Claims Of Authority Research Articles

Epistemic Borderwork: Violent Pushbacks, Refugees, and the Politics of Knowledge at the EU Border

Borders are sites of epistemic struggle. Focusing on the illegal tactic of the “pushback,” which is routinely deployed by state authorities to forcefully expel asylum seekers from European Union territory without due process, this article explores the uneven politics of knowledge that helps to support or unsettle this clandestine border violence. Drawing on long-term qualitative research on the Croatia–Bosnia border, including interviews with pushback survivors and activists, as well as a database of border violence reports, we explore the competing truth claims and epistemologies that help to conceal, or counter, the pushback regime. Informed by postcolonial perspectives and contributing to political geographies of violence, we argue that “epistemic violence” (Spivak 1988) is a central feature of contemporary borders. We propose that epistemic borderwork is regularly used by state authorities to silence unwanted voices, undermine insurgent perspectives, and stifle the capacity of refugees to draw attention to their own mistreatment. In opposition to this injustice, activists are documenting, mapping, and archiving pushback survivor testimony to construct a counternarrative of refusal, which subverts the harmful knowledge claims of state authorities. In doing so, refugees and activists create epistemic friction, which helps to resist the ontological violence of borders, and “pushes back” against the pushback regime.

Architecture’s Maternity: Conceiving the Mother of the Arts in the Long Nineteenth Century

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, architecture was regularly celebrated as “the mother of the arts.” Though most users of the phrase rarely explicated its nuances, a close reading of the contexts and debates in which it was invoked reveals the complexity, nuance, and changing implications of the deceptively simple claim. In a period when the fine and applied arts grew increasingly distinct and the practice of architecture was progressively codified and professionalized, why did architects engage in rhetoric that emphasized architecture’s affiliation with and authority over the arts? To answer this question, I examine numerous instantiations of the phrase to trace an arc in which an earlier disciplinary affiliation between architecture and the fine arts transforms into an interpersonal relationship between architects and art-workers. In so doing, I suggest that the maternal metaphor was employed in response to collectively held anxieties to invert and project them as conceptual and historical claims of affiliation, authority, and identity—precisely those characteristics of the profession that were unstable at the time.

Terror Financing and Unregulated Economy of Pakistan: An Investigation of an Economically Failed State

Sometimes it has been witnesses the allegation of state-sponsored terrorism against Pakistan because the claim of state authority has lost its relative autonomy in controlling the terrorist organizations. Therefore this essay intends to examine the claims about the connection between the terrorist groups and Pakistan and focuses on the influence of terrorism on the economic development of Pakistan. According to claims, due to governmental support, the terrorist groups in Pakistan are not only running parallel economies but also control the unregulated economy of the country. Therefore international agencies have accused Pakistan several times and taken it on the ‘grey list’ because the state authority has lost its relative autonomy in controlling the terrorist organizations. So, this essay focuses on the reasons for the economic backwardness of Pakistan in the context of security problems and terrorist organizations.

Capitalism at Sea

Abstract In its will to tame the sea, its routes, and people, capitalism unleashed three intertwined forces: novel networks of circulation, refurbished regimes of violence, and new epistemic disciplines and lexicons, all twirled together into an embrace of forceful conquest and authoritative claim making on a global scale. One of the most salient features of this special section of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, “Capitalism at Sea,” is to reveal and reflect on these often submerged if not mystified violent currents of seaborne capitalism. Circling the seas from Alexandria to Bengal via the Gulf of Aden and the imaginary island of Robinson Crusoe, the special section takes a local-historical approach to the development of maritime capitalism that also charts instances of violence that include the enclosure of pastoral commons, the laying siege of ports, and enforced treaties of circulation and trade.

‘The Minister Wants it’: Self-Politicisation and Proxy Politics among Senior Civil Servants

In this article, I ask how senior civil servants (SCSs) practice functional politicisation. The literature suggests that they balance responsiveness with astuteness towards ministers, while maintaining neutral competence. However, functional politicisation is prone to affect this balance. Drawing on 160 h of ethnographic shadowing in Dutch government, I show three faces of functional politicisation; while directly advising ministers, in the preparation of policy advice and while working in the public eye. The findings suggest that senior civil servants actively try to align their fellow civil servants with their version of the minister’s wishes. This practice of ‘proxy politics’ calls for a shift in functional politicisation research from political ‘skills’ to ‘authority claims’ among senior civil servants. I conclude with urgent implications for politicisation theory and civil service practice.

