Civilian Components Research Articles

UKRAINE’S PARTICIPATION IN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PRE-WAR PERIOD

The article analyzes Ukraine’s participation in peacekeeping missions of international organizations, particularly the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The purpose of the article is to examine Ukraine’s influence on peacekeeping processes, with a focus on legislative changes and initiatives aimed at strengthening international law and the protection of peacekeepers. Key issues requiring further development are identified, such as the need for improved strategic planning and legislative development. The article focuses on global changes in international relations caused by globalization processes and identifies the role of international organizations in preventive measures and conflict resolution. Ukraine’s contribution to peacekeeping operations since its declaration of independence includes initiatives aimed at enhancing the UN’s peacekeeping capacity and changes in legislation regulating the country’s participation in international peacekeeping operations. The article emphasizes the importance of the experience gained by Ukrainian military personnel during their participation in peacekeeping missions for maintaining the combat readiness of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and highlights the financial aspects of the country’s participation in international peacekeeping operations. It identifies the need to further expand the civilian component in peacekeeping activities and focuses on the importance of involving qualified police and legal personnel, particularly through the improvement of the national training system for specialists and the creation of a national peacekeepers’ registry. Ukraine’s participation in peacekeeping operations of international organizations like the UN and NATO enhances the country’s international image, develops its defense capabilities and military experience, and creates new opportunities for international cooperation in ensuring global security. The conclusions of the article underline the strategic importance of peacekeeping activities for strengthening Ukraine’s international status and supporting its Euro-Atlantic integration.

Conceptualizing the European military-civilian-industrial complex: the need for a helicopter perspective

ABSTRACTIn his 1961 farewell address, US President Eisenhower coined the term “military-industrial complex,” referring to the coalescing of military, industrial, and political interest groups. In contemporary Europe, the military-industrial complex is arguably transforming into a complex with a noteworthy commercial civilian dimension, blurring traditional military and arms-focused understandings of European defence and security. Our emphasis on an added corporate civilian component captures the expansion of defence and security beyond the traditional military domain. Coalescing of industry and politics is observed in Europe, blurring the military-civilian divide, technologically as well as in organization and governance, particularly through public-private partnerships. Eisenhower, himself a decorated WWII general, warned of how the US military-industrial complex could lead to “disastrous use of misplaced power.” Rather than reiterating such a conclusion in the European context, our paper examines how the European military-civilian-industrial complex is emerging, looking at how elite participants shape the public-private structure of the complex, and specifically how policies on dual-use and emerging technologies influence developments in Europe. The focus herein is on novel actors, characteristics, and the European Union and charts out defining conceptual features of the defence and security industry in Europe.

Does peacekeeping by civilians work? Reducing armed violence without armed force

AbstractSince the 1990s, United Nations (UN) peacekeepers have been engaged in multidimensional activities in conflict-affected countries. The existing literature, however, focuses predominantly on the effectiveness of military and police peacekeepers involving the threat of force, and does not shed light on the effectiveness of civilian peacekeepers despite the latter's crucial role in rebuilding local livelihoods and restoring state institutions. Civilian participation in peacekeeping increases both the benefits of peaceful life and the costs of combat. Further, civilian activities, by strengthening the rule of law and political accountability mechanism, contribute to encouraging both the rebels and government to disengage from further violence. Using the original dataset of financial resources for UN peacekeeping operations in the world, from 1988 to 2019, I test hypotheses regarding the impact of civilian expenditures on battle-related deaths. Regression analysis shows that spending on the civilian component in UN peacekeeping reduces battle-related deaths on the government side inflicted by insurgents.

The Relationship between Workforce Diversity and Organizational Effectiveness: The United Nations Civilian Component in Peacekeeping Operations

The Relationship between Workforce Diversity and Organizational Effectiveness: The United Nations Civilian Component in Peacekeeping Operations

Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts

This article theorizes on how military and civilian components of peacekeeping operations contribute to the conclusion of local ceasefires in non-state conflicts involving armed opposition groups or communal groups. A mediation-based logic suggests that civilian peacekeeping staff can provide technical support aimed at resolving the conflict issues and engage with state officials to promote peace. A capabilities-based logic suggest that military peacekeepers can provide security during the negotiations, arrange logistics, and put military pressure on the conflict parties, which all should make the conclusion of a ceasefire more likely. The analysis supports both the capabilities-based and the mediation-based logic. An instrumental variable estimation helps to account for endogeneity. This article contributes to the literature on peacekeeping, mediation, and ceasefires through shifting the focus to non-state conflicts.

