Clam Meat Research Articles

Efficiency of fresh fish and clam meat as a maturation diet in Sebae clownfish, Amphiprion sebae (Bleeker 1853)

The influence of different combinations of fresh fish and clam meat as feed on gonadal development and maturation in Amphiprion sebae was evaluated in a 60-day study. The study used four different combinations of diet viz. control diet (C: commercial feed with 50 % protein (C)), Treatment 1 (T1: fresh fish alone (F)), Treatment 2 (T2: fresh fish in combination with squid meat (FSQ)) and Treatment 3 (T3: fresh fish in combination with clam meat (FCM)). The experiment was conducted in triplicate, with Clown fish (mean weight: 15 g) stocked in tanks of 200 L capacity. The stocked fish were fed on alternate days with the respective assigned diets. On completion of the 60 days study period, maturation of the fish was assessed based on gonado-somatic index (GSI), fecundity and histology. The present study found highest GSI in fish fed with a diet of fresh fish and clam meat on alternate days (0.493 %), followed by fish fed with a diet of fresh fish and squid meat in alternate days (0.349 %) while the lowest GSI was observed in the group fed with the control diet (0.100 %). Average fecundity observed for A. sebae during the present study was 2204±137.4 eggs. Among the different diets, fish fed fresh fish and clam meat (T3) on alternate days had better gonadal development. On 60 th day, the ovary of T3 showed late vitellogenic oocytes with an appearance of yolk vesicles. Thus, it could be concluded that fresh fish in combination with clam meat can be used as maturation diet for marine ornamental fish A. sebae to attain early maturation in captivity.

Analysis of technical and chemical characteristics as well as the nutritional value of clams from the Sea of Azov

Clams as a group of burrowing molluscs hold high positions in the world fishery and aquaculture of bivalve molluscs. The paper presents the results of studies of the technical and chemical composition, functional and technological properties as well as the nutritional value of meat of three types of clams harvested in the Kerch Strait towards the Sea of Azov: Anadarakagoshimensis Tokunaga, 1906, Chameleagallina Linne, 1758, Donaxtrunculus Linnaeus, 1758. Shellfish meat is rich in protein substances, being (in % of absolutely dry matter) 77.4, 74.1, 74.8, respectively, for A. kagoshimensis, Ch. gallina and D. trunculus. However, the availability of limiting essential amino acids affects their balance and biological value (%), namely A. kagoshimensis–48.6, Ch. gallina–58.8, D. trunculus–80.0. High iodine content in clams’ tissues was noted. It suggests the possibility of introducing mollusc meat into diets for preventive dietary nutrition. In terms of food saturation, these types of molluscs can be attributed to low-saturated food raw materials, and according to their calorific value, to low-calorie ones. Further investigations in this sphere, the popularization of clam meat as a gourmet product, and world experience in the mollusc farming can ensure the progressive development of clam aquaculture in the Azov-Black Sea basin.

LAJU KEMUNDURAN MUTU GONGGONG (Strombus sp.) REBUS PADA PENYIMPANAN SUHU CHILLING DAN RUANG DENGAN MUTU SENSORI

This research was conducted to observe the rate of deterioration in the quality of
 boiled snails (Strombus sp.). Organoleptic is a method of sensory freshness determination. The
 speed at which a snail decomposed was primarily influenced by the temperature. This study
 aims to determine the best quality of barking snails stored at chilling and rooming temperatures.
 Samples of barking snails were taken from Tanjung Unggat water. This research method
 includes measuring the morphometric, yield, and organoleptic of the barking snail (Strombus
 sp.). The results showed that the use of chilling temperature could extend the shelf life of boiled
 barking snails, as evidenced by the high value of the organoleptic parameters compared to
 barking snails at room temperature storage, based on the organoleptic parameters of frozen
 clam meat based on SNI 3460.1-2009.