Choreographing the Dance of Dissent: Roman Catholic Womenpriests’ Claims to Authority

In June 2002, seven Roman Catholic women were ordained to the priesthood by two bishops on a boat floating on the Danube River in the presence of hundreds of spectators. Their ordinations broke with two millennia of Catholic tradition prohibiting women priests and started a global movement. Post-ordination, the women priests were excommunicated by the Vatican, yet they still identify as Catholic priests. We explored the central tension of being insiders/outsiders by examining womenpriests’ claims to authority. The thematic analysis of interviews with over one hundred womenpriests and bishops led us to note an emerging theme in their language regarding claims to authority. In this analysis, we asked: how do womenpriests claim authority in ways that differentiate them from Roman Catholic Church authority as well as in ways that clearly position them within the tradition? We found four main strategies by which they make these claims: reclaiming the history and tradition of the early church; claiming the role of the magisterium; embodying authority; and community-based sources of power and authority. We concluded that the womenpriests are engaged in a delicate choreography of the dance of dissent, positioning themselves as the change some people may want to see in Catholicism while remaining true to Catholic roots and rituals.

A Divisive Intellectualist Leader

Abstract Initially, the article concentrates on a major change in ancient Mediterranean religions that can be understood as an “intellectualization of religion.” Focusing on the text-based practices of early Christian religious specialists, it looks at this phenomenon as a facet of an urban religion rather than an inherent quality of early Christ religion. The article goes on to address heterarchy, i.e., the tendency toward a nonhierarchical arrangement of power, as a further element that characterizes city life as well as relations among cities. Not linearly ranked and topographically fractionated, the first urban Christ groups also constituted heterarchical formations shaped by the assorted types of power coalescing in urban environments. Zooming in on the imperial city of Carthage in the mid-3rd century, the article then analyzes the intersection of the two phenomena. It demonstrates the effects that the enforcement of a textually designed and conceptually sophisticated project of Church order produced on the Christ networks by arguing that, in urban contexts characterized by a host of powers, authority claims, and forms of capital, Cyprian’s intellectualized religion contributed to breaking apart existing coalescences of people united by religion.

Legislative arts: interplays of art and law

ABSTRACT The relation of law and art is conventionally understood through a disciplinary divide that presents art as an instrument of legal practice and scholarship or, alternatively, presents law as potential context for artistic engagement. Moving beyond disciplinary definitions, in this article we explore how art and law, as modes of ordering and action in the world, often overlap in their respective desires to engage existing material orders. Whereas law’s claim of producing order appears self-evident, we try to highlight, through a concept of legislative arts, the often-overlooked similar function of artistic practices. At the heart of what we refer to as legislative arts are practices that aim to challenge law’s claim of authority in ordering social life through tactical combinations of elements of art and law. In examining a set of examples that include the Tamms Year Ten campaign to close a super-max prison in the United States, the work of Forensic Architecture and practices of passport forgery, we aim to highlight the possibility of manifesting social orders beyond an exclusive reliance upon state laws. Pointing to the potentials of such legislative arts practices, this article suggests that the material ordering quality of artistic and legal practices can, and perhaps should, be weaponized for challenging and remaking the world of unjust state laws.

