regulations. This study aims to determine the appropriate dosage of Oxytetracycline in catfish infected by E. tarda bacteria through histological analysis. The study design used Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments, 1 control and 3 replications in each treatment. Catfish used were ± 25 cm in size and the dose of oxytetracycline used were 15, 30, and 45 ppm. The results showed tissue damage edema, vacuolization, necrosis, and haemorhage in fish infected with Edwardsiella tarda bacteria with the lowest damage at 45 ppm of oxytetracycline treatment. The results indicate that oxytetracycline has an effect on muscle histology and recovery of fish health.

Effects of dietary Bacillus NP5 and sweet potato extract on growth and digestive enzyme activity of dumbo catfish Clarias sp.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic (Bacillus NP5), prebiotic (extracted from Ipomoea batatas var. sukuh,), and synbiotic on growth and digestive enzyme activity of dumbo catfish (Clarias sp.). Four treatments with 3 replications were used in the experiment, i.e; control, probiotic (1% Bacillus NP5 in feed), prebiotic (2% sweet potato extract in feed), and synbiotic (1% probiotic and 2% prebiotic in feed). After 45 days of rearing, catfish that were given probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic showed significantly (P<0.05) higher growth than that of the control. The average results on digestive enzyme activities in probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) from that of the control. The addition of synbiotic to diets showed the best result on final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, protein efficiency ratio, and protease activities among other treatments. Keywords: catfish, growth, probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh dari probiotik (Bacillus NP5), prebiotik (ekstrak ubi jalar varietas sukuh), dan sinbiotik terhadap pertumbuhan dan aktivitas enzim perncernaan ikan lele dumbo (Clarias sp.). Penelitian terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan, yakni: probiotik (Bacillus NP5 sebanyak 1% dalam pakan), prebiotik (ekstrak ubi jalar sebanyak 2% dalam pakan), dan sinbiotik (Bacillus NP5 1% + ekstrak ubi jalar sebanyak 2% dalam pakan). Setelah pemeliharaan selama 45 hari, ikan lele pada perlakuan dengan suplementasi probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik dalam pakan secara signifikan (P<0,05) menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Nilai aktivitas enzim pencernaan pada perlakuan probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik secara signifikan berbeda (P<0,05) dari kontrol. Penambahan sinbiotik pada pakan memberikan hasil terbaik pada parameter bobot akhir, laju pertumbuhan harian, FCR, retensi protein, rasio efisiensi protein, dan aktivitas enzim protease dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Kata kunci: ikan lele, pertumbuhan, probiotik, prebiotik, sinbiotik.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) terhadap Tingkat Kesembuhan Benih Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias sp.) yang Terinfeksi Saprolegnia sp. <br><i>[Effect of Rhizome Extract (Kaempferia kalanga L.) for the Cure Rate of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Infected by Saprolegnia sp. ]<i>

Abstract Saprolegnia sp. is a fungus that causes the disease Saprolegniasis on eggs and fresh water fish such as catfish (Clarias sp.). Treatment of Saprolegniasis have done using chemical drugs such as malachite green, formalin, sodium chloride and asetic acid. However, the use of chemical drugs is bad for the environment and biota. The purpose of this study is to determined the antifungal activity from rhizome extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) for the cure rate of catfish fry (Clarias sp) infected by Saprolegnia sp. The research was conducted on June 2013 at Fisheries and Marine Faculty of Airlangga University. The method used in this study is experimental method using Kruskall Wallis followed by Two Sample Independent test design with 5 treatments and four repetitions. Results showed that the extract of Kaempferia galanga L. has antifungal activity to recovery infected catfish fry. The optimal concentration from this research is 64%. The existence of antifungal activity of Kaempferia galanga L. extracts to Saprolegnia sp. showed that Kaempferia galanga L. extract consists some compounds as fungistatic and fungicidal such as flavonoid, saponin, phenolic and essential oil compounds.