Peningkatan Manajemen Usaha Ekowisata Mangrove Pada Pokdarwis Polaria Tanjungpagar di Desa Mendalok

Mendalok Village is located in the northern coastal region of West Kalimantan which has a potential of 10 hectares of mangrove forest. The problem experienced by partners is the lack of knowledge and skills in developing a mangrove ecotourism business. The financial management is still very simple and the potential of existing mangrove forest products is only sold in fresh form at low prices. The method of implementing this program includes training and guidance on business financial book keeping management, how to make various processed products of mangrove forest products, as well as promotional strategies for tourism business and product marketing from partners. After the training and mentoring on ecotourism business management, the level of understanding of the participants were increased. Participants are able to do neat book keeping either through recording in an accounting book or an excel program. Participants were also able to process mangrove fruit and clam meat, become processed foods and drinks, and make souvenirs from shells and snails. Participants were also able to process mangrove fruit become processed foods and drinks. The partners also get insight in the development of ecotourism business in the future so that it becomes more developed and advanced.

Effects of different of salt-reducing formulas on the quality characteristics of clam sausage

In this paper, Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus and Nemipterus virgatus surimi were used as raw materials, and the effects of different salt-reducing formulas on the characteristics of low-sodium clam meat sausage was studied. The results showed that there was not significantly different in texture properties (except T1) and gel properties among each groups, and the groups treated with 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl significantly decreased the sodium content. The addition of lysine, F1 (atmospheric clam enzymatic hydrolysate lyophilized powder), F2 (ultrahigh pressure clam enzymatic hydrolysate lyophilized powder) and MRPF1 (Maillard Reaction products of F1) increased the sensory acceptance, taste perception and decreased bitterness, astringency. On the premise of adding F1, F2 and MRPF1, it is feasible to add 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl in clam sausage. The results demonstrated that adding MRPF1 can better improve people’s salty perception, reduce the amount of sodium and increase delicate flavor in clam meat sausages.

Application of gyrB targeted SYBR green based qPCR assay for the specific and rapid detection of Vibrio vulnificus in seafood

A SYBR green based qPCR assay targeting a unique region of gyrB was developed for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus. The specificity of the assay was studied using V. vulnificus and other bacterial strains belonging to Vibrio and non-Vibrio species. The assay unambiguously distinguished V.vulnificus with a sensitivity of 101 CFU/mL in pure culture while 102CFU/g was detected in clam meat homogenate with an efficiency of ≥98%.The utility of the qPCR assay was validated with naturally incurred seafood samples, where 24 out of 59(40.67%) seafood samples tested positive for V. vulnificus after 6–8 h enrichment in APW-P broth. In contrast, conventional PCR could detect only 11 samples (18.64%). Our results showed that qPCR assay developed in this study could be used as a rapid method for screening seafood samples for the presence of V. vulnificus, as the assay can be completed within 9–12 h including the enrichment of seafood in APW-P broth. The gyrB targeted qPCR developed in this study can provide excellent results on the presence and load of V. vulnificus in naturally contaminated samples quickly and efficiently; thus it could find application as a routine test in the seafood industry for the analysis V. vulnificus.

Family Nutrition Improvement Efforts Through Nutrition Management of Pokea Clam Based on Environmental Health

The coastal communities of the Pohara river, Sampara Subdistrict, where the habitat for endemic pokea clam growth, has a habit of consuming pokea clam meat which can affect the nutritional status of the family. Pokea clam meat (Batissa violacea celebensis von Marten 1897) contains fatty acids, which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this community service, to identify patterns of consumption of pokea clam and nutritional status. The method used through interviews, counseling and examination of nutritional status. The number of respondents identified was 72 respondents. Data were collected by questionnaire regarding the consumption pattern of pokea clam, measurement of height, weight and waist circumference. The results of the identification of consumption patterns of pokea clam meat showed 58% of respondents, consuming average pokea clam 1-3 times a day. As many as 78%, processing directly the pokea clam meat. The types of preparations consumed are pokea satay (39%) and boiled pokea (8%). The results of examination of Body Mass Index (BMI) obtained 50.0% normal nutritional status, 16.7% excess and 30.6% obesity. Waist circumference measurement results, 47.2% are normal, and 52.8% are not normal. Integrated and sustainable health promotion, need to improve the nutritional status of coastal communities.