CONFLICT IN THE SPHERE OF TAX RELATIONS AS A PRECONDITION FOR THE EMERGENCE OF A TAX DISPUTE

In the article, the author notes that the relations arising between the subjects of public and private law in the process of financial activity of the state, are multidimensional in nature and in their social, political and legal content are conflicting. And these conflicts are caused primarily by contradictions between private and public property interests. Conditioned by the implementation and enforcement of public-law interests, the desire of an authority subject to seize the financial means of a private subject becomes a consequence of the objectively existing contradiction between public and private interests. The taxpayer counteracts his subjective right – the right of ownership, which mediates the realization of his legitimate interest – the interest of owning, using and disposing of his property – to the demands of public authorities. Resolution of such conflict is possible through legalization of financial claims of public authorities on the basis of legislative consolidation of strictly defined conditions, grounds and procedure for the recovery of private funds. The law for objective and subjective reasons is not free from gaps, which the legislator is objectively unable to provide. In addition, the reality is that in the Ukrainian conditions the process of building a tax system is largely haphazard, with the absence of a definite program and direct dependence on the needs of the state budget. Application of tax legislation in practice reveals the presence of contradictions with previously adopted acts of tax legislation. Due to these circumstances, the conflict of interests in the sphere of tax legal relations lays the basis for the transition of a controversy to another stage, characterized by the emergence of different initial positions of the parties in the legal assessment of the essence of disputed tax-legal norms and, accordingly, the scope of their rights and obligations. The occurrence forms the basis for the emergence of a tax dispute, because it requires a solution, the implementation of which is impossible without recourse to the competent authorities of the state. In this regard, before the application of an interested person to a jurisdictional body, it is impossible to talk about the presence of a dispute. A tax dispute is a certain situation in the development of a conflict in the sphere of tax legal relations, or rather one of its stages – a stage aimed at resolving a conflict.

Digital Image Copyright Protection with Spatial Domain Public Image Watermarking Scheme

The resulting digital image certainly has the copyright attached to the image. There needs to be protection of digital image works because the form of storage of digital imagery works that are vulnerable to piracy, claims of unauthorized authorities, illegal duplication, or unauthorized modification. The Spatial Domain Public Image Watermarking method is used to protect digital imagery using applications designed to facilitate the watermarking process on several different digital images as well as with different image formats. The reason for using this method is because it has low complexity. In this study, it consisted of three processes carried out, namely the process of making watermarking, the process of checking watermarking and comparison of input imagery and image results. In the process of making watermarking do image input as a watermarking media, input inserted imagery in the form of binary images / text, key inputs and watermark results. In process of checking watermarking performs image input that becomes watermark media, watermark results input, key input, and checking results. The process of creating watermarking takes a relatively short time while the process of extracting watermarking processing time depends on the size of the image file. From some image testing conducted using imagery with three formats, namely: JPG with an average time accuracy of 9:5,310(42.15%), .GIFs with an average time of 8:27.207(21.63%), and. BMP has an average time accuracy of 5:2.989(36.22%). Thus, the determination of the image format used is adjusted to the original image, so that it can perform time efficiency.

Налоговая оговорка как инструмент конвергенции частного и публичного правового регулирования

A tax clause can be a tool for harmonizing public and private legal interests based on the balance of redistribution of tax risks between taxpayers-counterparties of civil law transactions. Constructing a tax clause in the agreement, the parties confirm the availability of their own resources to fulfill obligations, and also guarantee the validity and legality of the actual executors and co-executors of obligations. The study of legislation research, currently emerging law enforcement and judicial practice allows the authors to classify tax clauses into 2 types: assurances of circumstances with compensation for losses and assurances of circumstances with compensation for property losses. According to the analysis of judicial practice in disputes on compensation for losses (Articles 15, 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) in case of violation of the "assurances" provided for the agreement in the situation of additional VAT charging, it can be concluded that the courts in most cases satisfy the declared property claims. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation recognizes the plaintiff's right to compensation for losses, qualifying such an action by the taxpayer as legal and justified. That is, if the taxpayer did not realize the expenses and did not apply the VAT deduction, then he has the right to demand the recovery of the corresponding amounts of losses from the persons guilty of causing them. The presence of a tax clause guarantees reimbursement of property losses incurred by the party to the contract as a result of non-compliance with the tax clause when filing claims of tax authorities. The inclusion of tax clauses in the agreemant is reasonable and legitimate if their purpose is not to shift the fiscal consequences to the counterparty of the transaction. Compensation for losses in accordance with Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is carried out regardless of the presence of a violation (nonperformance or improper performance) of the obligation by the relevant party and regardless of the causal relationship between the behavior of this party and the damage caused by the occurrence of circumstances determined by the parties. There is no doubt that in a dispute based on Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the norms of Articles 15 and 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are not applicable. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Reframing "Nothing About Us Without Us": Comics and Intellectual Disability