(S)he Walks: Gendered Audiences, Memory and Representation in Post-Yugoslav Space

Based on ethnographic studies carried out during commemorations in Vukovar‎ and Srebrenica, this paper analyses gendered representations of said mnemonic‎ events. Specific practices that incorporate both military and civilian ‎components, as well as discourse on heroism and victimhood, lay at the focus ‎of this research: the Column of Remembrance in Vukovar and the Nezuk to ‎Potočari Peace March.‎ Following the theoretical findings on the nexus between memory and gender,‎ the main actors and their agency are studied from the gender perspective.‎ The symbolic capital of the two sites of memory and transformations of memorial‎ practices impact the representation of gender on both state and grassroots‎ levels and give an insight into the questions this paper asks:‎ Why are women present in such large numbers in both Vukovar and in‎ Srebrenica? How is gender represented in the course of these commemorations?‎What are the political implications of such choices? What kind of strategies‎ are used in official and grassroots initiatives? Finally, how is it connected‎ to gender?‎

PARTICIPATION OF THE MILITARY SANITARY SERVICE AND BY DEFAULT, OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM, IN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

Multi-domain operation is an US military advanced concept of approaching future military action, superior to joint operation, able to optimize the way the military force adapts to the specifics of new risks and threats to the security of states and alliances. The participation of the Military Sanitary Service and implicitly of the National Health System, as well as other military and civilian components, in multi-domain operations is important for maintaining the combat capacity of the staff and Forces, for caring for the sick and wounded, for coordinating medical countermeasures in operational situations, thus contributing to the success of the operation by minimizing health losses. The National Health System (NHS) includes all national, regional, local and individual entities that aim to maintain health, regain it and prevent disease in the entire population, including the Armed Forces of that state. The NHS includes state and private organizations, all of which work together and co-operate as needed to address local or national health crisis situations or engage in international aid (e.g. Red Cross). Moreover, the field of Human Medicine is integrated, through the new and realistic “One health” concept, with Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry, Agronomy and Environmental Protection.

Genesis of the Crisis Response Civil Component in the European Union: Parameters, Problems, and Interaction with Russia

The article features the civil component of the crisis response in the European Union, as well as the Russian role in its development. With the new security threats and challenges, the civilian instruments necessary for the post-conflict society stabilization are becoming increasingly important. The research was based on the universal evolutionism and included such methods as conceptual and structural modeling, comparative analysis, and historical approach. The methods made it possible to reveal the civil component within the crisis management system of the European Union. The civil component unites and coordinates European national resources, creates platforms and opportunities for experience exchange, increases the motivation and professionalism of experts, etc. The author also focused on the interaction between the European Union and the Russian Federation in this sphere. The key parameters for developing the civil dimension of crisis response include two points: (1) the political will to implement the civilian component of security policy by the European Union institutions and member states, (2) the will to solve the problem of human resources. For the current and foreseeable Russian-European relations, the cooperation potential of the civilian component of crisis response is not included in the security policy. The research makes a significant contribution to the study of the European Union development problems, genesis and development parameters of the civil missions, and the Russian-European dialogue.

Key Challenges Facing AMISOM in Military Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa

The world over, military diplomacy has not been always successful. This stems out of the fact that it could be faced by a plethora of challenges. This paper sets out to explore the key challenges facing AMISOM in military diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and mixed methods research design. Data was obtained from a sample of 100 persons sampled from a population of 22,315 AMISOM Staff and Civilian contingent. The study employed a breadth of both primary and secondary sources for data collection. Primary data was being collected from study respondents by means of a research questionnaire and an interview schedule. The data analysis process involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Content analysis was mainly used to analyze the qualitative data and which would be reported normatively. Quantitative research findings were analyzed and reported using descriptive statistics, tables, graphs, charts and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v23). Moreover, the data analysis was structured objectively to address each of the study research questions. The findings show that while competing interests may have clouded the scene at regional level, partly alluded to lack of a common approach to deal with the Somalia issue among the various countries, military diplomatic engagements by AMISOM are the most agreeable way to address regional peace and security. The study highlights the greater need for revised strategies in military diplomacy efforts and novel approaches to address competing interests among troop contributing countries that comprise AMISOM. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations were made. Arguably, the most important dimension of its success is hinged on the strategic unity and partnership of the different troops. At present however, the inconsistency in unity and strategic alliance among these countries continue to challenge the seamless command and probably influence the implementation of different military diplomacy strategies based on competing interests. Further, while assets remain a critical component of military diplomacy, the success of such multidimensional peace operations is equally anchored on a civilian component and the need for civilian capabilities. The realization of effective peacemaking and peacekeeping calls for efficient management structures at the field and in Addis for strategic and support of mission teams. AMISOM currently experiences an insufficient institutional capacity and human resources required to effectively handle complex peace operations and peacemaking initiatives. Recent assessment reveals the institution bureaucratic processes are still weak.