The Effects of Papain Enzyme Supplement in Feed on Protein Digestibility, Growth and Survival Rate in Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias sp)

The study aimed to assess the effects of Papain Enzyme Supplement in Feed on Protein Digestibity, Growth and Survival Rate of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias sp). Fingerlings used in the study were acquired from the Center for Freshwater Hatchery and Aquaculture, Muntilan, Central Java, Indonesia. The fingerlings had average weight of 3.43±0.50 g/fish. Completely Randomized Design was used in the experiments with 5 (five) treatment and 3 (three) repetitions. The experimental feed contained 31% of protein and 252.06 Kcal/g of energy. Various doses of the addition of papain enzyme were incorporated into the feed, those doses were A (0 g/kg feed), B (2 g/kg feed), C (4 g/kg feed), D (6 g/kg feed) and E (8 g/kg feed). Parameters of digestibility of protein (ADCP), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival rate (SR) and water quality were evaluated. The papain enzyme supplement significantly (P<0.01) influenced on ADCp, RGR, EFU, FCR, and PER, otherwise SR of catfish was insignificantly affected by the papain enzyme supplement. The best treatment result was the addition of 6/kg feed papain enzyme (treatment D). The study concluded that the optimum dose of the papain enzyme supplement for ADCp, EFU, FCR, PER and RGR were 5.65, 5.62, 6.0, 5.66, 6.0 g/kg feed respectively. Water quality during study was still in favorable condition for nurturing Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias sp).

Selection of lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic and evaluated its performance on gnotobiotic catfish Clarias sp.

<p class="JudulBabdenganNomor">ABSTRACT</p><p class="JudulBabdenganNomor"> </p><p>This study aimed to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a potential probiotic that producing anti‒microbial compounds in order to treat motile aeromonads septicemia diseases caused by <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> on catfish <em>Clarias</em> sp. and evaluated its performance on gnotobiotic catfish. The <em>in vitro</em> assay was done to select several LAB isolates based on antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria. The selected isolate was tested <em>in vivo</em> to observe their ability to improve growth performances of catfish. The study was conducted with five treatments consists of K‒ (normal catfish without addition probiotic, without challenge test), K+ (normal catfish without addition of probiotic, with challenge test), Np (normal catfish with addition of probiotic and challenge test), G (gnoto catfish without addition of probiotic, with challenge test), and Gp (gnoto catfish with addition of probiotic and challenge test). The results showed that the addition of <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em> E2211 as selected probiotic could increase survival rate, specific growth rate, and immune response towards infection of <em>A. hydrophila</em>. The best survival rate after challenge test was obtained in Np and Gp treatments (88.46%), followed by G treatment (65.38%), while the K+ was only 53.84%. The conclusion of this study was <em>P. pentosaceus</em> E2211 potentially used as a probiotic candidate for normal and gnotobiotic catfish. The presence of normal microflora with <em>P. pentosaceus</em> E2211 in Np treatment showed the best probiotic performance with daily growth rate 3.28%, feed conversion ratio 1.79, and total intestinal bacteria reached 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/mL significantly different from other treatments (P<0.05).</p><p>Keywords: <em>Aeromonas hydrophila,</em> catfish, LAB, probiotic, screening</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyeleksi bakteri asam laktat (BAL) sebagai probiotik potensial penghasil senyawa antimikrob guna menanggulangi penyakit <em>motile aeromonad septicemia</em> akibat <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> pada ikan lele <em>Clarias </em>sp. dan evaluasi kinerjanya pada ikan lele gnotobiotik. Pengujian <em>in vitro </em>dilakukan untuk menyeleksi beberapa isolat BAL sebagai kandidat probiotik berdasarkan aktivitas antagonis terhadap bakteri patogen. Isolat terpilih kemudian diuji <em>in vivo</em> untuk mengetahui kemampuannya dalam meningkatkan performa tumbuh ikan lele.<em> </em>Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima perlakuan, yaitu: K‒ (lele normal tanpa probiotik dan tanpa tanpa diuji tantang), K+ (lele normal tanpa probiotik dan diuji tantang), Np (lele normal diberi probiotik dan diuji tantang), G (lele gnoto tanpa probiotik dan diuji tantang), dan Gp (lele gnoto diberi probiotik dan diuji tantang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian probiotik terpilih BAL <em>Pediococcus</em><em> pentosaceus</em> E2211 mampu meningkatkan sintasan, laju pertumbuhan, dan respons imun ikan lele terhadap infeksi <em>A. hydrophila</em>. Sintasan terbaik pascauji tantang diperoleh pada perlakuan Np dan Gp yaitu sebesar 88,46%, diikuti perlakuan G sebesar 65,38%, sementara pada K+ hanya mencapai 53,84%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini ialah isolat BAL terpilih <em>P. pentosaceus </em>E2211 berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik untuk ikan lele normal dan lele gnotobiotik <em>Clarias </em>sp. Keberadaan mikroflora normal yang berasosiasi dengan <em>P. pentosaceus </em>E2211 pada perlakuan Np menunjukkan kinerja probiotik terbaik dengan nilai laju pertubuhan harian 3,28%, rasio konversi pakan 1,79 dan total bakteri usus mencapai 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/mL yang berbeda signifikan dibanding perlakuan lainnya (P<0,05).</p><p>Kata kunci: <em>A. hydrophila,</em> BAL, ikan lele, probiotik, seleksi</p><p> </p>