Optimisation of nursery rearing for megalopa of giant mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775)

Three nursery rearing trials were conducted to overcome the inconsistent survival of megalopa of the giant mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775) during metamorphosis to crab instar. In the first trial, 3-4 days old megalopa (4.73 mg mean body weight) were stocked in hapas erected in outdoor brackishwater ponds and indoor fiberglass (FRP) tanks at densities of 500 nos. m-2 and 1 no. l-1 respectively and reared for 15 days using minced clam meat (Meretrix casta) as feed. Outdoor hapas were provided with seaweed, Gracilaria tenuistipitata as shelter. Mean survival rate of crab instar following three consecutive runs were significantly higher (p<0.05) for megalopa reared in outdoor hapas (57.7±2.7%) over indoor FRP tanks (24.1±2.2%). To ascertain the life stage that yields optimal survival on weaning from indoor hatchery to ponds, zoea 5 (Z5) and megalopa 1-day old (M1), 2-day old (M2), 3-day old (M3) and 4-day old (M4) were reared in hapas for15 days and fed on minced clam meat. Three day and 4-day old megalopa demonstrated significantly higher survival rates (p<0.05) of 62.3±3.08% and 69.6±2.35% respectively to crab instar stage at conclusion of the trial. Megalopa (3-4 days old, 5.05 mg mean body weight) were stocked to 100 l tanks (stocking density - 1 no. 4 l-1) and reared for a period of 8 days using different feeds viz., artemia biomass (T1), minced clam meat (T2), crab larvae (T3) and artemia nauplii (T4) in the third trial to evaluate various production parameters. Crab instar conversion rate (number of crab instars/number of megalopa stocked × 100) was significantly higher (p<0.0001) for megalopa fed using artemia biomass (T1) and minced clam meat (T2) at 74.66±5.81% and 72.00±2.30% respectively. Results of the present study indicate that, high density rearing (500 no. m-2) of megalopa (3-4 days old) in outdoor hapas provided with seaweed refuge for short periods (15 days) would yield higher survival rate to crab stage. Nursery rearing of megalopa in ponds reduces the hatchery phase in mud crab larval rearing and maximise production of crab instars.

Broodstock development, induced breeding and larval rearing of Indian pompano, Trachinotus mookalee, (Cuvier, 1832) – A new candidate species for aquaculture

The present study describes the first trial on broodstock development, induced breeding and larval rearing of Indian pompano, Trachinotus mookalee. Indian pompano fingerlings were collected from wild and raised to adults having an average size of 2.84 ± 0.10 kg weight and 47.6 ± 1.43 cm length. These adult fishes were stocked in 125 t capacity circular tank having re-circulatory facility for broodstock development. The fishes were fed with squid along with clam meat and matured in four months. Mature females with >500 μm ova and oozing males were selected in the ratio of 1:2 (female:male) and were induced with single dose of hCG at the rate of 350 IU /kg body weight. Three trials with same sex ratio and hormonal doses were tried. The fish spawned after 36–38 h of induction at a temperature 29 ± 1 °C. Eggs were collected and treated with iodophore and stocked in 1 t FRP tank for hatching. The eggs hatched out after 18–20 h of incubation at a temperature of 29 ± 1 °C. The overall fertilization and hatching rate was found to be 69 ± 1.55% and 87.67 ± 0.81%, respectively. Larval rearing was carried out in 2 t capacity fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks using green water system. The newly hatched larvae was 2.12 ± 0.02 mm in total length, with an oval shaped yolk sac of 0.55 mm2 and an oil droplet of 0.06 mm2 in area. The mouth opening was formed 40–46 h post hatch with mouth gape measuring 228.10 ± 1.31 μm. A systematic and overlapping regime of live feed beginning from copepod nauplii, rotifer, Artemia nauplii and artificial pellet were utilized during larval rearing. Weaning of larvae to inert diet was started from 15th day post hatching (DPH) onwards. Larvae started metamorphosis by 17th DPH onwards and was completed by 21st DPH, when the larvae reached 27.33 ± 0.10 mm. The larval rearing protocol resulted in an average survival rate of 21.53 ± 1.45% till complete metamorphosis. The present study showed T. mookalee to mature in captive conditions. The potential for induced spawning in captivity and larval rearing with a survival rate of 21.53% makes Indian pompano an excellent candidate for mariculture. This forms the first report of broodstock development, induced breeding and larval rearing of this species in captivity. The results of this study would facilitate mass scale seed production of Indian pompano in captivity, which is essential for its aquaculture.