Reframing "Nothing About Us Without Us"Comics and Intellectual Disability Susan M. Squier (bio) The slogan "Nothing About Us Without Us" expresses the urgent need felt by people with disabilities for access to voice and control in their struggle against oppression. Dating back at least to 1993 when it was used by Michael Masutha and William Rowland of Disabled People South Africa, who borrowed it from a disability rights gathering in Eastern Europe, this slogan has spread around the world as people with disabilities pressed for their rights (Charlton).1 Most recently, in About Us, an edited collection that compiles personal essays by people with disabilities that were first published in the New York Times "Disability" column, editors Rosemarie Garland-Thomson and Peter Catapano explain that their title echoes the "unifying call of our civil rights movement—'Nothing About Us Without Us'" because these "stories are claims to self-representation and recognition that this slogan demands" (xxiii). Comics, too, work well as a vehicle for authenticating discourse, as I will establish in a moment.2 Yet comics addressing intellectual disability (ID) seem to stand in uneasy relation to the demands for voice and control that this slogan expresses. Analyzing three comics about intellectual disability, I will argue that their strategies of collaboration and appeal to multiple literacies recalibrate the claim for authority in representation, so that "nothing about us without us" emerges as a practice that enables—and transforms—both people with intellectual disabilities and the artists and writers who live and work alongside them. But first, let's consider the authenticating power of the comics medium in general. Through the process of what Thierry Groensteen calls iconic redundancy, comics repeatedly represent the protagonist through multiple manifestations of the body on the comics page, as well as through its continuing physical presence in the cartoonist's drawn line (124). The comic thus offers visual testimony that moves beyond abstraction, normalization, and marginalization. As Frederik Byrn Køhlert explores in a fascinating study of comics and marginal identities, comics provide authentication for speakers by drawing on a multiplicity of modes of representation, or "multiliteracies," including "Linguistic Meaning, Visual Meaning, Audio Meaning, Gestural Meaning, Spatial Meaning, and the Multimodal patterns of meaning that relate the first five modes of meaning to each other" (15–16).3 Autobiographical comics in particular rely on a range of strategies for authenticating identity. As enumerated by Elisabeth El Refaie, they include "explicit authentication," "authentication through detail and quoted dialogue," "authentication through documentation," [End Page 117] "authentication by 'making strange,'" and even the strategy of "subverting authenticity" (144, 148, 158, 165, 172). In short, by juxtaposing words and images to both show and tell, to create tension or to confirm, and by playing with temporal reversal and the exploitation of multiple perspectives, the medium of comics links the material with the cultural, enabling an expression that testifies to the embodied experience of impairment, as well as the cultural context within which it occurs. In comics, visual images of the authors' bodies carry narrative meanings. Take, for example, Kaisa Leka's I Am Not These Feet, Peter Dunlap-Shohl's My Degeneration, and Al Davison's Spiral Cage. After Kaisa Leka has chosen to have her painful, congenitally arthritic feet amputated, we watch her—in the guise of her mouse avatar—learn to walk with prosthetic feet. The contrast between Kaisa's fantasy self-image and the technically accurate diagram of her prosthetic leg conveys the emotional tension she must manage after her surgery, accommodating her playful spirit to the iron demands of physical rehabilitation. Such complexity is also key to a page from My Degeneration in which cartoonist Peter Dunlap-Shohl shares some of the walking techniques he has devised to counteract the festination and palsy of Parkinson's disease. The allusion to a Monty Python sketch ("Walk this Way"), the graphic integration of stop motion imaging to capture each increment of his walk, and the visual inclusion of avatars of multiple ages and genders all convey what Dunlap-Shohl calls "the malicious whimsy of this strange affliction" (35). And in Al Davison's Spiral Cage, the "particular and attention-grabbing visuality of the disabled body" (K...