Pengaruh Penambahan Madu Pada Proses Pengenceran Sperma Terhadap Daya Tetas Telur Ikan Lele (Clarias sp)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of honey addition on sperm dillution process to eggs hatchability of catfish (Clarias sp.) in Gorontalo Fish Seed Centre. This study has been using completely randomized design with 4 threatments and 3 replications each of them. Treatment A: 0 ml; B: 0.70 ml; C: 0.75 ml; and D: 80 ml each of them was in 100 ml; 99.30 ml; 99.25 ml and 99.20 ml solution of NaCl. The results of this study showed that the highest of larvae survival was on treatment D (76,67%), followed by treatment C (71,11%) and B (65,56%), while the lowest was treatment A (61,11% ). The parameter of water quality which is measured were DO was 3,8 ppm , the temperature was 24,5 0C and pH was 6,67 . So it can be concluded that honey supplementation in sperm dilution has affect to the eggs hatchability and the growth of catfish larvae (Clarias sp). Keywords : Addition of Honey, Sperm Dilution, Hatching Egg, Catfish (Clarias sp)

Mycobacterium fortuitum-induced ER-Mitochondrial calcium dynamics promotes calpain/caspase-12/caspase-9 mediated apoptosis in fish macrophages

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a natural fish pathogen. It induces apoptosis in headkidney macrophages (HKM) of catfish, Clarias sp though the mechanism remains largely unknown. We observed M. fortuitum triggers calcium (Ca2+) insult in the sub-cellular compartments which elicits pro-apototic ER-stress factor CHOP. Alleviating ER-stress inhibited CHOP and attenuated HKM apoptosis implicating ER-stress in the pathogenesis of M. fortuitum. ER-stress promoted calpain activation and silencing the protease inhibited caspase-12 activation. The study documents the primal role of calpain/caspase-12 axis on caspase-9 activation in M. fortuitum-pathogenesis. Mobilization of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria led to increased mitochondrial Ca2+ (Ca2+)m load,, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening, altered mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and cytochrome c release eventually activating the caspase-9/-3 cascade. Ultra-structural studies revealed close apposition of ER and mitochondria and pre-treatment with (Ca2+)m-uniporter (MUP) blocker ruthenium red, reduced Ca2+ overload suggesting (Ca2+)m fluxes are MUP-driven and the ER-mitochondria tethering orchestrates the process. This is the first report implicating role of sub-cellular Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of M. fortuitum. We summarize, the dynamics of Ca2+ in sub-cellular compartments incites ER-stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to activation of pro-apoptotic calpain/caspase-12/caspase-9 axis in M. fortuitum-infected HKM.