Visual crypsis as a possible function of polymorphic shell coloration in the infaunal clam Ruditapes philippinarum

The infaunal clam Ruditapes philippinarum exhibits highly polymorphic shell coloration, but the function of the coloration remains uncertain. Here, a hypothesis that such shell coloration functions to enhance visual crypsis (i.e., background color matching) in juveniles (<15 mm in shell length) was tested with a combination of a field survey and laboratory experiments. Shell and background colorations were expressed as mean brightness values. Firstly, the association between shell and background brightness was investigated. For this, a field survey for two sympatric subpopulations with distinct substrates was conducted on an intertidal sandflat in western Kyushu, Japan. Secondly, the visual-crypsis hypothesis was tested experimentally using half-valve clam shells filled with paste of raw clam meat as prey and the pufferfish Takifugu niphobles as a visually hunting predator, in a tank with one to two dark-colored substrates and one light-colored substrate. The field survey showed that shell brightness significantly differed between the two sympatric subpopulations of juvenile clams and was positively associated with background brightness. The laboratory experiments indicated that prey items with comparatively light (dark) coloration on dark- (light-) colored substrate were consumed by predators more immediately and at a higher rate than in the color-matched combinations. Consequently, shell–background color matching could help juvenile clams avoid attack from visually hunting predators. The results provide a new insight into effective management planning for this clam species, creating sand habitats with a more matched coloration.

Fatty acids from controlled feeding as dietary markers of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus

The potential use of fatty acid (FA) profile as a dietary tracer in juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus was assessed in a feeding experiment. Selected feed was provided to the juveniles at various growth stages according to their food sources in the wild: larval and adult brine shrimp Artemia salina for the first six months, followed by a mixture of short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum and greasyback shrimp Metapenaeus ensis for a further six months. Juvenile horseshoe crab haemolymph and tissues of book gill, opisthosomal spine, chelicera and swimming leg were sampled after the feeding experiment. The FA profiles revealed that the juvenile haemolymph and various tissues had a total of 23–24 FA components. The major FA components consisted of saturated (palmitic and stearic) at 22–34%, monosaturated (oleic) at 7–34% and polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic) FAs at 9–27%. According to principal component analysis, the FA signatures of juvenile haemolymph were greatly influenced by the shift of food sources from brine shrimp to clam and shrimp meat, whereas the FA profiles of different tissues were more resistant to the nutrient alteration. The present findings confirmed that the FA profile of both juvenile haemolymph and different tissues reflected the FA composition of recent and previous diets, respectively; and thus may be useful in indicating the foraging information of juvenile horseshoe crabs in the field.

Hepatoprotective mechanism of freshwater clam extract alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: elucidatedin vitroandin vivomodels

Freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) have long been used as a folk remedy in Chinese tradition. Their hot-water extract has been commercialized as a functional drink for liver protection. The objective of this study was to develop a product of the residual clam meat (FCR) and assess its functional compounds. The ethanol extract of FCR, designated FCRE, was identified to comprise phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and carotenoids. FCRE significantly reduced lipid accumulation and cell death in HepG2 cells via decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and increased activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), indicative of suppressed lipogenesis and increased β-oxidation of fatty acids. In tilapia fed with high-fat diet (HFD), FCRE mitigated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which was evidenced by decreased levels of plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), in addition to reduced total cholesterol and accumulation of triacylglycerols, particularly those of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. FCRE also suppressed stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) index, increased the PUFAs' n3/n6 ratio, and reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inflammatory infiltrates in tilapia liver. Tilapia fed with HFD for 2 weeks displayed NASH symptoms, while mice took 10 weeks to display NASH symptoms. No previous study has been reported on the potential use of tilapia as an NASH model for pre-screening hepatoprotective-functional foods.

Optimization of enzymatic protein hydrolysis conditions to obtain maximum angiotensin-iconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from Angel Wing Clam (Pholas orientalis) meat

Optimization of enzymatic protein hydrolysis conditions to obtain maximum angiotensin-iconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from Angel Wing Clam (Pholas orientalis) meat

Characterization of Selenium Species in the Shijimi Clam.

Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals. Fish and shellfish are known to be rich in selenium and suppose to be an effective selenium source. In this study, we characterized the selenium species in the Shijimi clam (Corbicula japonica), which is a typical clam eaten in Japan. The Shijimi clam contains a relatively high concentration of selenium (3.5 µg-selenium/g-dry Shijimi). Approximately 30% of the total selenium in the Shijimi clam meat was extractable with water, while selenium in the Shijimi clam was hardly extracted with ethanol, chloroform and hexane. Based on an ultrafiltration study, the molecular mass of the major selenium species in the Shijimi water-extract was estimated to be less than 5000. Because amphoteric selenium species were contained in the Shijimi water-extract, which was indicated by ion-exchange chromatographic separation, an ion-pair reagent was utilized to extract the ionic selenium species into an organic solvent. A matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF)-mass spectrometric analysis revealed the selenium isotopic pattern involving one selenium atom in a molecule with the 80Se molecular ion peak at m/z 534. This selenium species was mainly found in the visceral part of the Shijimi clam by imaging mass spectrometry.

Marine microalgae as dietary supplements in the culture of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crabs,Tachypleus tridentatus(Xiphosura)

Five treatments (short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum and four formulated diets with the green microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta or the golden-brown microalgae Isochrysis galbana in the ratio (dw/dw) of 5% or 10% to that of clam meat) were used to investigate the growth performance and haemolymph quality of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus under laboratory culture. At the end of the 12-week study, various growth and moulting indicators as well as haemolymph biochemical parameters did not show any significant differences among the treatments. Significantly higher percentages of haemolymph amoebocyte viability and granular-spherical amoebocyte state were noted in both 5% and 10% I. galbana-supplemented diets compared to that of clam meat. However, the percentages of these two haemolymph parameters in juveniles fed with D. tertiolecta decreased significantly at the end of the experiment. Such differences were attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in I. galbana that was absent in D. tertiolecta and clam meat. Like many marine invertebrates, juvenile horseshoe crabs do not naturally obtain sufficient PUFAs from their diets to meet developmental and physiological needs; hence, supplementing microalgae with high levels of EPA in a protein-rich diet boosts immune competence and the health status of juvenile horseshoe crabs while under culture.

Impact of the clam Arca zebra artisanal fishery upon the population of the neogastropod Voluta musica in eastern Venezuela

120 An important ark clam ( Arca zebra ) artisanal fishery takes place in the east region of Venezuela. Besides the target species, trawling extracts a significant bycatch of several mollusk species including the gastropod Voluta musica, a threatened species according to the Venezuelan Red List of Endangered Species. In this paper we evaluate: 1) the composition of mollusk species in the bycatch, 2) the number of individuals of V. musica caught as bycatch and, 3) the abundance and size structure of the exploited population. Each fishing night, about 27,830 m2 are trawled by each boat extracting on the average 607 kg of A. zebra meat and 19 kg of V. musica (whole shelled animal). This fishery activity potentially captures ~30,000 kg of ark clam meat and 922 kg of V. musica in one week (~95 snails/fishing night/boat). The size structure of the V. musica population at the ark clam bed is significantly smaller than in other nearby sites not impacted by trawling fishing activities. Non-targeted species extracted in the bycatch but consumed by the local inhabitants include the gastropods Chicoreus brevifrons , Phyllonotus margaritensis , P. pomum , Fasciolaria tulipa , Strombus pugilis , a few Trochidae species, and the bivalves Pinctada imbricata , Spondylus americanus , Anadara floridana , A. notabilis , and Trachicardium muricatum . Individuals of V. musica along with several invertebrates are discarded. We recommend that V. musica should not be neglected as a conservation target, and despite that A. zebra fisheries are considered “artisanal”, that more strict regulations should be established on it. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

Characteristics of bivalve mollusk &lt;i&gt;Serripes groenlandicus &lt;/i&gt;in connection with its rational use

Greenland cockle Serripes groenlandicus is a burrow bivalve mollusk that forms dense aggregations on silty-sandy and muddy grounds at the depth 50-60 m. Its total stock in Peter the Great Bay is estimated as 8,700 t. The species is not used yet as a raw material for food industry that is a reason to investigate its safety, chemical composition and technological characteristics. There is noted that the aggregations of S. groenlandicus in Peter the Great Bay are formed mostly by large-sized individuals (> 80 %), so they have high commercial value. Its soft tissue (on average 25.8 % of total weigh) contents 11.9 % of protein, < 1.0 % of fat, and 5.4 % of carbohydrate, its energy value is 70 kcal, so it is a promising raw material for low-calorie dietary products. Technological losses in mass of the clam meat in the process of broth extraction under hydrothermal treatment are rather high: 45-47 %. To prevent the mass losses, the species is recommended to use as the raw material for canned products with its natural meat.

