Clam Shell Powder Research Articles

Effect of clamshell powder on the mechanical and damping properties of epoxy-bamboo composites

Compared to single natural fibre composites, hybridising natural fibres with filler particles presents a promising avenue for enhancing composites physical, mechanical, and damping properties. This study delves into incorporating clamshell powder, a filler derived from clams’ hard protective outer shells, into polymer composites. The focus is on investigating the potential of clamshell powder as a filler material to augment the mechanical and damping properties of epoxy-bamboo mat composites. The weight ratio of clamshell fillers varied from 0% to 9%, and the compression moulding method was used to fabricate the composites. As per ASTM standards, mechanical properties were evaluated by conducting tensile and flexural tests. Free vibration tests by impact hammer technique were employed to evaluate the natural frequency, damping ratio, and mode shapes of developed composites to measure damping properties. Results revealed that adding clamshell filler significantly improved composites tensile strength, flexural strength, and damping properties. The addition of clamshell elevated the tensile strength by 18.5%, and flexural strength by 24.2% for composite with 6 wt% filler, which can be attributed to the efficiency of load transfer and the interfacial bonding between fillers and epoxy matrix. SEM analysis supported the experimental results obtained. The highest damping value is received for 9 wt% filler, showing 30% enhancement compared to composites without clamshell filler. Modal analyses using ANSYS software further validated the positive impact of clamshell filler. This study underscores the potential of clamshell filler in enhancing the mechanical and damping properties of epoxy-bamboo composites, broadening their applicability in various fields.

PENGARUH FRAKSI VOLUME DAN PEMBEBANAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK KOMPOSIT BERPENGUAT SERBUK CANGKANG KERANG LOKAN

The increasing consumption of local clam shells which contain high nutritional value in society has resulted in an increase in waste sea shells in areas around the coast of Bengkulu Province. The high calcium content in lokan clam shells attracts researchers to study the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. This research aims to investigate the effect of variations in the volume fraction of lokan clam shell powder and the mold loading on the physical and mechanical properties of composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. The process of manufacturing shell powder is carried out by heating at a temperature of 900oC for 6 hours. Variations in the volume fraction of lokan clam shell powder consist of 30, 50, 70%. Meanwhile, the mold loading was varied by 0, 500 N, and 1 kN. The manufacturing process uses hand lay-up techniques. Physical and mechanical tests on composites include water absorption tests, density, tensile tests and impact tests. The results of the research show that the powder volume fraction and mold loading influence the physical and mechanical properties of composites reinforced lokan clam shell powder. The best physical properties of composite were obtained at a powder volume fraction of 70% and a mold loading of 1 kN, namely with a density of 1.43 g/cm3. The best mechanical properties of composite were obtained at a volume fraction of 30% and a mold loading of 1 kN, namely with a tensile strength of 33.2 MPa and an impact toughness of 366.8 kJ/m2.

Research on and application of low-temperature calcination on waste Taiwanese hard clam shell during Taiwanese hard clam aquaculture

This study uses a circular economy-regenerative value addition approach. Pre-treated waste clam shells were calcined at a low temperature (about 300 °C) and then crushed into clamshell powder. Taiwanese hard clam shell (THCS) powder and commercially available calcium carbonate products, such as low-temperature calcined oyster shell (OS) powder, slaked lime, and calcium carbonate, were compared experimentally, and the safety of THCS powder was determined. In the safety evaluation, the Vibrio-like bacteria test results showed that no colony growth was found for the low-temperature-calcined THCS powder, indicating that it did not contain Vibrio-like bacteria. Tolerance test results showed that high-dose slaked lime will cause high Taiwanese hard clam mortality, and the survival rates of other groups were all 100%. In addition, slaked lime had the most significant effect on increasing the water pH. OS powder had the greatest effect on increasing the calcium ion concentration in the water, followed by THCS power. The aquaculture benefit-related experimental results showed that the low-temperature calcined OS powder and THCS powder groups had the most favorable performance in terms of Taiwanese hard clam growth rate, shell weight, and shell thickness. This study used different calcium carbonate products as additives in Taiwanese hard clam aquaculture ponds and observed growth differences between the different groups. These results indicated that the low-temperature calcination of THCS in Taiwanese hard clam aquaculture can effectively replace the commonly used OS powder, slaked lime, and calcium carbonate products in traditional aquaculture. Furthermore, it can effectively solve the problem of THCS waste accumulation, promote environmental beautification, create a circular economy and aquaculture application value, and conform to the economic benefits of aquaculture.

