Clam Shell Research Articles

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Processing of Shellfish Shell Waste as Fish and Poultry Feed Ingredients in 3 Shellfish Fisherman Villages in Sidayu District Gresik Regency

The use of clam shells through the Community Partnership Program will become a new source of income for shellfish business actors and especially the Sidayu sub-district community can participate in managing and utilizing the abundant shellfish waste to be further processed as a mixture of fish and poultry feed ingredients. Thus, it will increase the income of managers and as a forum for opportunities to support the implementation of the zero waste program in order to create a clean and beautiful sub-district environment. The Community Partnership Program (PKM) through coaching and mentoring contributes to the community with the objectives of: 1. Providing insight or knowledge about the utilization of shellfish waste, 2. Empowering and encouraging the improvement of the welfare of shellfish business actors who are sheltered by the Sidayu MSME Association (ASUMSI) by conduct education as well as training on how to process the use of shellfish as a mixture of fish and poultry feed. The method used is the lecture and question and answer method, giving machines and also demonstrations for processing. Through the PKM Program, it is hoped that good cooperation between partners will be formed in the future in carrying out activities that are to promote MSMEs, and also especially for the community to be able to take advantage of something that used to be waste that has no added value to be processed into a product that has added value and more selling value.

The Effect of The Use Of Foam Agent and Clam Shell Powder on The Compressive Strength and Absorbency of Concrete

A foaming agent is a concentrated solution of surfactant material that must be dissolved in water before mixing with other concrete material. The foaming agent is used to produce lightweight concrete with a density is £ 1.900 kg/m³. Using foam agents may affect the compressive strength and absorbency of the concrete. Hence, adding clam shells is expected to improve the compressive strength of the foam concrete. In addition, it is also essential to investigate the effects of utilizing foam agents and clam shells on the density of the foam concrete. Nine concrete mixes namely 1 variation of standard concrete, four variations of concrete mixes with foam agent, and four variations of concrete with foam agent and calm shell have been studied to investigate the parameters.The variation of foam agents in the eight concrete mixes were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by water weight. The last four variations contained clamshell of 5% by weight of fine aggregate. The foam agent wasfoamingduced by mixing with a ratio of water and foam agent of 40:1. The experimental results show that at the variation of 20% foam agent, the density reduced by 34.55% and 26.89% for foam concrete with and without clam shell compared to normal concrete. I contrast, adding clamshell also lowered down the compressive strength of foam concrete by 79.86% and 74.96% for the variations. Meanwhile, the highest absorption rate of 1.65% or increased about 6.45% from normal concrete occurred at a variation foam agent of 15% mixed with clamshell. It was concluded that the use of clam shell in the foam concrete seems to decrease the strength of the foam concrete. However, in terms of density, the use of clam shells benefits foam concrete by lowering the self-weight of concrete.

Synthesis and characterization of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) from Meretrix Meretrix Clam shells and its in-vitro studies for biomedical applications

Recycling of massive waste into valuable products promotes two in one advantages of waste recovery and a pollution-free environment. Preparation of Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and its polymer composites using waste sea shells (natural precursor) are effectively useful in making artificial bone implants, bone cement, and toothpaste additives. The present work is focused to obtain nHAp with good crystalline nature and better biocompatibility using Meretrix Meretrix Clam shells as raw materials by the Co-precipitation method. To enhance the physio-chemical properties, polymers were used as capping agents. The functional group, particle size, thermal stability, phase transition, surface morphology, and electronic transition of atoms of the synthesized samples have been analyzed by spectrographic tools such as FT-IR, XRD, TG/DTA, FESEM/EDAX, XPS and HR-TEM with EDAX mapping respectively. Furthermore, the bacterial sensitivity of the sample against bacteria, the efficiency of the sample towards the formation of an apatite layer over the surface and its hemocompatibility nature were studied by antibacterial, SBF analysis and hemolysis assay respectively. This method of synthesis is free from hard chemicals and harmful by-products. Thus, the report of the present study suggests that it is promising to achieve nHAp with enhanced surface modification which indirectly promotes bone-bonding capability with natural living bone.