ANALISIS TINGKAT ADOPSI INOVASI BUDIDAYA IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG (Clarias gariepinus) DENGAN SISTEM TEKNOLOGI BIOFLOK PADA ANGGOTA KELOMPOK CLARIAS SP DI KELURAHAN TERITIP KOTA BALIKPAPAN

The purposive of this research was to analyze the characteristics correlation of internal, external, and innovation to the level of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farming innovation adoption with biofloc technology system and to determine the level of adoption of Clarias sp group in receiving bioflok technology system. This research was conducted from Desember 30, 2016 to Januari 12, 2017 in Teritip Village, Balikpapan City. The sampling method used was sensus method with the number of respondents as many as 13 persons. The rank spearman correlation was to analysis the correlation of all characteristics. The analysis showed that the internal characteristics; age was closely related to the interest and cosmopolitan very closely related to the interest and trial. The external characteristics; the role of group leader closely related to the aware and the role of the mass media was closely related to the interest. Characteristics of innovation; compatibility was very closely related to evaluate and closely related to trial while triability closely related to evaluate and very closely related to the trial. Clarias sp group was able to receive the most optimal biofloc technology to the level of interest.

The Effect of Combine Between Dietary Protein Level Variation and Laserpuncture Induction on Catfish (Clarias sp) Oocyte Development

The Effect of Combine Between Dietary Protein Level Variation and Laserpuncture Induction on Catfish (Clarias sp) Oocyte Development

Effect Addition of Different Probiotic in Aquaponic Systems Towards The Growth Rate and Survival Rate of Catfish (Clarias sp.)

Catfish (Clarias sp.) is a freshwater fish that is widely cultivated because it is a leading commodity. Increased production of catfish resulted in extra area of cultivated land and water use. The technology suitable to be applied is aquaponic system. In addition to saving land and water use, Aquaponic is also improving business efficiency through the utilization of nutrients from food remains and fish metabolism. Water quality is an important factor for the success of cultivation. Maintenance catfish with the addition of probiotics in aquaponic system can be a solution for maintaining water quality, because it contains bacteria that can increase nitrite to nitrate changes that can be utilized for growth of plants and do not poison the fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different probiotics in the aquaponic system towards growth rate and survival rate of catfish. The method that used in this research is experimental with completely randomized design (four treat and five repeated) are P0 (control), P1 (probiotic A), P2 (probiotic B) and P3 (probiotic C). Analysis of data processed using Analysis of Variance. If there are significant differences then continued Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the giving of probiotics in the aquaponic system is significantly different (p <0.05). The final conclusion is that the addition of probiotics in aquaponic system affect the growth rate and survival rate of catfish. The highest specific growth rate (0.025%/ day) and the highest survival rate (77.8%) contained in the P2 treatment. The lowest specific growth rate (0.019% /day) and the lowest survival rate (64.4%) contained in P0 treatment (control). Keywords : Aquaponic, Catfish, Probiotic, Growth Rate, Survival Rate, Clarias sp.

Effect Addition of Different Probiotic in Aquaponic Systems towards Water Quality in Aquaculture Catfish (Clarias sp.)

Catfish (Clarias sp.) is a type of consumption fish have promising prospects because it has a high enough degree of market uptake. The high market demand which motivated farmers to develop farming aquaponics technologies. Aquaponics, in principle, in addition to conserve land and water use also increases business efficiency through the utilization of nutrients from food remains and fish for plant metabolism. Fish farming with high stocking density causes a decrease in water quality due to the accumulation of organic matter buildup of organic materials causing toxins in the water because there is ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (N02) on the water. The threshold for catfish ammonia content is <0.8 mg /L. Alternative to overcome the problem of water quality in aquaculture is the addition of probiotic. Probiotic contain several types of microorganisms that can help the process of decomposition of ammonia as a bioremediation agent for water quality control. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of different probiotics in the aquaponics system to water quality. The method that used in this research is experimental with completely randomized design (four treat and five repeated) are P0 (control), P1 (probiotic A), P2 (probiotic B) and P3 (probiotic C). Analysis of data processed using Analysis of Variance. If there are significant differences then continued Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the giving of probiotics in the aquaponic system is significantly different (p<0.05).The final conclusion is that the addition of probiotic in the aquaponic system affect the water quality. Based on the results of statistical analysis showed that the levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate was lowest for the treatment of P2 is 0.0204 mg /L, 0.012 mg /L and 2.731 mg /L. Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate is highest at P0 treatment (control) is 0.273 mg /L, 0.019 mg /L, 4.218 mg /L. Keywords : Aquaponic, Catfish, Probiotic, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Clarias sp.