“Seeking meaning in self: the dialogical process of storytelling and educating the professional practitioner”

PurposeThe paper seeks to illustrate the impact, a narrative based approach to learning in practice could have in relation to management education, where reflexive critiques may provide a platform for integrating more closely the appreciation/analysis of the nature of management development with the experiences of practice.Design/methodology/approachCollaborative ethnography seeks to connect the self with others and the social with context; it is a method which embraces the opportunity to understand/appreciate lived experience in moments of learning.FindingsThe use of storytelling as a method to aid reflexive dialogue forces the student to move away from their pre-existing assumptions and practices and provide them with the power and conviction to seek out and recognise new meaning and differing alternatives of practice. The implication of this position in terms of an educational agenda involves challenging the “self-conceptions” of what it means to be a “practitioner” (Alvesson and Willmott, 1992; Martin, 1992; Zubizarreta, 2004).Practical implicationsThe authors argue that focus must be placed on methods through which learning resides in action. Recognising action in learning allows for the development of management education which re-directs thinking and conceptualising towards understanding the social tensions, complex relations and connections in the co-construction of knowing.Social implicationsThe article has sought to exemplify how storytelling can contribute to professional and personal development in new and more enriched ways. This reflexive-style paper presented a perspective from which the writers' values and beliefs are informed, as opposed to making a claim for authenticity and authority in regards to the subject area.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the need to explore imaginative modes of management education practices (Hjorth et al., 2018). Teaching students to simply tell stories is not the goal; rather, it is about sensitising students to the aesthetics of organising and the potential of approaching learning from sensuous and experimental perspectives.

The Legitimacy of Traditional Leaders in Democracies

Abstract This study analyses the issue of legitimacy that unfolds to understand the authority claims of traditional leaders underpinned by customary law in contrast to modern law and legislations in the democracies of two erstwhile British colonies: South Africa and the Tangkhul Nagas of India and Myanmar. The study enquires: if the warrant of modern and traditional law, the fulcrum of traditional leaders’ legitimacy, is questioned in the democratic dispensation, what is the underlying basis of legitimacy that makes traditional leaders resilient? It employs historical, cultural and linguistic analysis to understand how traditional leaders mediate legitimacy. It concludes that cultural cognitive categories like metaphors and aphorisms are instrumental in leveraging the legitimacy claims of traditional leaders across countries.

Парадоксы закона и судебной практики, связанные с арендой земельных участков

Introduction: the paradox of the judicial practice on claims of the municipal authorities on forcing the conclusion of lease agreements of land plots with the owners of parking spaces in the underground parking lots (garages). The Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Article 15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) establishes a fee for the use of land. The forms of payment for the use of land are land tax and rent. Article 15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the land tax refers to local taxes and the payment for it goes to the local budget of the municipality in whose territory the tax was introduced. The right of ownership of land (real estate) is registered and is publicly available. The tax authorities immediately issue payment receipts and the owners pay the tax, so the payment for the use of land is observed. Nevertheless, the municipal authorities (the departments of municipal property of the DMI) require owners to conclude lease agreements, lease their property and pay a fee to the local budget. The courts satisfy such claims and create a paradox that does not meet the requirements of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 36), the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes that the landlord can only be the owner or a person authorized by law or the owner to lease the property (Article 608 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). It is paradoxical, but that’s the fact that the owner of his property becomes both a landlord and a tenant of his property. And the departments receive double payment for the use of land in the form of a local tax and in the form of rent. It is necessary to formulate the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation more clearly and expressly so that there is no possibility of a paradoxical interpretation of the procedure for their application. In addition, the courts recognize the owner as unreasonably enriched, since the registered ownership of the land plot is not considered a sufficient legal basis to use his property. The purpose of the study is the author’s attempts to show contradictions in the judicial practice on the application of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Methods: in the process of the research, the method of a systematic approach to the study of legal concepts, comparative legal analysis, and synthesis was used. Results: the author clearly shows the conflict of interests of the owners of land plots and the departments of municipal property. As a result of the study, it is shown that the wording of the norms of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allows them to be interpreted differently and, accordingly, applied differently. Conclusions: the author proposes the rules for the exact interpretation of the norms of law and changes in the judicial practice in such cases.