Characteristics of Calcium Oxide from Pearl Shells (Pinctada Maxima) based on Calcination Te

Pearl clam shell waste can be decomposed as a result of CaO compounds. CaO is a compound that can be applied in various fields such as biomaterials, electronics, agricultural industries, and others, for example as a source of biological calcium which plays a role in the growth and survival of shrimp, lobsters, and fish. This study aims to examine the effect of Calcination Temperature on calcium oxide (CaO) characteristics of pearl clam shells (Pinctada Maxima). The procedures carried out in this study include the preparation of pearl clam shells (pinctada maxima), the formation of Calcium Oxide (CaO) using the calcination method which is then continued with the characterization of the test sample. The CaO characteristics studied include CaO characteristics such as CaO compound content, powder size, powder density, bulk density and porosity. The results of measuring the CaO characteristics of pearl clam shells with variations in calcination temperature get an increase in calcination temperature resulting in the CaO yield value tending to decrease with an increase in CaO levels. Bulk density is not particularly affected by calcination temperature, but powder density tends to increase with temperature increase, whereas, porosity and particle size have smaller values. Interestingly, the values of density and porosity are inversely proportional which is closely related to empty cavities or pores formed as a result of differences in calcination temperature.

Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa

Giant clams produce massive calcified shells with important biological (e.g., defensive) and ecological (e.g., habitat-forming) properties. Whereas elevated seawater temperature is known to alter giant clam shell structure, no study has examined the effects of a simultaneous increase in seawater temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) on shell mineralogical composition in these species. We investigated the effects of 60-days exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+ 3 °C) and pCO2 (+ 500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile Tridacna squamosa giant clams. Elevated temperature had no effect on growth rates or organic content, but did increase shell [24Mg]/[40Ca] as well as [40Ca] in newly-formed scutes. Elevated pCO2 increased shell growth and whole animal mass gain. In addition, we report the first evidence of an effect of elevated pCO2 on element/Ca ratios in giant clam shells, with significantly increased [137Ba]/[40Ca] in newly-formed shells. Simultaneous exposure to both drivers greatly increased inter-individual variation in mineral concentrations and resulted in reduced shell N-content which may signal the onset of physiological stress. Overall, our results indicate a greater influence of pCO2 on shell mineralogy in giant clams than previously recognized.

Anomalous δ18O signal in a giant clam shell (Tridacna maxima) from the Lakshadweep Archipelago, India: signature of thermal stress during a coral bleaching event

Anomalous δ18O signal in a giant clam shell (Tridacna maxima) from the Lakshadweep Archipelago, India: signature of thermal stress during a coral bleaching event

Mid to late Holocene ENSO variability reconstructed by high-resolution Tridacna Sr/Ca records from the northern part of the South China Sea

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates global interannual climate variability and has important socio-economic and environmental consequences. However, determining the history of ENSO variability and its long-term response to climate forcing remains an ongoing challenge owing to the limit of instrumental records. In this study, ENSO variability was reconstructed using monthly-resolution records of Sr/Ca ratios obtained from subfossil giant clam shells (Tridacna squamosa) during three windows from the 5000 to 3000 yr B.P. in the northern part of the South China Sea (SCS). ENSO variability during the mid to late Holocene was also investigated through comparison with other published monthly Tridacna Sr/Ca records from the northern SCS, and findings show a gradually intensified ENSO variability from the mid to late Holocene. This intensification of ENSO variability over the study period is predicted by model simulations, and is considered to be a consequence of precessional forcing. Our study highlights that the monthly Sr/Ca ratios from Tridacna shells of the northern SCS can be used as a high-resolution indicator of past interannual climate variability and can provide a new perspective for paleo-ENSO reconstructions.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Crystal Structure and Conductivity of the CaCO3-Doped Li4Ti5O12 Anodes from Blood Clam Shells (Anadara granosa)

CaCO3-doped Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized by solid-state method with sintering temperatures at 750 °C, 800 °C, and 850 °C. The source of CaCO3 was used from blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) with a content of 97.67%. The influence of sintering temperature on crystal structure and conductivity of CaCO3-doped Li4Ti5O12 are extensively studied. XRD results show there is no CaCO3 phase found, which indicates that the doping of Li4Ti5O12 with CaCO3 has been successful. The smallest crystallite size was obtained at a sintering temperature of 800 °C, which is 46.49 nm, which is beneficial for shortening diffusion length and facilitating the electron and ion transport, causing an increase in anode conductivity. The most optimal conductivity was obtained in samples with a sintering temperature of 800 °C with a conductivity of 2.46 x 10-4 S/cm. When the sintering temperature is increased to 850 °C, the particles tend to agglomerate and deteriorate the electrochemical properties.