Microencapsulated Mixture of Fish Oil and Fortified in Ice Cream

In recent years there has been considerable efforts to rearrange fatty acids composition of dairy products to improve the long-term health of consumers. One of the efforts is to fortify essential fatty acids in ice cream. The objective of this study was to find out the fatty acids profile of either Selaroides spp, Clarias sp and Thunnus sp fish oil, microencapsulated fish oil and ice cream fortified with this fish oil mixture. Selaroides spp, Clarias sp and Thunnus sp used as raw material were obtained from Palu, Central Sulawesi. The study was caried out using Nested Block Design as the experimental design. The microencapsulated fish oil was prepared using freeze drying and spray drying method. The variables measured were fatty acids profile, microencapsulated fish oil and ice cream fortified with microencapsulated fish oil. The research results showed that SFA, MUFA and PUFA contents of fish oil mixture of Selaroides spp and Clarias sp using freeze drying method were 53.74%, 32.20% and 1.91%, while using spray drying method were 61.30%, 38.70% and 0% (not detected), respectively. It can be concluded that freeze drying method from the point of view of total PUFA is the best method for mincroencapsulation process of this fish oil mixture. Fortification of 15 g (w/w) microencapsulated fish oil in ice cream could reduced SFA and increased the MUFA and PUFA.

Prebiotics Application to Increase Growth and Feed Efficiency on Catfish (Clarias sp.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebiotics supplementions on carbohydrate based diets on growth and feed efficiency in catfish. This experiment consisted of three treatments with three replications. The treatments were 0% prebiotic (A); 1% prebiotic (B) and 2% prebiotic C. prebiotic used was extracted from sweet potato (varieties: sukuh). Tilapia with an average body weight of 50±0.05 g were stocked at a density of 15 fish/ponds and were maintained for 30 days.The results showed that application prebiotic in catfish fed can promote better growthand feed eficiency compared to control. Application prebiotic 2% (C) showed best result on growth (SGR) and feed efficiency which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the other treatments.

Pengaruh penggunaan substrat yang berbeda terhadap daya tetas telur dan sintasan hidup larva ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias sp)

This research aimed to study the influence of different substrats on fertility and survival of catfish larva (Clarias Sp). This Research was conducted at Tatelu Village of North Minahasa regency, Province of North Sulawesi. Experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design with four treatments including ijuk, Hydrilla, plastic rope, and control (without substrat), each with three replication. The result of this research showed that ijuk gave significant effect on fertility and survival of larva. Fertility and survival of larva in this substrat achieved 77.58% and 87.33% each. Keywords : Fertility, survival rate, larva, Clarias sp

Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak purwoceng Pimpinella alpina melalui pakan terhadap spermatogenesis ikan lele jantan Clarias sp.

Purwoceng Pimpinella alpina Molk has been a commercial medicinal plant that their root could be used as aphrodisiac, diuretic, and body fit enhancer. This research was performed to evaluated the effect of purwoceng on spermatogenesis of the male catfish Clarias sp. consisted of testis weight, gonado somatic index (GSI), and spermatocrite levels. The treatment comprised administering purwoceng extract through the feed at a dose of 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5 g/kg of feed. Experimental fish used were male catfish Clarias sp. with initial body weight of 200–300 g at the density of 10 fish/tank. Male catfish were maintained in tank sized 2×1,5×1 m3, filled with water at 60–70 cm deep. The result showed that purwoceng extract at a dose of 5 g/kg mixed in the feed increased testis weight, GSI values, and spermatocrite levels in adult male catfish. Keywords: purwoceng extract, spermatogenesis, catfish ABSTRAK Purwoceng Pimpinella alpina Molk merupakan tanaman herbal komersial yang akarnya dilaporkan berkhasiat sebagai obat afrodisiak, diuretik, dan tonik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh ekstrak purwoceng terhadap perkembangan testis ikan lele Clarias sp. yang meliputi peningkatan bobot testis, nilai GSI, serta nilai spermatokrit. Perlakuan terdiri atas pemberian ekstrak purwoceng melalui pakan dengan dosis 0; 2,5; 5 dan 7,5 g/kg pakan. Adapun ikan yang diujicobakan pada penelitian adalah ikan lele jantan dengan bobot awal 200–300 g dan padat tebar 10 ekor/bak. Pemeliharaan ikan dilakukan pada bak berukuran 2×1,5×1 m3 yang diisi air dengan ketinggian 60–70 cm. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak purwoceng dengan dosis 5 g/kg yang dicampur dalam pakan meningkatkan nilai bobot testis, nilai GSI dan kadar spermatokrit pada lele jantan dewasa. Kata kunci: ekstrak purwoceng, spermatogenesis, ikan lele

