Civilian Experts Research Articles

재난관리 민관협력 개선방안 연구

The purpose of this research is to study how efficiently corporate public-private partnerships in disaster management is. The research method involved interviewing fifteen experts in disaster management, who were questioned about assisting disaster-stricken areas in accordance with public-private partnerships. These experts offered the following suggestions for improving disaster management methodology. First, to overcome the lack systematic management in the public-private partnerships for disaster relief to expand and strengthen the role of civil organizations. Second, disaster managers and private organizations should have active communication along secure channels so that private organizations can take advantage of the talents that public and private entities own. Third, for civilian experts to share their information, which should be actively utilized to support disaster management in local government. Fourth, education and training for public-private partnerships should be made on an ongoing basis. Fifth, effective disaster management and recognition of public-private cooperation should be strengthened. Finally, private sector support should be made. This study was applied to the Delphi method and that improvements can be made to a variety of populations, such as questionnaires. The results of this study will contribute to the policy options for establishing public-private partnerships in disaster management.

Ludwig Föppl: A Bavarian cryptanalyst on the Western front

ABSTRACTGermany’s codebreaking efforts during World War I remain largely unrecorded. Previous analysis of the Bavarian Sixth Army’s efforts to decipher Royal Navy ciphers revealed the central role played by Ludwig Föppl, who subsequently became one of Germany’s leading academics. Drawing on Föppl’s unpublished memoirs, this article explores his experience in the war, including a detailed account of how he cracked two Allied ciphers and codes. The article also provides the first account of Föppl’s service in World War II. Föppl’s service is used to explore the German Army’s attitude to civilian experts and is contrasted with British practice.

Civil-Military Cooperation in Conflict and Post-Conflict Zones: Needed Marriage Also for Small States? The Case Study of Slovenian Armed Forces in Kosovo and Afghanistan

The role of small states in international relations, aspiring to enter into international society as a credible actor, is often measured through their contribution to international security. Slovenia, as a small state, has presumed its ‘well-deserved place’ in the international community could be reached by becoming a trustworthy member of NATO. Among other things, this has meant aligning state policies with those of the political-military organization and so becoming a ‘like-minded’ member of the prestigious club. One of the steps Slovenia has done in this regard was the deployment of its civilian experts to the NATO-led missions to Kosovo and Afghanistan; they were integrated into the contingents of the Slovenian Armed Forces. With this, Slovenian civil-military cooperation in conflict and post-conflict areas has begun, following NATO’s request to contribute not only armed forces but also civilian experts. This article analyzes the development of civil-military cooperation in Slovenia and explores how has it evolved from relatively poorly planned and unorganized attempts to a more structured and better coordinated ‘business’ of a small state in fragile societies. The relationship between the Slovenian military and Slovenian civilian experts from the perspective of ‘being forced to work together’ within the stabilization efforts in Kosovo and Afghanistan is the main focus of this article. The article’s findings, built on interviewing and surveying of Slovenian military commanders and civilian experts, are relevant for a better understanding of small states’ behavior in international relations and military sociology in conflict and post-conflict zones.

The Evolution of Boko Haram: From Missionary Activism to Transnational Jihad and the Failure of the Nigerian Security Intelligence Agencies

ABSTRACTAs Boko Haram continues to evolve, especially in ideology, tactics, and objectives, such change has called into question how and why this has accrued. Through a qualitative analysis, this study examines key transformations in Boko Haram’s evolution with a view of identifying catalysts driving this change. Findings indicate that Boko Haram has undergone four phases of evolution and are linked to Nigeria’s security intelligence agencies’ counterstrategy and operational countermeasures, concluding this to have resulted from a failure of military and civilian expertise within Nigeria’s security intelligence agencies as well as interagency rivalry and a lack of cooperation, cohesion, and oversight.