Mechanical property of jute fibre reinforced polymer composite filled with clam shell filler: a marine waste

ABSTRACT The present work utilises clam shell, a marine waste as filler material in a natural fibre composite.Different contents of clam shell filler of 0, 5 and 10 wt.% are considered for preparing the composite by the hand lay-up technique. The addition clamshell filler in the composite improves the tensile strength and tensile modulus by 51.40 and 63.47 % from 0 to 5 wt.% of clam shell filler, respectively. Similarly, flexural strength, flexural modulus and inter laminar shear strength of the composites show the maximum value at 5 wt.% filler addition. Beyond this value, the mechanical strength is reduced. Hardness values of the composites are increased with the increase in inclusion of the clam shell filler. In contrast, the addition of filler reduces the impact strength of the composites. Again, to determine the viscoelastic behaviour of the jute epoxy composite with the clam shell filler, dynamic mechanical analysis is performed. Storage modulus and loss modulus are found to be increasing with the increase in wt.% of filler. For all composites, the damping factor improves with the increase in temperature and obtained the highest height in the transition region. It is low below the glass transition temperature.

Bioviability of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Nanoencapsulation from Synthesis of Anadara granosa Shells on Fibroblast Cell Line BHK-21 Cell Culture

The purpose of this research is to measure the toxicity of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoencapsulation resulting from 18 hours of hydrothermal process on Anadara granosa (A. granosa) shell and 3 hours of sintering. The encapsulation process was carried out to reduce the side and toxic effect, as well as to inhibit the speed of calcium solubility, which can prevent the tunnel effects. The result of cell viability data that analysed using the one-way ANOVA statistical test showed there was no significant difference between the A. granosa shell encapsulation processes with treatment groups of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. The highest viability occurred in treatment group 2, with the A. granosa shell encapsulation stirred process of 2 hours. Therefore, the A. granosa clam shell nanoencapsulation was proved to be non-toxic and can be used in dentistry therapy.

Effectiveness of Mussel Shells (Polymesoda erosa) as an Adsorbent to Improve Water Quality

From a quality point of view, peat water cannot be used for clean water resources, therefore it is necessary to improve the quality of peat water. An alternative effort to treat peat water can be done by adsorption process using seashell shell adsorbents. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mussel shells (Polymesoda erosa) as an adsorbent to improve the quality of peat water. The size of the adsorbent particles is varied, namely 8 mesh, 50 mesh, and 200 mesh. We used 30 grams of adsorbent for 300 ml water sample. The results were that the adsorbent for clam shells was able to reduce the TDS level from 402 mg/l to 112 mg/l, increase the pH level from 3.43 to 7.6 from an acidic state to an alkaline state. In this case, peat water is then suitable for use. Based on the test results, within 12 hours of contact time there was an increase in levels for all parameters along with the increase in the size of the adsorbent particles. Whereas in the contact time of 7 days, the test results experienced a decrease in levels for all parameters along with the increase in the size of the adsorbent particles which is a good optimum contact time in the adsorption process. However, the adsorbent of seashell shell has not been used effectively to adsorb turbidity and color parameters.1

Effect of ark clam shell on crystal growth and mechanical evaluation of foam glass-ceramic derived from cullet glass waste

The solid-state sintering technique was used to successfully manufacture low-cost foam glass-ceramic utilising ark clamshell and cullet glass waste. The foam glass-ceramic has a composition of xACS-(100-x)SLS, where x = 1, 3, 6, and 9 wt%, and is classified as FGC1, FGC2, FGC3, and FGC4 as the ark clamshell content increases. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) findings reveal that when the ark clamshell composition increases, two main crystals with the appearance of CO and CaOSi bands grow as wollastonite (CaSiO3) and cristobalite (SiO2) phases. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph was used to confirm the porosity microstructure of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates. The sample with the greatest expansion (83.98%) yielded the lowest apparent density (0.699 g/cm3). The compressive strength measurement of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates was measured using GCF2 with 3 wt% of ACS. For a sample containing 3 wt% ACS, the maximum compressive strength value was 1.14 MPa, with an average total porosity of about 58.34%, and it has the potential to be employed in the construction sector.