Military Diplomacy Strategies Applied by AMISOM in Restoration of Peace and Security in the Horn of Africa

Somalia has a long history of internally inspired terror mainly arising from the threat of terrorism that has threatened both domestic and international interests and has drawn increased military efforts from both African continent partners and China and the United States. The aim was to investigate the strategies applied by AMISOM in military diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and mixed methods research design. Mixed methods approach allows for investigation of a broader and complex research problem enabling the researcher to utilize more than one approach, both quantitative and qualitative approach of data collection. The study target population entailed AMISOM staff whose relevant responses provided sufficient information to answer the research questions. Currently, AMISOM has 22,000 military troops, 234 police officers and 81 civilians. Moreover, the study equally targeted the Somali civilian population since they were important stakeholders in providing information on the effectiveness of military diplomacy in the country. Thus, the target population comprised 22,315 AMISOM staff and civilian contingent. Out of these, the study sampled 100. Primary data was collected from study respondents by means of a research questionnaire and an interview schedule. The data analysis process involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Content analysis was mainly used to analyse the qualitative data and which would be reported normatively. Quantitative research findings were analysed and reported using descriptive statistics, tables, graphs, charts and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v23). Moreover, the data analysis was structured objectively to address each of the study research questions. This study suffices to demonstrate that AMISOM involvement in Somalia as an act of military diplomacy occasioned by the need to foster peace and regional stability on the horn of Africa region. The study demonstrated AMISOM employs different military diplomacy strategies although at different capacities. From the foregoing, the study points to the need for restructuring of AMISOM’s peace and security architecture to bring out focus and responsiveness to the dynamic nature of the conflict and the enemy. The study recommends the need for further exploration into military diplomacy in Africa, especially given the dearth in empirical literature that is mainly from the West. Following this exploration of the role of military diplomacy in restoring peace and security in the horn of Africa, this study points to research gaps on the influence of civilian component in military diplomacy efforts on peace and security. Further there is need to understand the psychological effects in AMISOM troops participating in military diplomacy efforts in Somalia.

ПІДХОДИ ЄС ЩОДО ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ КОНФЛІКТІВ: НАСЛІДКИ ДЛЯ КРАЇН СХІДНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА

The article deals with examining the EU main approaches on crisis management and conflict prevention on the example of the Eastern Partnership countries, internal and external factors that affect implementation of the EU activities in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus, implications for the EU and the region. The EU has a unique experience of activities in all crisis phases: early warning, mediation, deployment of EU missions and operations in conflict areas, post-conflict peacebuilding (stabilisation, reconstruction and reconciliation). The EU’s comprehensive and integrated approach towards crisis management includes a package of mixed political-military measures with focus on civilian component of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The strategic autonomy outlined as the guideline in the EU Global Strategy 2016 is an impetus for the EU more active and distinct role as a security actor, for enhancing its institutional and operational capabilities in the area of crisis regulation. Though there is a lack of EU capacity as a security provider in case of protracted conflicts in Eastern partner countries. The EU has sought to avoid direct involvement in conflict settlement: there aren’t any efficient mechanisms of it within the European Neighborhood Policy and Eastern Partnership initiative. The determining factors of the EU’s approach to conflict resolution in Easter Europe are: absence of direct military threats and less challenges comparing to Southern and Eastern Mediterranean region; lack of political will and unity, multi-vector member-states’ policy; external influence of other actors, mainly Russia, unwillingness of the EU member-states to be engaged in geopolitical tensions with it. The regional security deficit requires more active and efficient EU engagement as a security provider in settling the protracted conflicts. The relevant measures should be: establishment of security compact within the Eastern Partnership initiative, deployment of additional missions in the region, coordination of activities with the OSCE, US and NATO.