The Power of Weakness: Review of the book by Mark Neville and Jamie Hacker Hughes “Battle Against Stigma”

Jamie Hacker Hughes and Mark Nevilles two-volume tome, Battle Against Stigma, published by Grafos of Barcelona in 2014, is a far from typical study of the psychological effects of combat on the participants. Several factors make this work a highly original one.The first is that it is a collaboration by specialists from very different fields. The co-authors are Jamie Hacker Hughes, renowned British military psychologist and president of the British Psychological Society, and Mark Neville, a photojournalist who accompanied units of the British Army on patrol in Afghanistan.The first volume features selected photographs by Neville taken in 2010 in the Afghan province of Helmand. Panoramic pictures from the field of battle are accompanied by a short, succinct commentary that illuminates the psychological aspect of war. British officers and soldiers in the conflict zone add their own sincere and candid testimony of the feelings, impressions, impulses and moods they experience while on duty in a combat zone. The vivid, detailed descriptions of military life combine with the photographic record to give the reader the opportunity to view the psychology of war in 3D, so to speak. The effect is akin to being an actual witness of the reported events. The second volume of the book is written by J. H. Hughes, and follows on logically from Nevilles multi-sourced, three-dimensional, dynamic view of the war. Hughes writes of how the specific conditions of this conflict - fought thousands of miles away in a foreign land where the geography, climate, and culture are all vastly different from those at home -- can greatly affect the mental state and psychological wellbeing of those serving in the military.The second factor that makes the work unique is the diversity of those who gave their testimony. Among those sharing their thoughts and views are specialists from many branches of the military plus a wide range of civilian experts as well as ordinary citizens. There is academic opinion from Professor J. H. Hughes on psychological trauma and the issue of stigma; there are contributions from ordinary soldiers like Simon Peacock, Mike Flynn, reservist Jack Wood, plus officers such as Major Chris Hunter and Colonel Stuart Tootal and others, reflecting on their own experiences in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. There are the thoughts of veteran's family member Marianna Oddysseos, charity worker Walter Busuttil and mental health specialist Wendy Frappell-Cooke, etc.The third factor is that the book analyses a problem that is particularly acute for veterans of active service with the armed forces of many English-speaking nations, particularly the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK. That problem is the stigma attached to former combatants who have suffered psychological trauma.The authors describe stigma as the process whereby those who display certain unusual behavior or personality traits encounter exclusion and discrimination by society.The book tells us how modern warfare has a high potential to inflict psychological trauma on the participants. A British soldier embarking on a single six-month tour of duty in Afghanistan faces a one-in-four chance of being killed or wounded. Judging by the testimony of these combatants, it demands considerable levels of courage to fight against a skilled, resourceful and often unseen enemy across terrain littered with improvised explosive devices. The risks faced by the soldier and his comrades and the constant fear which hovers throughout the murky days, nights, months and even years, subsequently lead to feelings of inadequacy' such as guilt, despair, loneliness, confusion, shame and rejection. This in turn can sometimes result in deteriorating health, difficulties in finding or holding down a job, or problems in relationships with friends and family.Almost every combatant will experience some kind of psychological problem stemming from the stress of engaging in battle. …

Visões civis sobre o submarino nuclear brasileiro

O artigo tem como objetivo entender o programa do submarino nuclear de ataque brasileiro, partindo da ideia de que, em certos casos, a adocao de determinada tecnologia militar pode provocar efeitos importantes na politica. Inicia-se com uma breve historia dos submarinos nucleares e procura explicar as principais caracteristicas tecnicas desses equipamentos. Faz um historico do desenvolvimento do programa brasileiro desde sua concepcao, no fim dos anos de 1970, para mostrar que, apesar de ter passado por periodos de dificuldades, o projeto sobreviveu ao regime militar e ao periodo de cortes orcamentarios dos governos Collor (1990-1992) e FHC (1995-2002) ate ser retomado como projeto estrategico no governo Lula (2003-2011). Enfim, o texto apresenta e analisa visoes de especialistas em defesa sobre o tema.