EFFECT OF SEA WATER, COASTAL SAND, AND CLAM SHELL POWDER ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NORMAL CONCRETE

Durability and resilience are essential factors of reinforced concrete structures in maritime environment which are subjected by stress, abrasion, and tidal exposure continuously. The research aims to analyze the effect of marine materials and its environment on the compressive strength of concrete cube (15x15x15 cm) at various days such as 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The marine materials were used such as seawater, coastal sand, and clamshell powder as part of the concrete mixture. In addition, the effect of seawater on curing period, also were investigated. Treatment of marine environment were conducted by placing the samples after 28 days of age in tidal zone, submerged, and coastal atmospheric area. The results show the marine environment decreased the compressive strength about of 2%, 11% and 19% for coastal atmosphere, tidal and submerged treatments respectively which correlated to carbonation depth. The use of coastal sand in concrete mixture decreased compressive strength of concrete while the presence of clamshell powder slightly increased compressive strength for both curing treatments in fresh water and seawater. The curing process in seawater until the 28-days had a similar of compressive strength rate with the ones in freshwater.

Impact of process parameters in drilling of glass epoxy composite with clam shell and cenosphere filler: A comparative analysis

Drilling is one of the secondary machining techniques most frequently utilised when Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) materials are assembled into a structure. The present work examines the drilling GFRPs and analyses hole quality based on the different traditional parameters: feed rate, spindle speed, and drill tool diameter. However, the hybridization of glass fiber- reinforced polymers (GRPs) by incorporating fillers as secondary reinforcement in the present piece of research has introduced new challenges for hole drilling and achieving the desired surface finishes. The delamination at the hole entrance and exit, considering the drill diameter of the HSS twist drill (6, 8, 10 mm), feed rate (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 mm/rev), cutting speed (1000, 1200, 1400 rpm), and filler content (0, 10, 20 wt.%) in GFRP, are the major factors are considered. The fillers used are clamshell powder and cenosphere, which are marine waste and thermal power plant waste, respectively. The present paper aims to study the effect of these fillers on the drilling-induced damages to the holes in terms of delamination factor, surface roughness, and dimensional accuracy of the hole (taper error, circularity error) of GFRPs. The most widely preferred Taguchi experimental design has been used for optimising the process parameters to obtain minimum delamination, surface roughness, and hole error. The study also aims to develop a correlation between feed rate, cutting velocity, drill diameter, and filler content with the delamination factor, surface roughness, taper error, and circularity error in a GFRP material. The observed results show that clamshells filled GFRP shows lower delamination, surface roughness, circularity error, and taper error compared to cenosphere filled GFRP composites under the same process parameters. It indicates the positive impact of the fillers in the drilling of GFRP, where the main objective is to reduce drilling-induced defects.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Simping (Amusium Pleuronectes) Sebagai Katalisator Pada Proses Carburizing

Simping clam’s a type of waste that is rarely used. The high levels of calcium carbonate in simping shells enable them to be used as a catalyst in the carburizing process. This research aimed to determine the effect of simping clam shell powder as a catalyst in the carburizing process on the hardness and impact strength values of ST 42 steel. This research used an experimental method by varying the percentage of simping clam shell powder: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and coconut shell activated charcoal powder: 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%, against ST 42 steel with variations in carburizing time: 3 hours, 6 hours, and 9 hours using a temperature of 900°C. The tests carried out were rockwell hardness tests and charpy impact tests according to ASTM E23 standards. From the test results, it was obtained that good hardness and impact strength values were obtained in 3 hours, the percentage was 30% with an average hardness value of 34.02 HRC and an impact value of 0.279 joules/mm2, in 6 hours the percentage was 30% with an average hardness value of 38. 92 HRC and an impact value of 0.229 joules/mm2, a time of 9 hours with a percentage of 30% an average hardness value of 43.68 HRC and an impact value of 0.179 joules/mm2. So by increasing the carburizing time, the hardness increases. The longer the carburizing time, the higher the percentage of simping clam shell powder used. This means that simping clam shell powder functions as a catalyst.