Effect of Predator Exclusion on Softshell Clam (Mya arenaria L.) Recruitment

Despite estimates of very high (>99.9%) pre-settlement mortality, the extremely large numbers of eggs released into the plankton means that there are abundant post-larval softshell clams (Mya arenaria) available to settle and populate intertidal flats. Many seemingly suitable flats remain devoid of clams, presumably due to post-settlement predation. Predator exclusion/clam recruitment boxes (wooden frames covered top and bottom with a fine plastic screening) were set on a mudflat in Salem Harbor, Salem, MA from April to November 2019. Clam larvae were able to settle through the screen into the boxes but large (>1.9 mm) predators such as European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) and milky ribbon worms (Cerebratulus lacteus) were excluded. At the end of the study, four of five boxes contained between 121 and 290 juvenile softshell clams ranging in size from 7 mm to 32 mm shell length. A bimodal frequency distribution of sizes likely illustrates an early summer (June) set represented by a larger size grouping followed by a second late-summer set represented by a smaller size grouping. Small green crabs (9–46 mm carapace width) found in all five boxes must have grown from extremely small stage 1 crabs that were able to settle or crawl through the screening as recently settled individuals. Resulting empty clam shells could be paired to yield the equivalent of additional clams, making the total number per box between 147 and 417 individuals. No clams were found in samples outside of the boxes, indicating that the absence of a clam population on the mudflat is due to post-settlement predation and not pre-settlement mortality.

The Tricky Task of Fisher-Gardener Research in Conservation Paleobiology

The study of sambaquis (ancient shell mounds) in conservation paleobiology is a complicated subject, especially when comparing body sizes of current and past mollusk valves to observe possible changes. There is a lack of information regarding how ancient fisher-gardeners collected these shellfish. Another obstacle is finding the hypothesis tests and data that can be used to compare current and past body sizes. To this end, we use the t-test (tt), Mann-Whitney (mw), and Bootstrap (bt) analyses to determine data scenarios for yellow clam (Amarilladesma mactroides) shells from two sambaquis units, and from two transects along the beaches of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. The study finds that the average body size of an Amarilladesma mactroides adult specimen is greater in sambaquis than the current valves across all tests (tt, p = 0.0005; mw, p = 0.006; bt, p = 0.04), even after reducing the sample number. However, when the comparison is only between valves that are larger than average, this does not hold true for two of the statistics (tt, p = 0.24; mw, p = 0.04; bt, p = 0.25). By refining the comparison for recent valves from different levels in the swash zone (upper, middle, and lower levels) with the past valves, we find that body sizes only differ at the middle level of the swash zone (tt, p = 0.004; mw, p = 0.004; bt, p = 0.005), where smaller adults, recruits, and juveniles live. This result could indicate that fisher-gardeners collected large organisms at distinct levels depending on the season (i.e., adults are collected in the upper level during summer and in the lower level during winter).

Calcium Carbonate of Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) Shells induced VEGF-A Expression in Dentin Pulp Complex An In Vivo Study

Introduction: Mild or moderate-intensity injury will respond with a brief inflammatory response followed by reactionary dentinogenesis. Calcium hydroxide has been considered the gold standard for pulp capping materials for decades to stimulate the formation of tertiary dentin. Blood clamshells (Anadara granosa) contained a high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the blood clamshells. It is a source of calcium and it has good biocompatibility to be used as a bone repair material. This study is aimed to reveal the expression VEGF-A in odontoblast pulp cells on days 1, 3, and 7 after administration of blood clam shells derived calcium carbonate in dentin pulp complex. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 6 groups consist of 5 random samples each. The experimental group’s cavity was prepared on the occlusal side of the right upper molar, and they were treated with blood clamshell calcium carbonate suspension and sealed with RMGIC. For decalcification, the solution was replaced with ethylene-diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) after 24 hours and was refreshed every day. Anti-VEGF-A monoclonal antibodies were used for HE and immunohistochemical staining. Result: In this study, the results were obtained consecutively on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day with p> 0.05 for VEGF-A in all groups. Conclusion: The application of calcium carbonate is expected to be an innovative treatment in opening up new pathways for the regenerative dentin process through upregulation of VEGF-A

Formulation stability analysis aloe vera leaf extract gel and shell shell collagen

Toga plant that has the potential as a medicinal ingredient is aloe vera leaf. Aloe vera leaves have benefits in moisturizing the skin because of the vitamin E content. Aloe vera is often used to moisturize hair and skin. Collagen is the result of extraction from shells which serves to give elasticity to the skin. Aloe vera is often used to moisturize hair and skin. Therefore, aloe vera leaf flesh and clam shell collagen when combined will produce a moisturizer that can increase skin elasticity. Experimental research the post test only controlled group design with ANOVA method. The purpose of this study was to obtain the desired conditions in the shortest possible time aloe vera gel and clam shell collagen by storing the preparation at a temperature of 27oC and 40oC. Phytochemical test on aloe vera leaf extract showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, saponins. Aloe vera leaf gel preparations contain saponins and flavonoids. These compounds are antioxidant compounds that can support in increasing skin elasticity along with clam shell collagen.