Turning to the South: Civilian Capacity in the Aftermath of Conflict

SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR, THE UNITED NATIONS HAS EXPERIENCED a massive quantitative increase in the number of operations as well as a qualitative shift from military intervention toward state- and peacebuilding support. In their September 2010 submission to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping (the Committee of 34, or C-34), the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO) and Department of Field Support (DFS) noted that peacekeeping has evolved from a primarily military model of observing ceasefires and separating forces to incorporate a mix of military, police, and civilian capabilities to support the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and help lay the foundations for sustainable peace and legitimate government. (1) UN has become multidimensional and integrated, aimed at assisting countries recovering from conflict and at laying the foundations for peace- and statebuilding. (2) Currently, ten out of a total of fourteen UN operations are multidimensional in nature and have been mandated by the Security Council to perform a broad range of peacebuilding activities. (3) In addition, there are thirteen UN special political missions performing a range of functions in prevention, peacemaking, and postconflict peacebuilding. (4) With the change in mandates and focus on peacebuilding, the role of civilians has shifted from a peripheral support role to that of military peacekeepers; civilians are now at the core of and peacebuilding operations. Today, civilians have responsibility for many of the mandated tasks in missions. For instance, the UNDPKO and DFS Operational Concept on Protection of Civilians provides for (1) protection through political process; (2) protection from physical violence; and (3) establishment of a protective environment. Whereas uniformed peacekeepers have a key role to play in protection from physical violence, civilian peacekeepers are primarily responsible for protection through political process and the establishment of a protective environment. With this shift in roles, the demand for specialized civilian capacity and expertise has increased significantly. (5) However, these significant and substantive changes in the mandates and tasks of UN and special political missions have not been adequately reflected in how the UN system approaches the recruitment, deployment, and management of its civilian capacity or in how the UN's and special political missions are funded. (6) The effectiveness of the UN has been constrained by its traditional and conservative approach to human resources management. The Secretariat in New York was originally set up for conference management, and member states have been slow to adapt to the changing needs of the UN system. As a result, today's and special political missions suffer from high vacancy rates and slow rates of deploying civilian staff to the field. In this article, we argue that there is a need for a new focus on Southern capacity. Due to the financial crisis, capacity delivery from the North has basically reached its maximum. In contrast, many countries in the Global South, especially some of the emerging powers, have continued to grow at impressive rates. Steady economic growth in many countries of the South means that a new generation of civilian experts is now available from which the UN and other actors may draw. In addition, as many of these countries themselves have undergone dramatic changes in the past few decades (e.g., through conflict and transformation), the civilian expertise they may offer is particularly relevant. Moreover, as the increasingly specialized tasks of UN and peacebuilding missions often require unique expertise specific to a country, the need for staff with contextual understanding has become more pressing. More efficient use and development of national capacities is also vital for ensuring long-term sustainability and local ownership in countries emerging from conflict. …

Trauma in 2012

The Trauma Conference comprised of an international program encompassing civilian and military expertise in topical areas of trauma management from both a clinical and a systems-based perspective. Speakers challenged outdated systems or beliefs and presented alternatives in this evolving area of medicine. The conference opened with three speakers on the subject of severe pelvic trauma. Mr Mark Rickman, an Orthopaedic Surgeon from London covered the Perspective of the Orthopaedic Surgeon. In a review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology he reminded us of the high-energy nature of these injuries and the need to look for, and treat, associated injuries. Complex pelvic trauma, where a fracture is combined with open skin or visceral injury carries a mortality of 19 - 27%. He re-iterated the importance of senior multi-disciplinary input and decision-making. The use of external fixators is an outdated practice - a role adequately fulfilled by the application of a simple pelvic binder. On questioning he stated that binders could remain in place for up to 24 – 36 hours until haemodynamic stability was maintained and for definitive fixation to be carried out between 3 and 7 days. He highlighted the 10% association with urogenital injury, which itself can have significant influence on mortality (14% vs. 8%). He suggested it was safe for a single cautious attempt at catheterisation in these patients but that they should all undergo a cystourethrogram to exclude injury. Mr Jan Jansen, consultant in General Surgery and Intensive Care Medicine from Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, gave us his perspective on The Role of the General Surgeon in these patients. He opened by attempting to dispel the myth that one should ‘never operate on a patient with a pelvic fracture and a pelvic haematoma’. He went on to explain that the majority of pelvic bleeds are venous in origin with a low incidence of arterial bleeding. Angiography and embolisation are predominately effective for arterial bleeding, and in context of the practical and logistical constraints of accessing these services acutely, he highlighted the limited role radiology may have to play. Echoing the previous speaker Mr Jansen recommended keeping stabilisation of the pelvic fracture simple with a pelvic binder and does not believe that the presence of a binder would prevent the performance of a damage control laparotomy. He discussed the role of different types of pelvic packing and the growing clinical experience and evidence for its role in control of venous bleeding, including the Eastern Groups Guidelines for the management of haemorrhage in pelvic fracture [1]. Whilst there may be a role for complimentary approaches of pelvic packing and angiography (where immediately available) he concluded that in his practice the unstable patient with a pelvic fracture requires urgent pelvic packing with or without bilateral internal artery ligation for inflow control. Next our military colleagues presented a series of lectures on the lessons learned from conflict medicine. The sad reality is that there have been a huge number of casualties in recent conflicts, most notably Afghanistan. As in the past, this has led to significant technical and conceptual advances in medicine, especially in our understanding and approach to trauma and is saving soldiers lives as well as guiding the provision of trauma care in civilian populations. Wing Commander Jon Kendrew, a consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon in Birmingham, summarised the underlying principal of the military approach to major trauma as restoring physiology not anatomy by performing minimum rapid essential surgery. He emphasised the importance of understanding the physiology of trauma and the key role that training in damage control resuscitation and surgery has on outcome. He underpinned this debate by showing that only 1 in 10 final year trainees and new consultants are truly confident with delivering safe and effective haemostatic control. The first day was closed by Lt Col Rhys Thomas an army consultant anaesthetist with 16 Air Assault Medical Regiment, attributed the current three-fold higher rate of unexpected survivors in Afghanistan to this military team approach to damage control surgery and resuscitation, as well as improved understanding of the pathophysiology of trauma. He discussed practical aspects of effective advanced damage control shock resuscitation including: availability of shock packs, avoidance of crystalloid, high ratio resuscitation, tranexamic acid, point of care testing and goal directed therapy, the utilisation of fresh blood components, prevention of peripheral hypoperfusion by the avoidance of vasopressors, the use of algorithms and senior clinical input with early aggressive decision making.