Flexural Strength Analysis of Laminated Composites Using Clam Shell Powder and Bagasse Powder

Composites are materials that have specific properties based on their constituent materials. The constituent materials consist of binders and reinforcements. Reinforcing materials come from synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Natural fibers can be waste that is wasted in the environment. These wastes include bagasse waste and clam shells. These wastes are made into fibers. Resin is mixed with fiber and blowing agent, then stirred until evenly distributed and poured into the mold, resulting in a composite material. This study aims to obtain the strength of composite materials due to three-point bending loading with the laminate fiber layer method. The manufacture of this test specimen uses bagasse powder and clamshell powder formed with a casting system. This material consists of 4 layers. The first and third layers are clamshell powder, and the second and third layers are bagasse powder. The fiber sizes of the specimens are 300mesh, 400mesh, and 500mesh. The fiber fraction ratio was 10% and 15%. The models were laminated and tested for three-point bending. The best results were found in the 500 mesh fiber size specimen, with a fraction ratio of 85% resin and 15% clam shell powder and bagasse. The maximum stress obtained was 63.46 MPa and strain 0.59 mm, with a bending force of 487.42 N.

Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Clam Shell Powder (CSP) as Partial Cement Replacement

This research focuses on compressive strength of concrete containing different percentages of municipal waste clam shell powder (CSP). The amount of cement is replaced by 5%, 10% and 15% of CSP. The result obtained shows that the compressive strength increases with the CSP content. Concrete containing 15%CSP has lower compressive strength compared to those containing 5% and 10%CSP. The concrete containing 15%CSP is almost similar to the control concrete (with zero CSP).

Utilization of shell waste as an adsorbent to reduce Fe (Iron) Metal

Background: So far, clam and crab shells have only been used for handicrafts such as wall hangings, or for animal feed mixtures. Shellfish shell waste contains high calcium carbonate, which is 98%, which has the potential to be utilized. Based on the results of previous studies on clam shell powder, the results were quite good at absorbing heavy metals. This research exploits the potential of shellfish in another form, namely shell ash as an alternative adsorbent that is environmentally friendly, because shell ash consists of compounds namely 7.88% SiO2, 1.25% Al2O3, 0.03% Fe2O3, 66.70% CaO, and 22.28% MgO. Based on the chemical composition, the CaO content in the shell ash is quite high so that the shell ash has the potential as an adsorbent. Purpose: to determine the ability of clam shells as an Fe adsorbent. Method: This type of research is quasi-experimental in nature, which is a research method that uses a quantitative approach, carrying out three control activities, manipulating activities and observation. In this study the researchers treated water containing Fe using blood clam shells and green mussel shells, as adsorbents. Results: Based on these results it can be seen that there is a decrease in iron (Fe) content by using variations in the size of clam shell granules as an adsorbent. The smaller the size of the clam shell granules, the lower the iron (Fe) content in groundwater. The highest percentage of reduction in iron (Fe) content was in 0.8 mm shell granules with a reduction percentage of 89%. Based on the research results, the ability of hemp shells to reduce Fe levels was very good, from a Fe level of 3.656 mg/liter after being filtered with blood clam media it decreased to a level of 0.132 mg/liter. Almost seeding the gold standard (ferrolite) which can reduce up to 0.033 mg/liter. Meanwhile, green mussels can reduce up to 2.64 mg/l. Conclusion: the ability of blood clam shells to reduce Fe levels is very good, able to reduce 96.39% (effective), almost seeding the gold standard (Ferolite) which can reduce up to 99.10%. Meanwhile, green mussels were only able to reduce up to 27.79% (not effective).

Growth, pectoralis muscle performance, and testis of pelung cockerels (Gallus gallus gallus [Linnaeus, 1758]) supplemented with blood clam shell powder (Anadara granosa [Linnaeus, 1758]).