Assessment of contamination of the beach clam Tivela mactroides: implications for food safety of a recreational and subsistence marine resource in Caraguatatuba Bay, Brazil

The clam Tivela mactroides is an important sandy-beach resource along the western Atlantic coast, and is widely harvested by both tourists and residents for recreational, subsistence and/or economic purposes. These clams are intensively exploited in Caraguatatuba Bay on the southeastern Brazilian coast. Similarly to most coastal areas around the world, this bay is subject to a variety of environmental threats derived from human occupation (e.g., sewage) and economic activities (e.g., oil spills). Considering the history of changes in this area and current plans for development, environmental pressures are expected to increase. This prospect raises concerns regarding food safety of members of the public, including clam harvesters, who consume local seafood. In order to provide baseline information to compare with future situations, this study analyzed the contamination of clam meat by microorganisms (fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholerae, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Preliminary evaluations revealed microorganism contamination levels above the maximum limits allowed under Brazilian legislation; with higher levels in the central portion of the bay. Temporal evaluations at three sampling points in this area revealed year-round contamination by all microorganisms, i.e., a continuous risk for clam consumers. Although the effectiveness of thermal processing used by consumers could not be formally tested in this study, it has the potential to reduce the contamination by fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus to safe levels, as demonstrated in the two samples analyzed. However, although S. aureus can be totally eliminated, its heat-tolerant toxins may still affect consumers. Concentrations of individual compounds (congeners) and total PAHs were recorded, indicating contamination derived from oil spills. The results raise concerns regarding traditional small-scale fisheries, which can be threatened by the intensification of human activities in the coastal region, thus requiring continuous monitoring of the quality of seafoods, in addition to effective communication of the risks to consumers, and efficient measures to reduce both sewage and industrial pollution.

Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food Samples by Selective Pressurized Liquid Extraction Using Copper(II) Isonicotinate as Online Cleanup Adsorbent

In this study, copper(II) isonicotinate was first used as an online cleanup adsorbent in selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) for determination of trace residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fatty food samples. The adsorbent-to-sample ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, recycle times, etc. were optimized. The PCBs in food samples of pork, chicken meat, and clam meat were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The detection limit (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.2 ng/g wet weight (PCB 18) to 2.5 ng/g wet weight (PCB 66). Relative standard deviations (%RSDs) were lower than 12.5 %. The mean recovery was in the range of 82.4–105.1 %. Certified reference materials were analyzed with acceptable results. It was exhibited that the copper(II) isonicotinate showed higher purification capacity than other cleanup adsorbents for extraction of PCBs in fatty food. The proposed method which involved extraction-cleanup in one step can be a promising sample preparation method for food analysis.

물렁가시붉은새우(Pandalopsis japonica) 부화유생 사육을 위한 영양강화 알테미아, 바지락살 및 배합사료의 공급 효과

Larvae of pandalid shrimp Pandalopsis japonica are benthic, and may prefer bottom to planktonic food items. Three diets, enriched Artemia meta-nauplii (AR), clam meat (CM), and crumbled shrimp (CD), were evaluated as food for early larvae in terms of biometric growth R:D ratios. Larvae fed AR and CM had significantly greater total length and dry weight than did larvae fed CD (P<0.05). Survival was significantly greater in larvae fed CM than in those fed AR and CD (P<0.05). R:D ratios were also significantly higher in larvae fed AR and CM than in those fed CD (P<0.05). Planktonic Artemia meta-nauplii containing high levels of fatty acids and amino acids were not suitable for either normal somatic growth or survival at early benthic larval stages. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the optimal feeding duration to increase digestibility of AD. Thus, we propose that clam meat is the best diet for pandalid shrimp larvae.