Review: The Golden Calf between Bible and Qur’an: Scripture, Polemic, and Exegesis from Late Antiquity to Islam, by Michael Pregill

Review: <i>The Golden Calf between Bible and Qur’an: Scripture, Polemic, and Exegesis from Late Antiquity to Islam</i>, by Michael Pregill

Governance issues related to the management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems to support climate change mitigation actions in Indonesia

Mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia show great promise in contributing to climate change mitigation, but they continue to experience significant degradation primarily because of aquaculture conversion. This work analyzes the mangrove governance in Indonesia and how it fits the country's high emission reduction. The study is mainly based on the analysis of existing regulations, interviews with relevant stakeholders, focus group discussions, and series of executive lectures from high-level government officials. Results indicate overlapping authority claims by government institutions stemming from the absence of strong regulations specifically dedicated to mangrove management and conservation. Different government institutions have varied philosophical conceptions and development priorities for sustainably managing and conserving mangroves. This study identifies specific operational regulations that potentially undermine synergies across institutions for mangrove ecosystems. The conflicting regulations relate to coastal reclamation activities, management of mangroves in non-forest zones, and expansion of commercial aquaculture. In addition, several emerging policies, which are anticipated to further encourage ecosystem degradation, are discussed. This work then provides recommendations that can be adopted to foster an improved management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems, with the far-reaching aim to support the country's goals to reduce its carbon emissions. These recommendations include improved orchestrations of policy priorities of different institutions, including the active participation of local communities in the protection and conservation of mangroves.

The politics of forest governance in a changing climate: Political reforms, conflict and socio-environmental changes in Laikipia, Kenya

In this paper, we explore the interactions between political, social and environmental changes and forest governance in Kenya, through a study of Mukogodo forest in Laikipia county. Drawing on findings from key informant and group interviews as well as analysis of policy documents, we argue that political reform processes – including devolution and changing land and forest policies – combined with “green militarisation” and socio-environmental changes have profound implications for the politics of forest governance in Mukogodo. The way policy reforms interact with wider political dynamics has important implications for the management of environmental change. We find that competing claims to authority both within and between communities are exacerbated by increasingly weaponised resource management regimes, electoral politics and a territorialisation of resource rights. Contestations and tensions between different social groups ensue as some gain secure access to forest resources while others do not. Claims to decision-making authority over resources or to socio-political positions in general are often made based on ethnicity, gender, age, clan, education levels or other dimensions of social differentiation. The way that groups and organisations portray others as mismanaging the forest – and themselves as solving the problem – also forms part of how authority claims are being made in forest governance. The result is a forest governance regime that exhibits less flexibility and cooperation between social groups living in and around the forest, thus undermining livestock mobility and other practices that are critical for the resilience of pastoral systems in a changing climate.

Authority and Immigration

States claim to have authority over prospective immigrants who have not yet been admitted but are nonetheless expected to comply with immigration law. But what could ground such an authority claim? The service conception of authority defended by Raz appears not to apply in this case. Nor can it be argued that immigrants give their consent to the state by applying for admission. Another approach appeals to the practice of reciprocity between states in respecting each other’s immigration regimes, but many immigrants will fall outside of its scope. Instead, the article defends the view that the natural duty of justice requires immigrants to comply with the state’s immigration regime provided that it is reasonably just. This does not require that the immigrant herself should have authorised the regime through democratic participation. However, the natural duty argument has to be qualified by recognising that some migrants can legitimately appeal to necessity as grounds for breaching the duty and entering unauthorised.

The Art of Coining Christians: Indians and Authority in the Iconography of British Atlantic Colonial Seals, 1606–1767

AbstractBetween the founding of Jamestown in 1606 and the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War, images of Indigenous men and women rose and fell on the great seals of the British Atlantic colonies. At the peak of this process, “the Indian” was the most persistent seal icon save for that of the arms and image of the monarch himself. This essay traces the sigillary Indian's illustrious career, as evolving imperial structures and legal debates about the nature of empire positioned and repositioned him (and her) in relation to just claims of authority. Early depictions reflected the settler colony concerns of private charter companies, justifying claims to land, not the rule over people. Royal colonies, by contrast, imagined Indians as a form of vassal, essential aids in the procurement of raw materials from the land. By the mid-eighteenth century, however, the image of the Indian had yielded to classical motifs and representations of the land through maps, mirroring the increasing centrality of territoriality to British imperial thought. Taken together, seal images of Indians in the British Atlantic present the rise and fall of a visual paradox: depicting Indigenous people as symbols of authority over white settler colonies.