Pelung cockerels (Gallus gallus gallus [Linnaeus, 1758]) are different from other native cockerels in that they have a long and unique voice, in addition to their tall, large, and sturdy body with a relatively heavy body weight (BW). The sound quality of pelung cockerels is affected by the structure of the syrinx and their large and strong chest muscles. The performance of the chest muscles, and subsequently its voice, is influenced by the hormone testosterone. The shell of blood clams (Anadara granosa Linnaeus, 1758), a saltwater bivalve is known to contain a natural aromatase blocker (NAB) capable of blocking the aromatase enzyme from converting testosterone to estradiol. This generates consistently high levels of testosterone. This study aimed to determine the effect of blood clam shell powder (BCSP) as an NAB on the growth, pectoralis muscle performance, and testes of pelung cockerels. The study design was a completely randomized design, with 16 pelung cockerels aged 40-56 weeks divided into four treatment groups: T0 (control); T1 (BCSP [A. granosa] 0.9 mg/kg BW); T2 (zinc sulfate [ZnSO4] 0.9 mg/kg BW); and T3 (testosterone 3 mg/day). The animals were acclimatized for 7 days and then given dietary treatments for 56 days. The measurement of the comb, wattle, and chest circumference (CC) of pelung cockerels was performed on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. At the end of the treatment, the pelung cockerels were sacrificed and the data of the pectoralis muscle weight (PMW), testis weight (TW), and area of the pectoralis muscle (APM) were measured. Samples of pectoralis muscle and testes were taken and fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for histology. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was identified by immunohistochemical staining. To measure fascicle area (FA), myofiber area (MA), and enumerate, the fascicle myofibers (NM) histology preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Testicular preparations were stained with H and E to measure the diameter of the seminiferous tubules (DST) using ImageJ software. The growth performance on day 56 showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher differences of CC in T1 compared to T2 and T0, in T1 and T3 compared to T0, and in T3 and T2 compared to T0. Pectoralis muscle results, that is, FA, NM, MA, and PCNA-positive cells, showed that cockerels on treatment T3 had significantly higher results than other treatments, T1 was significantly different from T2 and T0, and T2 was significantly different from T0. In addition, the TW and DST measurement of cockerels on treatment T3 were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than the other treatment groups. The oral administration of BCSP in the role of a NAB at a dose of 0.9 mg/kg BW for 56 days improved the growth performance and pectoralis muscle, especially the CC, FA, NM, MA, and PCNA-positive cells parameters, but did not affect the PMW, APM, and testis of pelung cockerels. The administration of testosterone at 3 mg/day for 56 days contributed to the decrease in TW and DST, as well as atrophy of the seminiferous tubules of pelung cockerels.

THE EFFECT OF BLOOD CLAM SHELL POWDER ADDITION ON SHEAR STRENGTH VALUE OF CLAY SOIL

Ground condition is an important aspect that influences performance under the load. An effort to overcome the load problem can be done by improving unstable soil through soil stabilization using blood clam shell powder. In order to determine the shear strength and changes in its value, it can be done by conducting the Triaxial UU test on a mixture of clay and blood clam shell powder with addition of 10%, 20%, 25%, and 30% of soil weight and 4% coal ash. Mixed soil was then stored in plastic for 24 hours to achieve evenly distributed moisture content. Laboratory testing was carried out with reference to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards, aimed to calculate soil shear angle, cohesion, and soil shear strength values. The results showed that the addition of blood clam shell powder and coal ash increased the soil shear strength compared to the clay soil (without any addition). The highest shear strength value of 35,724 kPa was obtained by adding 25% blood clam shells.

Red Clam Shell based Basic Heterogenous Catalyst for Transesterification of Ricinus communis L Oil Synthesis and Characterization

The transesterification process in synthesizing biodiesel utilizes basic catlalyst to enhance the reaction. This research investigated the use of red clam shell based basic heterogenous catalyst for biodiesel production from Ricinus communis L oil. The purpo21se of this research was to optimize the heterogenoeus catalyst synthesis and comprehend the synthesized catalyst characterization. Red clam shell powder was prepared through 750°C, 800°C and 850°C calcination temperatures for 4 hours. The synthesized heterogeneous catalysts were characterized through SEM, XRD and FTIR in order to comprehend the morphology, its content and the present functional groups existed. It was founs out that the red clam shell ash had porous structure with its regularity increases with increasing calcinating temperature. Besides, according to XRD analysis the porous material with the highest amount of CaO presented was determined to be at 800°C calcination temprature to be 92.6% alongwith CaCO3 indicating the basic properties. Moreover, the functional groups presented on heterogeneous catalyst were observed to be CaO as the sharpest peak was at 3653.82 cm-1 and CaCO3 at 1452.40 cm-1, 1004.91 cm-1 and broad peak around 500 cm-1 with 800°C calcination temperature. Two percent of 800°C calcinated catalyst was utilized for transesterification with 1:8 oil to methanol ratio at 60°C reaction temperature. It was figured out that the synthesized biodiesel exhibited 4.587 x 10-3 Pas and 0.878 kgm-3 as its viscosity and density respectively. The use of red clam shell based catakyst for Ricinus communis L oil transesterification for biodiesel production was proven to be potential and demands further study on its application for transesterification reaction.