The Senior Visiting Surgeons program

Abstract : The use of civilian expertise to assist the military medical corps during times of conflict is not a new concept. Perhaps, one of the most noted examples was the service of Edward D. Churchill, MD, who volunteered to serve as the chief surgical consultant in the North African and Mediterranean theaters during World War II. A colonel in the US Army, Dr. Churchill followed his deployed surgical unit from Harvard Medical School into the war zone, making major contributions to the care of the wounded, most notably in advocating for the use of whole blood for resuscitation. In addition to Churchill and DeBakey, other surgical giants who contributed to combat care during World War II included Loyal Davis, Fred Rankin, Isidor Ravdin, Robert Zollinger, Ben Eiseman, and J. Englebert Dunphy (former chief of surgery at the University of California, San Francisco). For a more in-depth review of the contributions of Dr. Churchill and others, interested readers are referred to the excellent article authored by Cannon et al. The war that has engaged US troops for the past 10 years in Iraq and Afghanistan is unique in American history. This prolonged war has been fought with an all-volunteer military service, including the members of the medical corps. A portion of the surgeons in theater are recent residency graduates and thus relatively inexperienced in trauma surgery. Other deployed surgeons may be reservists in the Army, Navy, or Air Force Medical Corps who have been deployed multiple times from their private or academic practices. Modern technology has brought the war into our living rooms and onto our computer screens, giving civilians a unique look at battlefield injuries. These considerations as well as many others culminated in the development of the Senior Visiting Surgeons (SVS) program composed primarily of civilian trauma surgeons.

Civilian Expertise and Civilian–Military Relations in Latin America

Even as the era of military rule in Latin America fades well into the past, empirical and theoretical questions about civilian–military relations remain highly relevant. For the first time in the region's history, most governments have been working to manage civilian–military relations within a setting of democratic rule. This article is intended to contribute to the debate over the importance of civilian expertise in the relationship between Latin American civilians and the armed forces. Its main argument is that broader permanent defense‐related civilian positions in government contribute the most to democratic civilian–military relations, whereas nonpermanent positions are also important but transitory and do not necessarily foster long‐term democratic stability. The policy implication is that governments should focus on expanding the number of permanent civilian positions related to defense in both the executive and legislative branches.