Calcium and Superoxide-Mediated Pathways Converge to Induce Nitric Oxide-Dependent Apoptosis in Mycobacterium fortuitum-Infected Fish Macrophages.

Mycobacterium fortuitum causes ‘mycobacteriosis’ in wide range of hosts although the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate the role of calcium (Ca+2)-signalling cascade on M. fortuitum-induced apoptosis in headkidney macrophages (HKM) of Clarias sp. M. fortuitum could trigger intracellular-Ca+2 influx leading to the activation of calmodulin (CaM), protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and Calmodulin kinase II gamma (CaMKIIg). Gene silencing and inhibitor studies established the role of CaM in M. fortuitum pathogenesis. We noted that CaMKIIg activation is regulated by CaM as well as PKCα-dependent superoxide anions. This is altogether first report of oxidised CaMKIIg in mycobacterial infections. Our studies with targeted-siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors implicate CaMKIIg to be pro-apoptotic and critical for the activation of extra-cellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Inhibiting the ERK1/2 pathway attenuated nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Conversely, inhibiting the NOS2-NO axis by specific-siRNA and inhibitors down-regulated ERK1/2 activation suggesting the crosstalk between ERK1/2 and NO is essential for pathogenesis induced by the bacterium. Silencing the NOS2-NO axis enhanced intracellular bacterial survival and attenuated caspase-8 mediated activation of caspase-3 in the infected HKM. Our findings unveil hitherto unknown mechanism of M. fortuitum pathogenesis. We propose that M. fortuitum triggers intracellular Ca+2 elevations resulting in CaM activation and PKCα-mediated superoxide generation. The cascade converges in common pathway mediated by CaMKIIg resulting in the activation of ERK1/2-NOS2 axis. The crosstalk between ERK1/2 and NO shifts the balance in favour of caspase dependent apoptosis of M. fortuitum-infected HKM.

PERBANDINGAN PERTUMBUHAN IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG (Clarias sp) ANTARA PEMBERIAN PAKAN CACING SUTRA DENGAN PAKAN PELET SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI

T he purpose of th e research were to determine differences in seed growth sangkuriang catfish (Clarias sp) between feeding silk worms (Tubifex) with feed pellets and o determine which of the treatments produced seed growth sangkuriang catfish (Clarias sp) the greater of feeding silk worms (Tubifex) and feed pellets. The research was conducted in Iringm ulyo Metro East, Metro City, on July 21 until August 19, 2013. Samples at each of the two treatments was 50 sangkuriang fry catfish (Clarias sp). Data were analyzed by using the formula t tes t to analysis the equality of two on average. To test the equality of two average gained 8.5 thit > tdaf 2.00 at significance level α = 0.05, so thit > tdaf, then reject H0, which means there is a real difference in the growth of the seed length sangkuriang catfish (Clarias sp) between nutrients obtained from food hair worms (Tubifex) with feed pellets. Sangkuriang seed catfish (Clarias sp) with a source of nutrients feed hair worms (Tubifex) with a source of nutrients feed pellets can be used as an alternative learning objects on the growth and development material . Kata kunci: cacing sutra, pelet, pertumbuhan lele sangkuriang.

Application of Bacillus probiotic to prevent Aeromonas hydrophilla infection in Clarias sp.