The Effect of The Use Of Foam Agent and Clam Shell Powder on The Compressive Strength and Absorbency of Concrete

A foaming agent is a concentrated solution of surfactant material that must be dissolved in water before mixing with other concrete material. The foaming agent is used to produce lightweight concrete with a density is £ 1.900 kg/m³. Using foam agents may affect the compressive strength and absorbency of the concrete. Hence, adding clam shells is expected to improve the compressive strength of the foam concrete. In addition, it is also essential to investigate the effects of utilizing foam agents and clam shells on the density of the foam concrete. Nine concrete mixes namely 1 variation of standard concrete, four variations of concrete mixes with foam agent, and four variations of concrete with foam agent and calm shell have been studied to investigate the parameters.The variation of foam agents in the eight concrete mixes were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by water weight. The last four variations contained clamshell of 5% by weight of fine aggregate. The foam agent wasfoamingduced by mixing with a ratio of water and foam agent of 40:1. The experimental results show that at the variation of 20% foam agent, the density reduced by 34.55% and 26.89% for foam concrete with and without clam shell compared to normal concrete. I contrast, adding clamshell also lowered down the compressive strength of foam concrete by 79.86% and 74.96% for the variations. Meanwhile, the highest absorption rate of 1.65% or increased about 6.45% from normal concrete occurred at a variation foam agent of 15% mixed with clamshell. It was concluded that the use of clam shell in the foam concrete seems to decrease the strength of the foam concrete. However, in terms of density, the use of clam shells benefits foam concrete by lowering the self-weight of concrete.

RSM-Based Optimized Compressive Strength of Mix Design Concrete Aggregates of Clamshell, Iron Sand, and Epoxy Resin

The need for environmentally friendly concrete that has above average compressive strength continues to be pursued to meet the infrastructure needs of humans. The availability of materials derived from organic waste such as clamshells is thought to be used as an aggregate from concrete which is more environmentally friendly when combined with previously known inorganic materials. The purpose of this study was to optimize the compressive strength of concrete-filled with clamshell powder (CSP), iron sand, and epoxy resin. An optimization approach based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used in this study. Iron sand used is 10% (w/w). The CSP used is in the range of 1 to 4% (w/w). The epoxy resin used is in the range of 10.5 to 14.40% (w/w). The temperature and time of curing were carried out in 301 to 333 K and 4 hours, respectively. The age of concrete is measured in the range of 1 to 28 days. The cylindrical molded concrete has a diameter and height of 100 mm and 200 mm, respectively. All samples were measured for compressive strength using the UTM RTF-1350 (capacity of 250 kN). The concrete composition with epoxy resin (11.93%, w/w) to the standard concrete aggregate mixture produced the highest compressive strength (71.49 MPa). However, the addition of CSP as a filler in concrete has provided a compressive strength (31.18 MPa) above concrete by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The combination of CSP and epoxy resin under high-temperature curing conditions is possible to increase the compressive strength of concrete to 45.65 MPa.

Modification of TiO2 with clam-shell powder for photodegradation of methylene blue

Modification of TiO2 with clam-shell powder for photodegradation of methylene blue

Semi-Manual Processing Of Blood Clamps Waste into Chitosan Powder

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture

The Effect of Natural Aromatase Blocker on the Growth Comb and Body Weight of Layer Chicken

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of Anadara granosa shell powder as a natural aromatase blocker (NAB) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the growth of the length comb, width comb, and body weight (BW) of layer chicken. This study used 45 DOC of layer’s chickens with 3 treatments and 15 replications, those are; control (T0), clamshell powder Anadara granosa as NAB 0.036 mg/40 g BW (T1), and ZnSO4 0.018 mg / 40 g BW (T2). This treatment was given for 35 days. The data on the growth of length comb, width comb, and BW are measured weekly. The data collected was analyzed using one-way ANOVA at the 95% confidence level with the assistance of SPSS. The results of statistical analysis of the length and width of the comb in the same column showed that T0 was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) from other treatments. The statistical analysis shows that the length and width of the layer’s chicken comb in the same row at T0, T1 and T2 were significantly different (p&lt;0.05). The results of statistical analysis of the BW in the same column showed that T1 was significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from other treatments. It can be concluded that additional NAB 0.036 mg/40 g BW can increase the body weight of male layer chicken after treatment of 35 days. The administration of NAB and ZnSO4 could not increase the growth of the length and width of layer chicken combs. The growth in length and width of layer chicken combs is very fast in the starter phase.