EDITORIAL

We have prepared a new issue of Contemporary Military Challenges. I am well aware that there are many topical texts and media information that catch the eye of Slovenian public more than military and defence-related subjects. This is complete- ly understandable, since we feel safe in our country, while the security situation in other parts of the world is significantly different. In those remote unstable regions, the Slovenian Armed Forces comes into play as one of NATO, EU or UN members contributing to international peace and stability. The Slovenian Armed Forces work in the service of their country. We remain fai- thfully on our track, performing our duties and fulfilling the military mission to the best of our abilities. Some of our colleagues wrote in the Doctrine of the Slovenian Armed Forces that the values of the Slovenian Armed Forces are a driving force of mission implementation. They result from general civilization values, values of Slovenian society and the nature of military operations. We often like boast about the results of the Slovenian public opinion research regarding the trust of citizens in Slovenian institutions, according to which the Slovenian Armed Forces have ranked among the highest since 2005. Moreover, since 2010, the Slovenian Armed Forces has been on top. Indeed, such an outcome can be attributed to the fact that the rate of trust in other institutions has declined. Nevertheless, it is important that the proportion of those who trust the Slovenian Armed Forces has over the past two years remained constant or even increased. I am aware that the results of the Public Opinion and Mass Communication Research Centre at the Faculty of Social Sciences are only one of the mirrors showing our quality, but this is enough to remain optimistic regarding our future work. Values are therefore an important part of the functioning of the Slovenian Armed Forces work, the state and the society. Throughout the history, they have often been put to the test and it seems so today as well. Jasna Fedran wrote an article Basic ethical terms – an attempt to make a review of (un)ethical conduct where she introduces the values that challenged discussions with Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and many others in the past and today. Her text will reveal more about the findings. A lot has been written about contemporary security challenges and changes that remain a constant and incite new security threats. In his article, Analysis of NATO 2010 strategic concept, Aljaž Fabjan describes how the Alliance defined it responses to threats around the world and what are its priorities. The article Participation of Slovenian Armed Forces in international operations and missions in light of the foreign policy of the Republic of Slovenia by Branko Podbrežnik highlights international, political and legal frameworks that affect and define the functioning of the Slovenian Armed Forces in the turbulent international environment. Srečko Zajc in his article The role of civilian experts in international operations and missions – Slovenian lessons learned in PRT – ISAF, Afghanistan shared with us his experience from the operation of Slovenian civil military experts in that part of the world. Cross-border education and risk to national security is a topic which inspired the writing of Valentina Jošt Lešer, who among other things discusses what brain drain means for national security. Impact of human resource management on the enhancement of security culture in corporate security environment was discussed by Karmen and Denis Čaleta. Security culture is therefore a value in organizations that are strongly linked and dependent on the leadership and management. Bojan Zevnik has shared some of his experiences and suggestions, which he considers to be able to contribute to the improving of the quality of action. They are presented in the article Professional superiority in the management of communicati- on and information systems in the Slovenian Armed Forces. Despite the high intensity of daily events at work and privately, we kindly invite all who are interested in defense and military contents to write, especially in our future issues. In 2013, we celebrate the fifteenth anniversary of Contemporary Military Challenges (formerly Bulletin of the Slovenian Armed Forces).

War and the Allegory of Medical Intervention: Why Metaphors Matter

Metaphors help people make sense of their environment. They are particularly useful in reasoning about complex and unfamiliar situations (Chilton 1996:48). There is a long history of analogy between medicine and warfare. In the field of medicine, infectious and malignant diseases are a “threat” that people hope to “evade.” If the body is infected or overrun by the disease, medical experts wage a counter attack. If the patient survives, they are said to have “won the battle” (Sontag 1990; Mongoven 2006). In the context of international politics during the Cold War, communism was declared to be a “malignant parasite” (Kennan, quoted in Neocleous 2008:118). More recently, metaphors of illness, patient, and physician—constituting a strategic allegory of medical intervention—have appeared as characters in the narrative of modern counterinsurgency. Military doctrine, given its rather grim and instructional nature, may seem like an odd host for metaphorical prose. Yet, the point of doctrine is to produce common language and understanding for the conduct of military operations. Military doctrine “codifies how the institution thinks about its role in the world and how it accomplishes that role on the battlefield” (Nagl 2007:xiv). In the case of counterinsurgency, however, the battlefield is neither a meeting place between two armies, nor simply a realm of military activity. If one looks carefully at what counterinsurgency emphasizes, it is the close integration of military activity and civilian expertise, with a specific population-centric, rather than enemy-centric, focus. Though targeted violence is customary, what distinguishes counterinsurgency is its emphasis on cultural awareness, communication, security sector reform, humanitarian response, and reconstruction (Bell 2011). Hence, counterinsurgency is a dramatically integrated and holistic enterprise. Communicating counterinsurgency's holistic framework has, at least partly, been achieved through the allegory of …

“One Front and One Battle”: Civilian Professional Medical Support of Military Surgeons