EXPERIENCE OF BALKAN COUNTRIES ON TERRITORY INTEGRATION

The article analyzes the experience of the Balkan countries in de-occupation and reintegration of territories. Cases of conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 1993–2019, North Macedonia since 2019) are being studied. The analysis is based on a study of all stages of conflict resolution.
 The article examines the sequence of key aspects of the settlement. Consideration of all stages of armed conflicts in the Balkan region has shown that international peace-keeping missions, with military and civilian components, play a significant role. The participation of various international organizations (UN, NATO, EU) and countries (USA) and in resolving those conflicts and further integration also had a decisive influence.
 The reintegration processes in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia were based on peace agreements, as well as the full restoration of border and territory controlling. The next stage was to ensure demilitarization and disarmament. The fully fledged process of integration also included law enforcement reform, election preparation and conduct. The issues of post-war justice, punishment for war crimes and mass human rights violations were among the top priorities. In the implementation of all these reintegration measures, international organizations were involved, which actively provided assistance and performed a monitoring function.
 Among the necessary conditions for de-occupation and peaceful reintegration are the following: consolidation and consistency of the positions of the political and military leadership, the presence of a powerful army, implementation of sanctions, economic and military-political pressure on the aggressor side, demilitarization and control of the territory, justice and amnesty with fixed frameworks.
 The prospect of further research is that valuable experience with conflict resolution settlement and reintegration contains effective mechanisms that can be adapted in the case of Ukraine.

Visualizing strategy: a conceptual framework for the analysis and teaching of the conduct of war

ABSTRACT Few researchers have suggested models for visualising particular strategies applied during wartime. The authors present a new analytical, visual methodology for the conduct of war. It refines Arthur F. Lykke Jr.’s definition of strategy, which emphasises the interaction of three components: ends, ways and means. Moreover, the framework introduced distinguishes between military and civilian components, public declaration and action as well as use and reserve. Thus, a conceptual framework is offered to the scholarly community that aims to both analyse and visualise a party’s true strategy during an armed conflict and that is, moreover, applicable to both regular and irregular parties in a specific operational theatre. Furthermore, this methodology supports the teaching of strategic dimensions in an academic setting.

Этнокультурная идентичность: структура и особенности функционирования в региональном социуме (на примере Республики Хакасия)

Ethnocultural identity is defined as a phenomenon of personality consciousness, the formation of which occurs under the influence of historical, socio-political and psychological factors that lead to the harmonization of the basic values and norms of representatives of a particular ethnic culture. In the current situation, ethnocultural identity is not limited to ethnic and national (civilian) components, but appears as a complex system of self-identification, which also contains global, macro-regional, regional and local components. Local, regional, macro-regional and global identities are updated in connection with the processes of transit and dialogue of cultures, building value-worldviews of the world around certain territorial spaces. Ethnic and civic components of identity are formed and actualized in situations of conscious physical and mental interaction with the ethnic community and civil nation. An analysis of the data of sociological studies conducted in the Republic of Khakasia allows us to conclude that the civilian component prevails and the local, macro-regional (Siberian) and global components increase in the structure of ethnocultural identity of residents of the Republic of Khakasia from 2007 to 2019.

Participation of the Civilian Component of the UN Peacekeeping Forces in the Settlement of Internal Armed Conflicts

Participation of the Civilian Component of the UN Peacekeeping Forces in the Settlement of Internal Armed Conflicts

Щодо визначення концепції побудови системи озброєння для потреб Збройних Сил України