Enhanced bioavailability of phosphorus in sewage sludge through pyrolysis aided by calcined clam shell powder

Phosphorus is an indispensable element, while the existing phosphate rock resources are not enough to maintain the long-term demand of modern agricultural development. To ensure the sustainability of economic and social, it is necessary and urgent to seek the alternative phosphorus source of phosphate rock. In this study, calcined clam shell powder (CSP) was firstly used as a modifier and mixed with sewage sludge (SS) for co-pyrolysis to obtain sludge-derived pyrochars containing a large amount of bioavailable phosphorus. The effect of different temperatures (500, 600, 700, 800 °C) and dosages (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) on the change in the form of phosphorus during the pyrolysis process were investigated. With the increase of temperature and the addition of CSP, the orthophosphate (Ortho-P) increased from 63.69% in the original SS to nearly 100%. Furthermore, the main phase of inorganic phosphorus (IP) changed, mainly in the form of apatite phosphorus (hydroxyapatite increased from 8.88% to 35.97%), and the concentration of easy-to-lose phosphorus reduced to 0.11 mg/g. After co-pyrolysis of SS with CSP, the passivation situation of heavy metals (HMs), such as Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb was significantly improved, thus reducing the potential environmental risk. The planting experiment proved that the sludge-derived pyrochars obtained by adding 20% CSP at 800 °C promoted the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings. Consequently, the product of SS co-pyrolysis with CSP could be used as an excellently bioavailable and environmentally friendly phosphate fertilizer for agricultural production.

Performance Testing of Motorcycle Centrifugal Clutch Lining Made from Composite Wood Powder, Coconut Fibre, and Green Mussel Shell

This study aims to determine the performance of a motorcycle fitted with a CVT centrifugal clutch lining made from a composite of wood powder, coconut fiber and green clam shell powder with epoxy resin as a constituent matrix. The process of making clutch lining is carried out by mixing the composite constituent materials in the form of powder. The specimens were made in two variations where clutch B was 20% wood powder, 20% coconut fibre, 10% green shell powder. Clutch C was 10% wood powder, 30% coconut fiber, and 10% green shell powder. Genuine clutch A was tested by the same method as the comparison. Meanwhile, the performance testing of automatic motorcycle was carried out by a chassis dynamometer to determine power and torque on wheels. Clutch lining with natural composite materials from a mixture of wood powder, coconut fiber, and shell powder have a greater power and torque than the genuine clutch lining. The performance of clutch B is better than C because the composition of B has 10% more wood powder which cellulose that affects the characteristics of natural fiber composites.

A sustainable environmental study on clamshell powder, slag, bagasse ash, fly ash, and corn cob ash as alternative cementitious binder

Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials, consisting of water, aggregate and cement. The use of Portland cement in the manufacture of concrete has a negative impact to the environment. Therefore, one alternative solution that can be done is to replace some of the cement content in concrete by utilizing waste such as Bagasse Ash, Fly Ash, and Corncob Ash, as a substitute material. In addition, the use of sand and gravel as aggregates can also be partial by utilizing Clamshell Powder as a partial substitute for fine aggregate and Nickel Slag as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate. This study aims to create high quality Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) that is environmentally friendly with a simple steam curing method. The study used a tested object in the form of a 150x300 mm cylinder with the use of 3% bagasse ash, 10% fly ash, and 2% corncob ash as a partial substitute for cement, 9% Clamshell Powder as a partial substitute for sand, and 40% nickel slag that passed the 3/8 sieve and be restrained the No. 4 sieve as a partial substitute for gravel. Steam curing of the specimen was carried out at 7080 °C for 4 hours and continued with curing at room temperature until the testing time. Testing of concrete compressive strength aged 1 day is expected to produce concrete with a minimum strength of 30 MPa.