Although a dedicated corps of full-time active-duty and eserve component military physicians now provide most S battlefield medical and surgical care, the military serices have continued to benefit from close collaborations nd interaction with civilian counterparts. In addition to he individual service and facility-specific relationships ith civilian trauma experts and trauma centers described lsewhere, there has been a concerted effort to establish, aintain, and expand programs that promote professional nteractions and exchange of information between military nd civilian surgeons and surgical leadership. These interactions are not new. The history of civilian rofessional medical support for the military can be traced ack nearly a century. In 1916, foreseeing the possibility hat American involvement in the European hostilities of orld War I might become a reality, The Committee of merican Physicians for Medical Preparedness, chaired by

Hybrid Warfare and Its Metaphors

According to Roberto Esposito, modernity is marked by an immunitary logic in which defending against contagion is a central preoccupation. To immunize is to seek the negative protection of life; it is intended to safeguard life through the introduction of the pathogen from which protection is sought. Though immunization is normally associated with the health sciences, for Esposito it is constitutive of the entanglement of biology and politics.1 One aspect of this interconnection was insightfully investigated by Susan Sontag in her exploration of the medical discourses surrounding disease. Concerns about the spread of syphilis and tuberculosis during and at the close of the First World War led to public education campaigns in which disease was cast as an invasion of the body. At this time, metaphors became a credible and precise means of conceptualizing disease.2 Though it was in her initial analysis of the discourse surrounding cancer that Sontag discovered the military metaphor, she later ruminated that infectious disease - the prime modern example being HIV/AIDS, which is said to come from outside, to hide within cells and to elude detection - is the example par excellence of the militaristic framing of disease.3 Indeed, it is the permanent vulnerability to infection from an outside agent that renders infectious disease permissible to a violent imaginary involving a struggle to the death, a battle, a war. Yet just as disease is fantasized as an enemy and its treatment a fight, the inverse is also apparent: in some instances warfare is articulated though the lexicon of medicine and therapy. Some forms of warfare cast the enemy as a disease of the social body against which protection can be procured. This essay considers the interconnection between biology and politics by examining how, in military thought, the metaphors of infectious disease and its treatment and prevention - culminating in the paradigm of immunity, as Esposito calls it - are deployed to characterize insurgency and its remedy.To claim that war is articulated through lexicon of medicine and therapy is counter to the reasonable view that war is a destructive battle to the death. Yet, although war is always destructive, almost all wars of today are not only rationalized on humanitarian grounds but call for the integration of humanitarian means into the struggle at hand. In recent years new counterinsurgency doctrines have emerged among the U.S., UK, and Canadian militaries that claim such credentials. Though building on lessons of the past, twenty-first-century counterinsurgency is a unique entity. As the form of conflict it confronts is said to be hybrid in character, involving the convergence of combatants and noncombatants, kinetic and nonkinetic, physical and psychological weaponry - it proposes a similarly hybrid model of warfare that calls on military and civilian expertise, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, that form a wide network of contemporary internationalism. Indeed, a key marker of contemporary counterinsurgency is its incorporation of the aspirations and techniques of mainstream international development and humanitarianism into the battlespace of war.4 Unlike the general thrust of conventional warfare which promises, rather straightforwardly, an economy of fatality and destruction, modern counterinsurgency evinces an elaborate politics of life. Though death lingers in the corpus of counterinsurgency, it posits an ideal of its own which emphasizes the betterment of the population in whose midst it is exercised. Thus the use of medical discourse in counterinsurgency is formative in articulating a politics of life and regeneration, amid the death and destruction that accompanies war.The characteristics of modern counterinsurgency add to the increasingly prominent role of the life sciences in shaping the politics of international security. Interdisciplinary, international research has begun to explore the ways in which security is being redefined as a medical problem and deepening connections between the psychiatric sciences and modes of warfare. …

Unleashing “Civilian Power”: A New American Diplomacy through Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Elimination, Research, and Development