&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Pa2"&gt;The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a probiotic &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;for the prevention of motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) disease caused by &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;in African catfish (&lt;em&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/em&gt;). The study consisted of the inhibition testing of &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;by &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;) and the application of probiotic in African catfish (&lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt;). The &lt;em&gt;in vivo &lt;/em&gt;test, consisted of five treatments such as the addition of probiotic &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I1 RifR, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I2 RifR, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I1 RifR + &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I2 RifR (Kom), positive control (K+; only added with &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;) and negative control (K-; without probiotic nor &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;addition). African catfish (13.35±2.80 g) was maintained in 15 aquariums (40 L in volume) with 30 fishes each for 30 days. Probiotic bacteria was applied in water once a day, whereas pathogenic bacteria &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;RifR (103 cfu/mL) were added once in earlier treatment (except for the negative control). The result showed that the optimal concentration of &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;to inhibit &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;on &lt;em&gt;in vitro &lt;/em&gt;test was 104 cfu/mL. &lt;em&gt;In vivo &lt;/em&gt;test showed that the addition of probiotic in media of cultivation could reduce the number of &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, improve immune response, and also increase the survival of African catfish compared to positive control. Application of probiotic P4I1 RifR showed the highest survival (92.23%) of all treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;Keywords: &lt;em&gt;Bacillus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;motile aeromonad septicemia&lt;/em&gt;, probiotic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Pa2"&gt;Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas probiotik &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;dalam pencegahan penyakit &lt;em&gt;motile aeromonad septicaemia &lt;/em&gt;(MAS) yang disebabkan oleh &lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;pada ikan lele dumbo (&lt;em&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/em&gt;). Penelitian terdiri atas pengujian penghambatan bakteri probiotik &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;terhadap &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;secara &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;, dilanjutkan dengan aplikasi pada budidaya ikan lele dumbo (&lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt;). Pada uji &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt;, penelitian terdiri atas lima perlakuan yaitu budidaya ikan lele dumbo dengan penambahan probiotik &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I1 RifR, &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I2 RifR, kombinasi probiotik &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I1 RifR + &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;P4I2 RifR (Kom), kontrol positif (K+; hanya ditambahkan &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;) dan kontrol negatif (K-; tanpa pemberian probiotik dan &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;). Ikan lele dumbo (13,35±2,80 g) dipelihara pada akuarium volume 40 L dengan kepadatan 30 ekor/akuarium selama 30 hari. Bakteri probiotik ditambahkan pada media pemeliharaan ikan setiap hari, sedangkan bakteri patogen &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila &lt;/em&gt;RifR (103 cfu/ mL) diberikan sekali pada awal pemeliharaan (kecuali pada kontrol negatif). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi terbaik pada penghambatan &lt;em&gt;in vitro &lt;/em&gt;adalah dengan penambahan &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;104 cfu/mL. Hasil uji &lt;em&gt;in vivo &lt;/em&gt;menunjukkan perlakuan penambahan probiotik pada media budidaya efektif dapat menekan jumlah bakteri &lt;em&gt;A. hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;, memperbaiki respons imun, dan meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup ikan lele dumbo dibanding kontrol positif. Perlakuan probiotik P4I1 RifR memberikan hasil terbaik dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi yaitu 92,23%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: &lt;em&gt;Bacillus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;motile aeromonad septicemia&lt;/em&gt;, probiotik&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br class="BasicParagraph" /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Characterization of Clarias gariepinus mitochondrial genome sequence and a comparative analysis with other catfishes

Abstract Clarias gariepinus is an economically important fish belonging to Siluriformes. In order to understand the characterization of catfishes, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the African catfish C. gariepinus was determined using 17 pairs of primers. The complete mitogenome is 16,508 bp in length and contains 37 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 22 tRNA genes) and a control region as in most other fishes. Moreover, a comparison of C. gariepinus with Clarias batrachus, Clarias fuscus and Clarias sp. NM-2010 indicated that the four mitogenomics were similar in length, total nucleotide compositions and codon usage patterns, but different in 13 protein-coding genes, control region and other aspects. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. gariepinus would contribute to better understanding of population genetics, conservation, biogeography and evolution of this species.