Створення основних зразків озброєння повинно відбуватися у рамках концепції побудови системи озброєння для потреб Збройних Сил України, яка враховує економічні, воєнно-політичні та природно-географічні умови України.На сьогодні вона може бути сформульована таким чином: «Система озброєння ЗС України повинна бути орієнтована на захист території держави від економічно значно переважаючого противника». На жаль, реалізація концепції в такому формулюванні потребує відмови від завищених амбіцій, що є дуже важким не тільки для старшого, але і для великої частини середнього покоління. Однак, це дозволить перейти від створення одиничних високовартісних зразків до масового виробництва більш дешевих зразків.Основними її принципами повинні стати:1. Асиметричний підхід до визначення пріоритетів розвитку ОВТ шляхом створення не аналогів, а зразків, що здатні їм протидіяти або унеможливлювати їх функціонування.2. Максимальне застосування у зразках ОВТ цивільних комплектуючих.3. Проведення операцій технічного обслуговування та ремонту постачальниками комплектуючих та перенесення ремонтного фонду на їх базу (відмова від складування запасних частин).4. Диверсифікація постачальників комплектуючих за умови повної поблочної уніфікації.5. Принцип гарантованого забезпечення 100% штатної потреби.Розробка нових зразків озброєння у рамках запропонованої концепції дозволить вирішити, наприклад, проблему підвищення балістичного захисту легко- та важкоброньованої техніки.Показано, що проблема підвищення рівня балістичного захисту бойових броньованих машин виникає через відсутність концептуального підходу до їх бойового застосування, котрий має базуватися на розумінні асиметричності війни з існуючим противником.Зазначено, що усі елементи бойової машини повинні функціонувати як система захисту особового складу (екіпажу) і озброєння в залежності від призначення зразка. Водночас, існуючий підхід має за мету забезпечити збереження усіх елементів зразка шляхом розташування їх в заброньовому просторі, що збільшує його об’єм і не дає змоги збільшити його товщину, через значне зростання маси. Це, у свою чергу, призводить до необхідності застосування легкосплавних, керамічних броньових матеріалів та їх комбінацій незважаючи на те, що їх ціна переважає вартість сталевої броні у десятки разів.

Heritage Protection as Stabilization, the Emergence of a New ‘Mandated Task’ for UN Peace Operations

ABSTRACT The integration of new tasks like those of cultural and natural heritage management into the mandates of UN peace operations is usually presented as a burden, ‘a star on the top of the Christmas tree’ at a time of scarce human and budgetary resources for contemporary UN peace operations. Through a comparison of MINUSMA in Mali and MONUSCO in DRC, this article aims to demonstrate how, on the contrary, heritage management can bring consistency to the broader ‘stabilization’ mandate mainstreamed in UN peace operations. By creating new links between the seemingly dichotomous activities it encompasses, namely ‘support’ and ‘securization’ activities, this new type of mandated task can increase complementarity between civilian and military components of UN peace operations with regard to local population. As part of their stabilization mandates, both MINUSMA and MONUSCO were charged to protect heritage. Ultimately, the most decisive factor as to why heritage management created a virtuous circle in Mali and a vicious circle in DRC, seems to be the failure or the success on the part of peace operations to include local communities in the heritage management process, a task which is so far better performed by the civilian than by the military component.

Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars

Peacekeeping mitigates killing, but nonlethal violence also influences both positive peace and stability. We evaluate peacekeepers’ effect on one such type of abuse, sexual violence. We posit that peacekeepers raise the cost of abuses and foster institutional and cultural changes that curb violence. We find that missions both reduce the chance of any violence and limit its prevalence; larger deployments and multidimensional missions are more effective. Governments curtail violence more quickly than rebels do in response to military contingents; rebels are especially responsive when missions include large civilian components. These findings contribute to our understanding of peacekeeping in three primary ways: we expand the evaluation of peacekeeping to consider nonlethal violence; we draw attention to mission size, capacity to use force, and civilian-led programming as determinants of effectiveness; and we demonstrate how addressing nonlethal violence requires similar tools as lethal violence but is further enhanced by specific civilian-led initiatives.

�������� ���������� ����ղ��ί ���������Ҳ ��������� ������ ��� ��������� ������� � ������� ��������� ���������� ��?���� � ��������� ��в��

The article substantiates the role and place of the gendarmerie-type structures (including police structures with military status, which are part of the FIEP) among the military, police and civilian components in the multinational multidimensional peace operation at various stages of conflict development, which allows more efficiently and purposefully to distribute existing forces and means, including through the use of the “added-value” effect of the gendarmerie as structures of the hybrid (military-police) type.

���� � ̲��� ��� ��������в� � ̲��������� �����ֲ�� � ϲ��������� ���� � �������

The article substantiates the role and place of the gendarmerie-type structures (including police structures with military status, which are part of the FIEP) among the military, police and civilian components in the multinational multidimensional peace operation at various stages of conflict development, which allows more efficiently and purposefully to distribute existing forces and means, including through the use of the “added-value” effect of the gendarmerie as structures of the hybrid (military-police) type.