In a November/December 2010 article published in the influential journal Foreign Affairs, United States Secretary of State Hilary Rodham Clinton articulated a new vision for American diplomacy and development through the strengthening of what she terms ‘‘civilian power’’ [1]. Stated briefly, the new doctrine calls for the creation of a new cadre of civilian experts who could jointly pursue diplomacy and international development for purposes of solving global challenges related to health, agriculture and food insecurity, environmental degradation, drugs and organized crime, energy, and climate change [1]. Through joint programs between the US Department of State and its United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the additional hiring of more than 1,000 Foreign and Civil Service Officers in each organization, and reflecting the results of a new Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, in the coming years the State Department and USAID would now work more closely to enhance global development in the context of diplomacy. The world’s conflict and post-conflict zones and fragile states would represent key targets for international development efforts [1]. In this new doctrine, Secretary Clinton proposes that together the State Department and USAID would establish a premier global civilian service for responding to complex diplomatic and development challenges [1]. Achieving such an ambitious goal would also mandate that USAID look beyond its walls to embrace business, philanthropist, and citizen groups, with dual emphases on partnering with some of the large emerging market economies (EMEs), i.e., China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, and South Africa, for joint problem solving, and harnessing selected technologies, such as rapidly expanding cell phone access, for establishing a sustainable and lasting impact [1]. The control and elimination of the world’s major neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represents a substantive global health and economic challenge, yet one that with a well-coordinated assault in the mode as proposed by Secretary Clinton could become the first major victory for civilian power. The NTDs are the most common infections of the world’s poor, and almost all of the ‘‘bottom billion,’’ i.e., the 1.4 billion people, who live on no money, are infected with one or more NTD [2,3]. In addition to causing a level of global disability that compares with that of HIV/AIDS or malaria, NTDs actually cause poverty through their ability to impair child development, pregnancy outcomes, and agricultural productivity and food security [3]. These diseases also destabilize communities and promote civil and international conflicts [4]. There are a number of reasons why taking on the NTDs would be a worthy early first test for civilian power. It is now possible to control or in some cases eliminate one or more of the seven most common NTDs, i.e., ascariasis, hookworm infection, trichuriasis, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and trachoma, through mass drug administration using a ‘‘rapid impact package’’ of drugs that are either donated by the major pharmaceutical companies or available as low cost generics and administered as a part of national control programs [2,3,5]. Mass drug administration for NTDs through rapid impact is one of the lowest cost and cost-efficient mechanisms for both improving maternal child health [6] and lifting the bottom billion out of poverty [3]. The United States government (USG), through its Global Health Initiative (GHI) and USAID’s NTD Program, is already providing financial support for 12 national NTD programs, more than all other countries combined, with additional programs scheduled in the coming years [7]. With assistance from the Department of State, the USAID NTD Program can now reach out to the major EMEs listed above in order to join forces on global NTD control efforts. A USAID–EMEs link makes sense on two fronts: First, it has already been noted that Nigeria has the largest number people infected with the seven NTDs among the sub-Saharan African countries, while South Africa suffers from high rates of some of the soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis [8]. Similarly, China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan have the largest number of ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, lymphatic filariasis, and trachoma cases, as well as other NTDs such as leprosy in Asia [9,10]. Working jointly with experts from USAID and other branches of the USG and GHI, a focused effort on NTDs in the EMEs could ultimately double the total number of at-risk populations receiving rapid impact packages. In addition, China invests billions of dollars in sub-Saharan Africa annually and could also make substantial contributions

Surfing on the edge of chaos: Nonlinear science and the emergence of a doctrine of preventive war in the US

This article argues that during the 1990s, military professionals and civilian defense experts in the US used concepts and metaphors from nonlinear science to translate tenets of 1980s battlefield strategy and tactics into theories of international politics and foreign policy that posited the necessity of speed and offense in the face of a supposedly more chaotic and dangerous post-Cold War world. Ultimately, the most militaristic of the lessons supposedly learned from and justified by the ‘new sciences’ made their way to the highest reaches of the US Department of Defense under President G.W. Bush, and served as a foundation for acting quickly and preventively against ‘gathering threats’. In addition to allowing us to understand better the origins of the ‘Bush Doctrine’, this paper improves our understanding of the relationship between the sciences and the state/military in the post-Cold War US — in particular the role of scientific metaphor in national security discourses that have focused on the challenges and opportunities of new information and communication technologies.

Civilian Crisis Management in the EU – Structural and Functional Aspects

This article offers a general overview of civilian crisis management in the EU, its mechanisms and instruments, the nature of civil-military cooperation (coordination), and an overview of civilian crisis management missions. Particular attention will be paid to the EULEX Mission in Kosovo as a case-study of how participating civilian experts judge both the mission itself and the mission preparations (i.e. selection and training of personnel, mission strategy, mission related activities, the problems identified etc.). The article will argue that seemingly trivial operational details, such as personnel selection, the quality of pre-deployment training and advance preparation are important factors which, if not properly coordinated, could jeopardise EU goals in the field of crisis management. The author also presumes that unregulated civil-military cooperation and coordination can lead to the failure of crisis management operations.