Transcriptomic analysis identifies candidate genes for shell colour formation in the Venus clamCyclina sinensis

ABSTRACTSome bivalves are important in fisheries and aquaculture, and provide significant economic benefits to humans. The diversity in shell colour among bivalves has received attention due to its potential in breeding and its relevance to the study of speciation and adaptation. In this study, the relationship between whole-genome-scale gene expression and shell coloration in the clam Cyclina sinensis was analysed using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 15,367 annotated genes and 4,425 novel genes were detected based on transcript assembly. The results of the transcriptome analysis show that 49 genes were differentially expressed in the outer mantle fold tissue of purple- vs white-shelled specimens. These genes include three lipoprotein receptor genes, low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (ldlr), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (lrp4) and scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gene (srcr). These genes may be involved in the transport of carotenoid pigments. Moreover, as shown by the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, several receptor activity terms and a glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway were detected, and these might be involved in shell coloration. Together with the analyses of differentially expressed genes, our results suggest a possible molecular mechanism governing the selective transport of carotenoids in the mantle of purple-shelled clams and shell colour formation. The results of this study may help to elucidate the colour formation mechanism in clam shells.

INTENSITAS DAN PREVALENSI EKTOPARASIT Balanus sp. PADA KERANG HIJAU YANG DIBUDIDAYAKAN DALAM BAGAN TANCAP DI PERAIRAN BANYUURIP, UJUNGPANGKAH, GRESIK

Green mussels, as one of several food source in Indonesia and cultured by stake cultures, are susceptible to barnacles Balanus sp. The purpose of this study was to analyze the population of Balanus sp. related to the amount of them attached to the clam shells in various length classes of green mussels, determine the intensity and prevalence of Balanus sp. on green mussels, and analyzed the correlation between length and total weight of green mussels Perna viridis to Balanus sp. The study was conducted at Banyuurip Beach, Ujungpangkah District, Gresik Regency in June-July 2021. The sampling interval was set once every 20 days on each stake culture. The selected stake culture was determined by purposive sampling; with the sample are green mussels and Balanus sp. The variable of this research is the number of Balanus sp. attached to the shell on various classes of mussel length, intensity, prevalence, biometry and correlation between length and weight, correlation between height and total weight, correlation of width and total weight of green mussels attached by Balanus sp. Data analysis was done by the T-test and correlation. The results showed that The 1st stake culture was dominated by barnacles Balanus sp. in class VII of green mussel length (47.7 – 55.4)mm. The 2nd stake culture was dominated by barnacles in class VII green mussel length (47.7 – 55.4)mm. The 3rd stake culture was dominated by barnacles Balanus sp. in the green mussel length class VI (39.9 – 47.6)mm. The intensity of attack by Balanus sp. on green mussels showed an average value of 7±3.54 individual/tail on 1st stake, and 8±7.78 individual/tail on 2nd stake. Both are considered to be a moderate intensity. The highest prevalence of barnacles Balanus sp. was in the 1st stake, with the score of 51%±46.67, and was included in the very frequent category. As the conclusion, this results showed that the presence of the ectoparasite Balanus sp. has a moderate effect on green mussels growth, which shown a disturbance in the length and the width of green mussels.

Removal of Drug Pollutants from Aqueous Media Using Clam Shells Waste

The pharmaceutical products represent a serious environmental issue in the municipal wastewaters and waste water treatment plants (WWTP). Due to their resistance to biological degradation, the elimination of these pollutants is difficult. In the last years, paracetamol has been detected in higher concentrations in wastewaters. In order to avoid disturbing the aquatic life, economically viable procedures should be identified for removing these types of pollutants. In this context, the present paper has evaluated the efficiency of clam shells waste for retaining paracetamol molecules dispersed in aqueous solutions. The obtained results showed that high removal efficiency is obtained for 60 minutes adsorption duration and a ratio of about 1:100 clam shells: aqueous solution.