A Snapshot of the Modeling and Simulation Community and Education

The Department of Defense’s need for modeling and simulation (M&S) tools and professionals is growing at a rapid pace. From research to development, from training to acquisition, from requirements analysis to testing, M&S has become invaluable to achieve the best performance, lowest cost and risk, best-trained and best-prepared, adaptive and effective modern services. The demands on M&S professionals are constantly changing, adapting to different foci in application areas, shifting with increasing civilian workforce expertise and availability, and reallocating with budget priorities. Hence, instrumental to relevant education and training is adaptation to the current situation and setting sustainable long-term directions.We took a snapshot of the M&S community in the US Army and their education via a survey of senior personnel, querying the importance of M&S-related skills and the perceived proficiency of entry- and senior-level professionals. The goal was to obtain validation for education and training programs, and to determine areas for improvement. The most important skills were found to be communications, fundamental concepts of M&S, distributed simulations, training systems, computer networks, program management, and VV&A (Verification, Validation and Accreditation). M&S education seems to be on the right track since the greatest expertise was observed in the areas of greatest importance (highly correlated, Pearson 0.74). Disconcertingly, however, we also found greater lack in more important skills than in less important ones, particularly for entry-level professionals. We propose a three-pronged approach for shaping the future of training and education in M&S that addresses the observed shortfalls: (1) proper focus of the technical education, combined with (2) stronger emphasis on communication (e.g., through completion of a technical thesis including oral defense), better system overview (e.g., training systems, the greater processes of program management, and VV&A), and stronger emphasis on the distributed and networked environment we live in; finally, (3) conduct concerted, interdisciplinary research and education efforts in human, social, cultural, and behavioral M&S.

Policy Suggestions for Use of Civilian Experts within the Korean Criminal Justice System: Including the Use of Psychologists as Experts within the U.S. Criminal Justice System

정보화 시대의 도래와 공판중심주의 강화에 따라 형사사법기관들과 국가안보기관들의 활동 환경도 변화를 맞고 있다. 이러한 변화를 계기로 그 어느 때보다도 전문적이고 과학적인 역량의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 하지만 여전히 미국 등의 선진국과는 달리 국내에서는 민간전문가의 공적 영역에서의 활용이 정부 부문의 외면을 받고 있다. 따라서 이 보고서는 형사사법 그리고 국가안보와 관련된 전반적인 분야에서의 심리학 및 행동과학 분야 민간전문가의 활용이란 주제로 문헌 연구를 방법론으로 하여 작성되었으며, 공판중심주의 강화로 인한 법 집행 기관의 수사 환경과 사법 환경 전반에 대한 변화에 보다 효율적으로 대처할 수 있는 대안을 제공하고자 한다. 한편, 이와 함께 이 연구에서는 민간전문가를 시대 변화에 맞게 보다 적극적이고 효과적으로 활용하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 범죄수사를 포함한 형사사법 그리고 나아가서는 국가안보에 실질적으로 기여할 수 있는 전문성을 갖고 있는 인력을 발굴하고 관리할 수 있는 체계적이고 구체적인 가이드라인의 확립 방안을 모색해보고 또한 범죄학, 형사사법학, 심리학, 경찰학, 정보 보호학, 안보학 등 여러 분야의 전문가들이 능력을 발휘할만한 전문 영역을 구체화하고 각 영역별 민간 전문 인력의 확보방안과 민간전문가를 활용하기 위한 새로운 정책제안들을 미국의 사례 분석을 통해 제시해보고자 한다.

Cognitive rehabilitation for military personnel with mild traumatic brain injury and chronic post-concussional disorder: Results of April 2009 consensus conference

A consensus conference on cognitive rehabilitation for mild traumatic brain injury was conducted by the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury and the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Fifty military and civilian subject matter experts from a broad range of clinical and scientific disciplines developed clinical guidance for the care of Service Members with persistent post-concussion cognitive symptoms three or more months post injury. "Cognitive rehabilitation" was identified to be a broad group of diverse services. Specific services within this rubric were identified as effective or not, and were evaluated both as single-services and as combined integrated cognitive rehabilitation programs. Co-morbidities were acknowledged and addressed, but the conference and ensuing guidance focused primarily upon treatment of cognitive impairment. Guidance regarding effective services addressed the areas of assessment, intervention, outcome measurement, and treatment program implementation.